1
|
Glutathione S-Transferase Omega-2 and Transforming Growth Factor- β1 Polymorphisms in Iranian Glaucoma Patients. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:1061650. [PMID: 34858663 PMCID: PMC8632431 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1061650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the association of glutathione s-transferase omega 2 (GSTO2) (142N > D) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (869T > C) gene polymorphisms on the pathogenesis of two common types of glaucoma (including primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG)) in the Iranian population. Methods A total of 100 glaucoma patients (60% males and 40% females with an age mean ± SD of 34.66 ± 14.25 years; 56 cases of POAG and 44 cases of CACG) were enrolled in this study. GSTO2 (142N > D) and TGF-β1 (869T > C) polymorphisms were evaluated by PCR-based methods in patients and controls. Results At locus GSTO2 (142N > D), the odds of ND genotype with respect to DD and NN genotypes were 1.55 and 2.08 times higher in POAG and CACG patients compared to those of patients in the control group (95% CI1: 0.80–2.98; 95% CI2: 1.00–4.33) which was statistically significant in CACG patients. However, the odds of DD and NN genotypes against the reference genotype in two patients group were not statistically significant as compared to those of patients in the control group. There was a significant association between the ND genotype and male patients (OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.06–4.92). The analysis of TGF-β1 (869T > C) polymorphisms showed no significant difference between the genotypes of TGF-β1 (869T > C) polymorphisms in patients and control groups; however, the CT genotype of TGF-β1 significantly differed between female controls and patients (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.18–0.96). Conclusion The presented results revealed that there was a significant association between the ND genotype of GSTO2 and the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Furthermore, this genotype can be considered as a sex-dependent genetic risk factor for the development of glaucoma. In contrast, the CT genotype of TGF-β1 is suggested to be a protective genetic factor against the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
Collapse
|
2
|
Akther J, Ebihara A, Nakagawa T, Islam LN, Suzuki F, Hosen MI, Hossain M, Nabi AHMN. Analyses of Genetic Variations of Glutathione S-Transferase Mu1 and Theta1 Genes in Bangladeshi Tannery Workers and Healthy Controls. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6973057. [PMID: 27294127 PMCID: PMC4880691 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6973057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) belong to a group of multigene detoxification enzymes, which defend cells against oxidative stress. Tannery workers are at risk of oxidative damage that is usually detoxified by GSTs. This study investigated the genotypic frequencies of GST Mu1 (GSTM1) and GST Theta1 (GSTT1) in Bangladeshi tannery workers and healthy controls followed by their status of oxidative stress and total GST activity. Of the 188 individuals, 50.0% had both GSTM1 and GSTT1 (+/+), 12.2% had GSTM1 (+/-), 31.4% had GSTT1 (-/+) alleles, and 6.4% had null genotypes (-/-) with respect to both GSTM1 and GSTT1 alleles. Among 109 healthy controls, 54.1% were double positive, 9.2% had GSTM1 allele, 32.1% had GSTT1 allele, and 4.6% had null genotypes. Out of 79 tannery workers, 44.3% were +/+, 16.8% were +/-, 30.5% were -/+, and 8.4% were -/-. Though the polymorphic genotypes or allelic variants of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were distributed among the study subjects with different frequencies, the differences between the study groups were not statistically significant. GST activity did not vary significantly between the two groups and also among different genotypes while level of lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in tannery workers compared to controls irrespective of their GST genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jobaida Akther
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Akio Ebihara
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Laila N. Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Fumiaki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Md. Ismail Hosen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmud Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A. H. M. Nurun Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun W, Su L, Sheng Y, Shen Y, Chen G. Is there association between Glutathione S Transferases polymorphisms and cataract risk: a meta-analysis? BMC Ophthalmol 2015. [PMID: 26208492 PMCID: PMC4514966 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione S transferase (GST) polymorphisms have been considered as risk factors for age-related cataracts, but the results remain controversial. In this study, we have performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and cataract risk. Methods Published literature from PubMed and other databases were retrieved. The case–control studies regarding the association between GSTM1 or GSTT1 polymorphism and cataract risk were included. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random- or fixed-effects model. Results Fifteen studies on GSTM1 (3,065 patients and 2,105 controls), and nine studies on GSTT1 (2,374 patients and 1,544 controls) were included. By pooling all the studies, GSTM1 null polymorphism was not associated with cataract risk, and this negative association maintained in subgroup analyses. However, GSTT1 null polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of posterior subcapsular (OR, 1.42; 95 % CI, 1.04–1.94) but not other subtypes of cataract. Stratified analyses demonstrated an association of GSTT1 null genotype with increased risk of cataract in Asian (OR, 1.44; 95 % CI, 1.14–1.83) but not Caucasian populations. In addition, seven pooled studies showed no association of cataract risk with the combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes. Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that GSTT1 null polymorphism is associated with increased risk of posterior subcapsular cataract. Given the limited sample size, the association between GSTT1 null polymorphism and cataract risk in Asian awaits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Liling Su
- Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An Updated Meta-Analysis: Risk Conferred by Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTM1 and GSTT1) Polymorphisms to Age-Related Cataract. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:103950. [PMID: 25692031 PMCID: PMC4322823 DOI: 10.1155/2015/103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To study the effects of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms on age-related cataract (ARC). Methods. After a systematic literature search, all relevant studies evaluating the association between GSTs polymorphisms and ARC were included. Results. Fifteen studies on GSTM1 and nine studies on GSTT1 were included in this meta-analysis. In the pooled analysis, a significant association between null genotype of GSTT1 and ARC was found (OR = 1.229, 95% CI = 1.057–1.429, and P = 0.007). In subgroup analysis, the association between cortical cataract (CC) and GSTM1 null genotype was statistically significant (OR = 0.713, 95% CI = 0.598–0.850, and P < 0.001). In addition, GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with ARC causing risk to individuals working indoors and not individuals working outdoors. The association between GSTT1 null genotype and risk of ARC was statistically significant in Asians (OR = 1.442, 95% CI = 1.137–1.830, and P = 0.003) but not in Caucasians. Conclusions. GSTM1 positive genotype is associated with increased risk of CC and loses the protective role in persons who work outdoors. Considering the ethnic variation, GSTT1 null genotype is found to be associated with increased risk of ARC in Asians but not in Caucasians.
Collapse
|
5
|
Total activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes conferring risk for the development of age related cataracts. Exp Eye Res 2012; 98:67-74. [PMID: 22446016 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cataract is influenced by a number of factors including oxidative stress. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) catalyses the nucleophilic addition of the thiol of GSH to electrophilic acceptors. It is important for detoxification of xenobiotics in order to protect tissues from oxidative damage. In humans, GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletion genotypes are associated with a variety of pathological conditions including certain ophthalmic diseases. In the present study, it is aimed to determine the risk of genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 isoforms of GST for developing of age related cataracts (ARCs). We compared the prevalence of GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletion genotypes, which were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction, in 455 patients with ARCs (108 with nuclear (NC), 105 with cortical (CC), 96 with posterior subcapsular, (PSC) and 146 with mixed type (MT)) and 205 age and sex matched controls. The GST activity in erythrocytes (RBC) and cataractous lenses was measured spectrophotometrically using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate. The frequency of GSTM1 positive individuals was significantly higher in MT cataracts followed by NC, CC and PSC types with corresponding decrease in the GSTM1 null genotypes as compared to controls. Considering the GSTT1 locus, GSTT1 null genotypes showed high frequency in patients in general as compared to controls with corresponding reduction in the GSTT1 positive genotype. The activity of GST in RBC was higher in all the types of cataracts as compared to that in controls and in cataractous lenses the mean values were slightly higher in cases of NC cataracts as compared to CC, PSC and MT. The data suggests that GSTM1 positive, GSTT1 null and double null (GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null) genotypes may confer risk for the development of ARC. The increased activity of GST found in the present study could be due to a compensatory mechanism operating in response to increased oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
6
|
Age-related macular degeneration and genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1). Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3299-303. [PMID: 21701824 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to understand the multifactorial causes of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), and, therefore, it is reasonable to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) contribute to the development of ARMD. This study consisted of 112 subjects (44 females, 68 males) with exudative ARMD, who were recruited from Khalili Hospital ophthalmic clinic in Shiraz (southern Iran), referred by vitreoretinal surgeon. Also 112 sex-matched controls (44 females, 68 males) were randomly selected from unrelated volunteers in the same clinic. We excluded patients and controls with cataract or past history of cataract surgery, asthma, past history of malignancy, cardiovascular disease that on medication and known cases of glaucoma, because these traits were associated with GSTM1 and/or GSTT1 polymorphisms. There was no association between polymorphisms of neither GSTM1 nor GSTT1 and risk of ARMD. The combination genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were not associated with the risk of ARMD. We considered the time of deterioration of vision as the time of onset of exudative ARMD. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that there was significant difference between genotypes of GSTM1 (log rank statistic = 7.03, df = 1, P = 0.008). The age at onset among GSTM1 null genotype was lower than the active genotype of GSTM1. Our results support the hypothesis that the protein encoded by the GSTM1 gene might have a protective function against oxidative stress in retina. Since the age at onset is influenced by the GSTM1 polymorphism, this implies that GSTM1 is a modifier gene.
Collapse
|
7
|
Güven M, Unal M, Sarici A, Ozaydin A, Batar B, Devranoğlu K. Glutathione-S-transferase M1 and T1 Genetic Polymorphisms and the Risk of Cataract Development: A Study in the Turkish Population. Curr Eye Res 2009; 32:447-54. [PMID: 17514530 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701338108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and glutathione-S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) on risk of developing different subtypes of age-related cataract in the Turkish population. Using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms were analyzed in 195 patients with age-related cataract (75 patients with cortical, 53 with nuclear, 37 with posterior subcapsular, and 30 with mixed type) and in 136 patients of an otherwise healthy control group of similar age. GSTM1 null genotype had a significant association with the development of cataract in female subjects (p < 0.0029; OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.41-6.34). This relationship in female subjects was only in nuclear and mixed types cataract cases (p < 0.002; OR, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.67-12.78 and p < 0.03, respectively). There was also a statistically significant association between the combination of GSTM1-null and GSTT1-positive genotypes and the risk of cataract development in female subjects (p = 0.01; OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.25-6.69). Stratification by the subtypes revealed that this association was only in nuclear type cataract (p = 0.001; OR, 3.92; 95% CI, 1.34-11.71). GSTM1-null genotype or combination of the GSTM1-null and GSTT1-positive genotypes in females may be associated with increased risk of cataract development in the Turkish population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Güven
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Azarpira N, Nikeghbalian S, Geramizadeh B, Darai M. Influence of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms with acute rejection in Iranian liver transplant recipients. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:21-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Unal M, Güven M, Devranoğlu K, Ozaydin A, Batar B, Tamçelik N, Görgün EE, Uçar D, Sarici A. Glutathione S transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms are related to the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma: a study in a Turkish population. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:527-30. [PMID: 16973661 PMCID: PMC1994754 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors and oxidative damage have been shown to have a role in the development of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). AIM To determine the effects of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S transferase (GST)M1 and GSTT1 on the risk of POAG in a Turkish population. METHODS Using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms were analysed in 144 patients with POAG and in 121 otherwise healthy controls of similar age. RESULTS The GSTM1 positive genotype and the GSTT1 null genotype had an increased risk of developing POAG (p<0.001, OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.66 to 5.20 and OR 4.25, 95% CI 2.30 to 7.80, respectively). The risk of glaucoma also increased significantly in subjects with a combination of GSTM1 positive and GSTT1 null genotypes (p<0.001, OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.64 to 7.38). CONCLUSION The GSTM1 positive genotype and GSTT1 null genotype or the combination of both may be associated with the increased risk of development of POAG in the Turkish population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Antalya, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saadat M, Farvardin-Jahromi M. Occupational sunlight exposure, polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1, and senile cataract risk. Occup Environ Med 2006; 63:503-4. [PMID: 16551760 PMCID: PMC2092504 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.022343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of cataract is influenced by a number of factors including oxidative stress. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) catalyses the nucleophilic addition of the thiol of GST to electrophilic acceptors. It is important for detoxification of xenobiotics in order to protect tissues from oxidative damage. OBJECTIVES To examine whether the interaction of polymorphism of GSTM1 gene and occupational sunlight exposure modulate the risk of cataract. METHODS Blood samples from 95 subjects with cataract and 95 age and sex matched healthy persons were collected. The genotypes of GSTM1 were determined using PCR. RESULTS The null genotype of GSTM1 was associated with an increase in cataract risk in the indoor workplace, but this association was not significant in the outdoor subjects. CONCLUSION The active genotype of GSTM1 has lost its protective role in persons who work outdoors. It is suggested that activity of the GSTmu enzyme may be inhibited in the human lens after occupational exposure to UV light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Attar M, Shen J, Ling KHJ, Tang-Liu D. Ophthalmic drug delivery considerations at the cellular level: drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:891-908. [PMID: 16296785 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.5.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ophthalmic drugs typically achieve < 10% ocular bioavailability. A drug applied to the surface of the eye may cross ocular-blood barriers where it may encounter metabolising enzymes and cellular transporters before it distributes to the site of action. Characterisation of ocular enzyme systems and cellular transporters and their respective substrate selectivity have provided new insight into the roles these proteins may play in ocular drug delivery and distribution. Altered metabolism and transport have been proposed to contribute to a number of ocular disease processes including inflammation, glaucoma, cataract, dry eye and neurodegeneration. As ocular enzyme and transport systems are better characterised, their properties become an integral consideration in drug design and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa Attar
- Allergan, Inc., Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Cataract, a leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a multifactorial eye disease. In developing countries the incidence of cataract among young generations is not uncommon due to malnutrition, excess exposure to ultraviolet radiation and so on. In developed countries, age-related cataract affecting the population over 65 years of age is a major concern. Oxidative stress was suggested to inflict damage to the lens and induce opacification, and a variety of antioxidant nutrients were tested for the prevention or delay of cataract development. Although promising results were obtained in animal studies of various antioxidants, epidemiological studies on human populations do not seem to support their protective effects unequivocally. It is unlikely that age-related cataract in man, similar to the ageing process itself, will be prevented or delayed by therapeutic drugs in the foreseeable future. At present, keeping a health-conscious life style (i.e., no smoking) may be the most effective and least expensive strategy to prevent the onset of age-related cataract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shichi
- Kresge Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Congdon N, Broman KW, Lai H, Munoz B, Bowie H, Gilbert D, Wojciechowski R, West SK. Cortical, but not posterior subcapsular, cataract shows significant familial aggregation in an older population after adjustment for possible shared environmental factors. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:73-7. [PMID: 15629823 PMCID: PMC3102010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the risk for age-related cortical cataract and posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) associated with having an affected sibling after adjusting for known environmental and personal risk factors. DESIGN Sibling cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Participants in the ongoing Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) study (n = 321; mean age, 78.1+/-4.2 years) and their locally resident siblings (n = 453; mean age, 72.6+/-7.4 years) were recruited at the time of Rounds 3 and 4 of the SEE study. INTERVENTION/TESTING METHODS: Retroillumination photographs of the lens were graded for the presence of cortical cataract and PSC with the Wilmer grading system. The residual correlation between siblings' cataract grades was estimated after adjustment for a number of factors (age; gender; race; lifetime exposure to ultraviolet-B light; cigarette, alcohol, estrogen, and steroid use; serum antioxidants; history of diabetes; blood pressure; and body mass index) suspected to be associated with the presence of cataract. RESULTS The average sibship size was 2.7 per family. Multivariate analysis revealed the magnitude of heritability (h(2)) for cortical cataract to be 24% (95% CI, 6%-42%), whereas that for PSC was not statistically significant (h(2) 4%; 95% CI, 0%-11%) after adjustment for the covariates. The model revealed that increasing age, female gender, a history of diabetes, and black race increased the odds of cortical cataract, whereas higher levels of provitamin A were protective. A history of diabetes and steroid use increased the odds for PSC. CONCLUSIONS This study is consistent with a significant genetic effect for age-related cortical cataract but not PSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Congdon
- The Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yildirim O, Ateş NA, Tamer L, Oz O, Yilmaz A, Atik U, Camdeviren H. May glutathione S-transferase M1 positive genotype afford protection against primary open-angle glaucoma? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 243:327-33. [PMID: 15864623 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-1013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To find out whether the polymorphism at GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 loci is associated with increased susceptibility to glaucoma. METHODS We genotyped 153 primary open angle patients and 159 healthy controls. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood was examined using polymerase chain reaction and defined for the genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase. RESULTS The frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype individuals among the glaucoma patients was significanlty higher than in controls (54.9 vs 40.9%) with odds ratio of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.10-2.59). The frequency of the GSTT1 and GSTP1 in both groups were not statistically different. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the GSTM1 null genotype may be a genetic risk factor for development of primary open angle glaucoma. Further associations studies in other polymorphic genes for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are needed to elucidate the environmental-genetic interaction in the underlying cause of primary open angle glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Yildirim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mersin Universitesi Tip Fakültesi, Mersin, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hejtmancik JF, Kantorow M. Molecular genetics of age-related cataract. Exp Eye Res 2004; 79:3-9. [PMID: 15183095 PMCID: PMC1351356 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biological and genetic technology have greatly accelerated elucidation of the genetic contribution to age-related cataract. Epidemiological studies have documented tendencies for cataracts to occur more frequently in relatives of cataract patients than in the general population, genetic studies have demonstrated contributory roles of some specific genes in age related cataract in small populations, and molecular studies have shown changes in expression of specific genes in cataractous lenses. Together, these studies are beginning to provide a conceptual framework for understanding age-related cataracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc Kantorow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, P.O. Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA
- * Corresponding author. E-mail address: (M. Kantorow)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saadat M, Farvardin-Jahromi M, Saadat H. Null genotype of glutathione S-transferase M1 is associated with senile cataract susceptibility in non-smoker females. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:1287-91. [PMID: 15194507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether the polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) genes are risk factors of cataract among Iranian population in a molecular epidemiological way. Blood samples from 150 subjects with cataract (72 male; 78 female) and 150 age- and sex-matched healthy persons were collected. Both patient and control groups were unrelated Iranian Muslims. Using PCR-based method, the genotypes were determined. The null GSTM1 genotype was associated with a 2.38-fold increase in the risk of developing cataract (OR=2.38; 95% CI=1.46-3.89; P = 0.0003). After stratification by sex of subjects, the association was apparent only among women (OR=3.20; 95% CI=1.58-6.52; P = 0.0007). The GSTT1 null genotype was associated with a 1.10-fold increased risk of developing cataract, but this association was not statistically significant. After stratification by sex of subjects, same results were obtained. Female patients with null genotype for GSTM1 and no history of smoking had a 3.45-fold increased cataract risk (P < 0.05), whereas females who were null for GSTM1 and having history of smoking were not at increased risk of cataract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Congdon N, Broman KW, Lai H, Munoz B, Bowie H, Gilber D, Wojciechowski R, Alston C, West SK. Nuclear cataract shows significant familial aggregation in an older population after adjustment for possible shared environmental factors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45:2182-6. [PMID: 15223793 PMCID: PMC3092733 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.03-1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the association between siblings in age-related nuclear cataract, after adjusting for known environmental and personal risk factors. METHODS All participants (probands) in the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project and their locally resident siblings underwent digital slit lamp photography and were administered a questionnaire to assess risk factors for cataract including: age, gender, lifetime sun exposure, smoking and diabetes history, and use of alcohol and medications such as estrogens and steroids. In addition, blood pressure, body mass index, and serum antioxidants were measured in all participants. Lens photographs were graded by trained observers masked to the subjects' identity, using the Wilmer Cataract Grading System. The odds ratio for siblings for affectedness with nuclear cataract and the sibling correlation of nuclear cataract grade, after adjusting for covariates, were estimated with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Among 307 probands (mean age, 77.6 +/- 4.5 years) and 434 full siblings (mean age, 72.4 +/- 7.4 years), the average sibship size was 2.7 per family. After adjustment for covariates, the probability of development of nuclear cataract was significantly increased (odds ratio [OR] = 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-3.30) among individuals with a sibling with nuclear cataract (nuclear grade > or = 3.0). The final fitted model indicated a magnitude of heritability for nuclear cataract of 35.6% (95% CI: 21.0%-50.3%) after adjustment for the covariates. CONCLUSIONS Findings in this study are consistent with a genetic effect for age-related nuclear cataract, a common and clinically significant form of lens opacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Congdon
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Juronen E, Tasa G, Veromann S, Parts L, Tiidla A, Pulges R, Panov A, Soovere L, Koka K, Mikelsaar AV. Polymorphic glutathione S-transferase M1 is a risk factor of primary open-angle glaucoma among Estonians. Exp Eye Res 2000; 71:447-52. [PMID: 11040079 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2000.0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma, the most common form of glaucoma is a slowly progressive atrophy of the optic nerve, characterized by loss of peripheral visual function and is usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure. The etiology and genetic risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma are mostly unknown. The aim of this study was to find out whether the polymorphism at GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTT1 and GSTP1 loci is associated with increased susceptibility to glaucoma, because these polymorphic enzymes are susceptibility candidates for several diseases, including such eye disease as cataract. The phenotype of GSTM1 and GSTT1 was determined by ELISA and the genotype of GSTM3 and GSTP1 was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Four hundred and fifty two Estonians (250 glaucomas and 202 controls) participated in a case-control study. A significant association of the GSTM1 polymorphism with glaucoma was observed. The frequency of the GSTM1 positive individuals among the glaucoma group was significantly higher than in controls (60 vs. 45.0%) with odds ratio of 1.83 (95% CI 1.26-2.66;P = 0.002). The risk among the GSTM1 positive individuals of developing glaucoma was even higher in the case of smoking: 62.7% of smokers were GSTM1 positive in the glaucoma group while only 33.3% of smokers had GSTM1 positive phenotype in controls (OR = 3.36; 95% CI 1.49-7.56;P = 0.012). An association with a lower level of significance was also found with the GSTM3 gene. Four% of the 250 patients with POAG were identified as carriers of the GSTM3 BB genotype, a proportion which was slightly higher than the 1.0% for the controls (OR = 4.17; 95% CI 0. 90-19.24;P = 0.144). The frequencies of the GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes in both groups were not statistically different. The present study suggests that the GSTM1 polymorphism may be associated with increased risk of development of primary open-angle glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Juronen
- Department of Human Biology and Genetics, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, Estonia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Board PG, Coggan M, Chelvanayagam G, Easteal S, Jermiin LS, Schulte GK, Danley DE, Hoth LR, Griffor MC, Kamath AV, Rosner MH, Chrunyk BA, Perregaux DE, Gabel CA, Geoghegan KF, Pandit J. Identification, characterization, and crystal structure of the Omega class glutathione transferases. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:24798-806. [PMID: 10783391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001706200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A new class of glutathione transferases has been discovered by analysis of the expressed sequence tag data base and sequence alignment. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) of the new class, named Omega, exist in several mammalian species and Caenorhabditis elegans. In humans, GSTO 1-1 is expressed in most tissues and exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities characteristic of the glutaredoxins. The structure of GSTO 1-1 has been determined at 2.0-A resolution and has a characteristic GST fold (Protein Data Bank entry code ). The Omega class GSTs exhibit an unusual N-terminal extension that abuts the C terminus to form a novel structural unit. Unlike other mammalian GSTs, GSTO 1-1 appears to have an active site cysteine that can form a disulfide bond with glutathione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Board
- Molecular Genetics Group and Human Genetics Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Raghavachari N, Qiao F, Lou MF. Does glutathione-S-transferase dethiolate lens protein-thiol mixed disulfides?-A comparative study with thioltransferase. Exp Eye Res 1999; 68:715-24. [PMID: 10375435 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1999.0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-thiolation is a process in which under oxidative stress, vulnerable sulfhydryl groups of proteins are conjugated to non-protein thiols such as glutathione (GSH) or cysteine resulting in the formation of protein-thiol mixed disulfides, protein-S-S-glutathione (PSSG) and protein-S-S-cysteine (PSSC). This process spontaneously disrupts the redox homeostasis of the cells, which in turn leads to functional disturbances in the respective tissue. In the ocular lens, such modification of proteins may trigger a cascade of events starting with the alteration of protein conformation, protein/enzyme deactivation, protein-S-S-protein aggregation and eventually lens opacification or cataract. Generally, the first line of defense system in the cells protects the lens proteins against such damage. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that in addition to this defense system, lens cells also possess a well developed system to repair the oxidative damage to the lens proteins. We have identified this repair system as thioltransferase (TTase) and have proved that TTase by its dethiolase activity reverses the protein S-thiolation process which returns the oxidatively damaged lens proteins/enzymes to their original reduced state and restores their physiological functions. We investigated if this repair mechanism was mediated by enzymes other than TTase. We studied glutathione S-transferase (GST) and report here for the first time the cloning, high level expression, and purification of human lens mu and pi isoforms of GST. A comparative study of recombinant human lens TTase and GST (mu and pi) on their dethiolating abilities using lens crystallin-thiol mixed disulfides showed that the lens TTase is 60-70% more efficient in the dethiolation/repair process than GST. When TTase and GST were tested in conjunction for the dethiolation of thiol mixed disulfides, there was no significant enhancement of dethiolase activity. These findings suggest that TTase by itself is an efficient enzyme in the dethiolation/repair process and hence can be considered a crucial system to counteract oxidative stress in the lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Raghavachari
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|