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Aiken J, Holzbaur ELF. Cytoskeletal regulation guides neuronal trafficking to effectively supply the synapse. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R633-R650. [PMID: 34033795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development and proper function of the brain requires the formation of highly complex neuronal circuitry. These circuits are shaped from synaptic connections between neurons and must be maintained over a lifetime. The formation and continued maintenance of synapses requires accurate trafficking of presynaptic and postsynaptic components along the axon and dendrite, respectively, necessitating deliberate and specialized delivery strategies to replenish essential synaptic components. Maintenance of synaptic transmission also requires readily accessible energy stores, produced in part by localized mitochondria, that are tightly regulated with activity level. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the cytoskeletal environment of axons and dendrites, examining how local regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and organelle trafficking promotes synapse-specific delivery and plasticity. These new insights shed light on the complex and coordinated role that cytoskeletal elements play in establishing and maintaining neuronal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Aiken
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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2
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Kim GS, Lee I, Kim JH, Hwang DS. The Replication Protein Cdc6 Suppresses Centrosome Over-Duplication in a Manner Independent of Its ATPase Activity. Mol Cells 2017; 40:925-934. [PMID: 29237113 PMCID: PMC5750711 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cdc6 protein is essential for the initiation of chromosomal replication and functions as a licensing factor to maintain chromosome integrity. During the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, Cdc6 has been found to inhibit the recruitment of pericentriolar material (PCM) proteins to the centrosome and to suppress centrosome over-duplication. In this report, we analyzed the correlation between these two functions of Cdc6 at the centrosome. Cdc6 depletion increased the population of cells showing centrosome over-duplication and premature centrosome separation; Cdc6 expression reversed these changes. Deletion and fusion experiments revealed that the 18 amino acid residues (197-214) of Cdc6, which were fused to the Cdc6-centrosomal localization signal, suppressed centrosome over-duplication and premature centrosome separation. Cdc6 mutant proteins that showed defective ATP binding or hydrolysis did not exhibit a significant difference in suppressing centrosome over-duplication, compared to the wild type protein. In contrast to the Cdc6-mediated inhibition of PCM protein recruitment to the centrosome, the independence of Cdc6 on its ATPase activity for suppressing centrosome over-duplication, along with the difference between the Cdc6 protein regions participating in the two functions, suggested that Cdc6 controls centrosome duplication in a manner independent of its recruitment of PCM proteins to the centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Su Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Inyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Ji Hun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Deog Su Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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3
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Siddiqui N, Straube A. Intracellular Cargo Transport by Kinesin-3 Motors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:803-815. [PMID: 28918744 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport along microtubules enables cellular cargoes to efficiently reach the extremities of large, eukaryotic cells. While it would take more than 200 years for a small vesicle to diffuse from the cell body to the growing tip of a one-meter long axon, transport by a kinesin allows delivery in one week. It is clear from this example that the evolution of intracellular transport was tightly linked to the development of complex and macroscopic life forms. The human genome encodes 45 kinesins, 8 of those belonging to the family of kinesin-3 organelle transporters that are known to transport a variety of cargoes towards the plus end of microtubules. However, their mode of action, their tertiary structure, and regulation are controversial. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in our understanding of these fascinating molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Siddiqui
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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4
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Sanchez-Pulido L, Perez L, Kuhn S, Vernos I, Andrade-Navarro MA. The C-terminal domain of TPX2 is made of alpha-helical tandem repeats. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:17. [PMID: 27782824 PMCID: PMC5080731 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-016-0070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TPX2 (Targeting Protein for Xklp2) is essential for spindle assembly, activation of the mitotic kinase Aurora A and for triggering microtubule nucleation. Homologs of TPX2 in Chordata and plants were previously identified. Currently, proteins of the TPX2 family have little structural information and only small parts are covered by defined protein domains. METHODS We have used computational sequence analyses and structural predictions of proteins of the TPX2 family, supported with Circular Dichroism (CD) measurements. RESULTS Here, we report our finding that the C-terminal domain of TPX2, which is responsible of its microtubule nucleation capacity and is conserved in all members of the family, is actually formed by tandem repeats, covering well above 2/3 of the protein. We propose that this region forms a flexible solenoid involved in protein-protein interactions. Structural prediction and molecular modeling, combined with Circular Dichroism (CD) measurements reveal a predominant alpha-helical content. Furthermore, we identify full length homologs in fungi and shorter homologs with a different domain organization in diptera (including a paralogous expansion in Drosophila). CONCLUSIONS Our results, represent the first computational and biophysical analysis of the TPX2 proteins family and help understand the structure and evolution of this conserved protein family to direct future structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sanchez-Pulido
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Laurent Perez
- Center for Genomic Regulation, C/ Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Kuhn
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Gresemundweg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Center for Genomic Regulation, C/ Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Gresemundweg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Liu J, Du J, Yang Y, Wang Y. Phosphorylation of TRPV1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 promotes TRPV1 surface localization, leading to inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:253-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Neurospora crassa NKIN2, a kinesin-3 motor, transports early endosomes and is required for polarized growth. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1020-32. [PMID: 23687116 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00081-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological motors are molecular nanomachines, which convert chemical energy into mechanical forces. The combination of mechanoenzymes with structural components, such as the cytoskeleton, enables eukaryotic cells to overcome entropy, generate molecular gradients, and establish polarity. Hyphae of filamentous fungi are among the most polarized cells, and polarity defects are most obvious. Here, we studied the role of the kinesin-3 motor, NKIN2, in Neurospora crassa. We found that NKIN2 localizes as fast-moving spots in the cytoplasm of mature hyphae. To test whether the spots represented early endosomes, the Rab5 GTPase YPT52 was used as an endosomal marker. NKIN2 colocalized with YPT52. Deletion of nkin2 caused strongly reduced endosomal movement. Combined, these results confirm the involvement of NKIN2 in early endosome transport. Introduction of a rigor mutation into NKIN2 labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) resulted in decoration of microtubules. Interestingly, NKIN2(rigor) was associated with a subpopulation of microtubules, as had been shown earlier for the Aspergillus nidulans orthologue UncA. Other kinesins did not show this specificity.
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7
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Seidel C, Zekert N, Fischer R. The Aspergillus nidulans kinesin-3 tail is necessary and sufficient to recognize modified microtubules. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30976. [PMID: 22363525 PMCID: PMC3282709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational microtubule modifications (PTMs) are numerous; however, the biochemical and cell biological roles of those modifications remain mostly an enigma. The Aspergillus nidulans kinesin-3 UncA uses preferably modified microtubules (MTs) as tracks for vesicle transportation. Here, we show that a positively charged region in the tail of UncA (amino acids 1316 to 1402) is necessary for the recognition of modified MTs. Chimeric proteins composed of the kinesin-1 motor domain and the UncA tail displayed the same specificity as UncA, suggesting that the UncA tail is sufficient to establish specificity. Interaction between the UncA tail and alpha-tubulin was shown using a yeast two-hybrid assay and in A. nidulans by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. This is the first demonstration of how a kinesin-3 motor protein distinguishes among different MT populations in fungal cells, and how specificity determination depends on the tail rather than the motor domain, as has been demonstrated for kinesin 1 in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Seidel
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nadine Zekert
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Zekert N, Fischer R. The Aspergillus nidulans kinesin-3 UncA motor moves vesicles along a subpopulation of microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:673-84. [PMID: 19037104 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremely polarized growth form of filamentous fungi imposes a huge challenge on the cellular transport machinery, because proteins and lipids required for hyphal extension need to be continuously transported to the growing tip. Recently, it was shown that endocytosis is also important for hyphal growth. Here, we found that the Aspergillus nidulans kinesin-3 motor protein UncA transports vesicles and is required for fast hyphal extension. Most surprisingly, UncA-dependent vesicle movement occurred along a subpopulation of microtubules. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled UncA(rigor) decorated a single microtubule, which remained intact during mitosis, whereas other cytoplasmic microtubules were depolymerized. Mitotic spindles were not labeled with GFP-UncA(rigor) but reacted with a specific antibody against tyrosinated alpha-tubulin. Hence, UncA binds preferentially to detyrosinated microtubules. In contrast, kinesin-1 (conventional kinesin) and kinesin-7 (KipA) did not show a preference for certain microtubules. This is the first example for different microtubule subpopulations in filamentous fungi and the first example for the preference of a kinesin-3 motor for detyrosinated microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Zekert
- University of Karlsruhe and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Microbiology, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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9
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Blatner NR, Wilson MI, Lei C, Hong W, Murray D, Williams RL, Cho W. The structural basis of novel endosome anchoring activity of KIF16B kinesin. EMBO J 2007; 26:3709-19. [PMID: 17641687 PMCID: PMC1949010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
KIF16B is a newly identified kinesin that regulates the intracellular motility of early endosomes. KIF16B is unique among kinesins in that its cargo binding is mediated primarily by the strong interaction of its PX domain with endosomal lipids. To elucidate the structural basis of this unique endosomal anchoring activity of KIF16B-PX, we determined the crystal structure of the PX domain and performed in vitro and cellular membrane binding measurements for KIF16B-PX and mutants. The most salient structural feature of KIF16B-PX is that two neighboring residues, L1248 and F1249, on the membrane-binding surface form a protruding hydrophobic stalk with a large solvent-accessible surface area. This unique structure, arising from the complementary stacking of the two side chains and the local conformation, allows strong hydrophobic membrane interactions and endosome tethering. The presence of similar hydrophobic pairs in the amino-acid sequences of other membrane-binding domains and proteins suggests that the same structural motif may be shared by other membrane-binding proteins, whose physiological functions depend on strong hydrophobic membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R Blatner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Cai Lei
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diana Murray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry (M/C 111), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. Tel.: +1 312 996 4883; Fax: +1 312 996 0431; E-mail:
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Westerholm-Parvinen A, Selinheimo E, Boer H, Kalkkinen N, Mattinen M, Saloheimo M. Expression of the Trichoderma reesei tyrosinase 2 in Pichia pastoris: isotopic labeling and physicochemical characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:147-58. [PMID: 17562370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei tyrosinase TYR2 has been demonstrated to be able to oxidize various phenolic compounds and also peptide and protein bound tyrosine, and thus is of great interest for different biotechnological applications. In order to understand the reaction mechanism of the enzyme it would be essential to solve its three dimensional structure. Pichia pastoris is a suitable expression system for the production of recombinant enzymes for NMR studies and therefore we expressed TYR2 in this host. As a result of extensive optimization, the production yield of active histidine tagged tyrosinase purified from P. pastoris shake flask cultures was increased from 2.5 to 24 mg/L. Correct copper concentration in the growth medium was critical for the expression of this copper containing enzyme. Our analysis showed that TYR2 expressed in P. pastoris is post-translationally modified; the C-terminal domain of 153 amino acids of the protein is proteolytically cleaved off from the catalytic domain and the only potential N-glycosylation site is glycosylated. The activities of TYR2 expressed in P. pastoris and T. reesei on diphenolic L-dopa and monophenolic L-tyrosine were rather similar. The TYR2 expressed in P. pastoris showed the same physicochemical properties in CD and unfolding assays as the native TYR2 enzyme. Uniform isotopic (15)N-labeling of TYR2 was carried out with (15)NH(4)SO(4) in minimal medium to assess the suitability of the expression system for investigation by NMR spectroscopy.
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11
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Liang X, Lee GI, Van Doren SR. Partially unfolded forms and non-two-state folding of a beta-sandwich: FHA domain from Arabidopsis receptor kinase-associated protein phosphatase. J Mol Biol 2006; 364:225-40. [PMID: 17007879 PMCID: PMC2020856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FHA domains adopt a beta-sandwich fold with 11 strands. The first evidence of partially unfolded forms of a beta-sandwich is derived from native-state hydrogen exchange (NHX) of the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain from kinase-associated protein phosphatase from Arabidopsis. The folding kinetics of this FHA domain indicate that EX2 behavior prevails at pH 6.3. In the chevron plot, rollover in the folding arm and bends in the unfolding arm suggest folding intermediates. NHX of this FHA domain suggests a core of six most stable beta-strands and two loops, characterized by rare global unfolding events. Flanking this stable core are beta-strands and recognition loops with less stability, termed subglobal motifs. These suggest partially unfolded forms (near-native intermediates) with two levels of stability. The spatial separation of the subglobal motifs on the flanks suggests possible parallelism in their folding as additional beta-strands align with the stable core of six strands. Intermediates may contribute to differences in stabilities and m-values suggested by NHX or kinetics relative to chemical denaturation. Residual structure in the unfolded regime is suggested by superprotection of beta-strand 6 and by GdmCl-dependence of adjustments in amide NMR spectra and residual optical signal. The global folding stability depends strongly on pH, with at least 3 kcal/mol more stability at pH 7.3 than at pH 6.3. This FHA domain is hypothesized to fold progressively with initial hydrophobic collapse of its stable six-stranded core followed by addition of less stable flanking beta-strands and ordering of recognition loops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven R. Van Doren
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ., Phone: 1 (573) 882-5113, FAX: 1 (573) 884-4812
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12
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Miki H, Okada Y, Hirokawa N. Analysis of the kinesin superfamily: insights into structure and function. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15:467-76. [PMID: 16084724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are key players or 'hub' proteins in the intracellular transport system, which is essential for cellular function and morphology. The KIF superfamily is also the first large protein family in mammals whose constituents have been completely identified and confirmed both in silico and in vivo. Numerous studies have revealed the structures and functions of individual family members; however, the relationships between members or a perspective of the whole superfamily structure until recently remained elusive. Here, we present a comprehensive summary based on a large, systematic phylogenetic analysis of the kinesin superfamily. All available sequences in public databases, including genomic information from all model organisms, were analyzed to yield the most complete phylogenetic kinesin tree thus far, comprising 14 families. This comprehensive classification builds on the recently proposed standardized nomenclature for kinesins and allows systematic analysis of the structural and functional relationships within the kinesin superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harukata Miki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Wozniak MJ, Melzer M, Dorner C, Haring HU, Lammers R. The novel protein KBP regulates mitochondria localization by interaction with a kinesin-like protein. BMC Cell Biol 2005; 6:35. [PMID: 16225668 PMCID: PMC1266353 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the Kinesin-3 family of kinesin-like proteins mediate transport of axonal vesicles (KIF1A, KIF1Bβ), distribution of mitochondria (KIF1Bα) and anterograde Golgi to ER vesicle transport (KIF1C). Until now, little is known about the regulation of kinesin-like proteins. Several proteins interact with members of this protein family. Here we report on a novel, KIF1 binding protein (KBP) that was identified in yeast two-hybrid screens. Results KBP was identified by using the yeast-two-hybrid system with an amino-terminal fragment of KIF1C as a bait that is strongly homologous to KIF1B. Here we investigated the interaction of KBP and KIF1B. The full length proteins coimmunoprecipitated after overexpression and in untransfected 293 cells. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed that KBP was mainly localized to mitochondria, as has been described for KIF1Bα. Overexpression of a deletion mutant or reduction of the KBP protein level using an anti-sense construct led to an aggregation of mitochondria. Such an effect is probably due to the lower activity of KIF1Bα in the absence of KBP, as was revealed in motility assays. Conclusion KBP is a new binding partner for KIF1Bα that is a regulator of its transport function and thus represents a new type of kinesin interacting protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin J Wozniak
- Medical Clinic IV, Otfried-Müller Str.10, Tübingen, Germany
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martina Melzer
- Medical Clinic IV, Otfried-Müller Str.10, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Dorner
- Medical Clinic IV, Otfried-Müller Str.10, Tübingen, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Reiner Lammers
- Medical Clinic IV, Otfried-Müller Str.10, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Bejar CM, Ballicora MA, Gómez-Casati DF, Iglesias AA, Preiss J. The ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Escherichia coli comprises two tightly bound distinct domains. FEBS Lett 2004; 573:99-104. [PMID: 15327982 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Computational analysis of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases predicts a fold with two domains. Co-expression of two polypeptides comprising residues 1-323 and 328-431 from the Escherichia coli ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase yielded an enzyme form as active as the wild type. The only difference from the wild type was a slightly modified affinity for allosteric effectors. The two polypeptides could not be separated by chromatographic procedures. Separate expression of these polypeptides produced inactive unstable forms. All these results indicated that the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase comprises two domains with a strong interaction between them. That interaction is important for allosteric properties and structural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa M Bejar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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15
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Lee JR, Shin H, Choi J, Ko J, Kim S, Lee HW, Kim K, Rho SH, Lee JH, Song HE, Eom SH, Kim E. An intramolecular interaction between the FHA domain and a coiled coil negatively regulates the kinesin motor KIF1A. EMBO J 2004; 23:1506-15. [PMID: 15014437 PMCID: PMC391070 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins not actively involved in transporting cargoes should remain inactive at sites of cargo loading to save energy and remain available for loading. KIF1A/Unc104 is a monomeric kinesin known to dimerize into a processive motor at high protein concentrations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying monomer stabilization and monomer-to-dimer transition are not well understood. Here, we report an intramolecular interaction in KIF1A between the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and a coiled-coil domain (CC2) immediately following the FHA domain. Disrupting this interaction by point mutations in the FHA or CC2 domains leads to a dramatic accumulation of KIF1A in the periphery of living cultured neurons and an enhancement of the microtubule (MT) binding and self-multimerization of KIF1A. In addition, point mutations causing rigidity in the predicted flexible hinge disrupt the intramolecular FHA-CC2 interaction and increase MT binding and peripheral accumulation of KIF1A. These results suggest that the intramolecular FHA-CC2 interaction negatively regulates KIF1A activity by inhibiting MT binding and dimerization of KIF1A, and point to a novel role of the FHA domain in the regulation of kinesin motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ran Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyewon Shin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seho Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Karam Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Rho
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Song
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Eom
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Kuseong-dong, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea. Tel.: +82 42 869 2633; Fax: +82 42 869 2610; E-mail:
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16
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Schoch CL, Aist JR, Yoder OC, Gillian Turgeon B. A complete inventory of fungal kinesins in representative filamentous ascomycetes. Fungal Genet Biol 2003; 39:1-15. [PMID: 12742059 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(03)00022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complete inventories of kinesins from three pathogenic filamentous ascomycetes, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and Gibberella moniliformis, are described. These protein sequences were compared with those of the filamentous saprophyte, Neurospora crassa and the two yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Data mining and phylogenetic analysis of the motor domain yielded a constant set of 10 kinesins in the filamentous fungal species, compared with a smaller set in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. The filamentous fungal kinesins fell into nine subfamilies when compared with well-characterized kinesins from other eukaryotes. A few putative kinesins (one in B. fuckeliana and two in C. heterostrophus) could not be defined as functional, due to unorthodox organization and lack of experimental data. The broad representation of filamentous fungal kinesins across most of the known subfamilies and the ease of gene manipulation make fungi ideal models for functional and evolutionary investigation of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad L Schoch
- Department of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
The forkhead-associated (FHA) domain is a small protein module recently shown to recognize phosphothreonine epitopes on proteins. It is present in a diverse range of proteins in eukaryotic cells, such as kinases, phosphatases, kinesins, transcription factors, RNA-binding proteins, and metabolic enzymes. It is also found in a number of bacterial proteins. This suggests that FHA domain-mediated phospho-dependent assembly of protein complexes is an ancient and widespread regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Durocher
- Samuel Lumenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1 X5.
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Nakajima K, Takei Y, Tanaka Y, Nakagawa T, Nakata T, Noda Y, Setou M, Hirokawa N. Molecular motor KIF1C is not essential for mouse survival and motor-dependent retrograde Golgi apparatus-to-endoplasmic reticulum transport. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:866-73. [PMID: 11784862 PMCID: PMC133549 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.3.866-873.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2001] [Revised: 08/28/2001] [Accepted: 10/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KIF1C is a new member of the kinesin superfamily of proteins (KIFs), which act as microtubule-based molecular motors involved in intracellular transport. We cloned full-length mouse kif1C cDNA, which turned out to have a high homology to a mitochondrial motor KIF1Balpha and to be expressed ubiquitously. To investigate the in vivo significance of KIF1C, we generated kif1C(-/-) mice by knocking in the beta-galactosidase gene into the motor domain of kif1C gene. On staining of LacZ, we detected its expression in the heart, liver, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Unexpectedly, kif1C(-/-) mice were viable and showed no obvious abnormalities. Because immunocytochemistry showed partial colocalization of KIF1C with the Golgi marker protein, we compared the organelle distribution in primary lung fibroblasts from kif1C(+/+) and kif1C(-/-) mice. We found that there was no significant difference in the distribution of the Golgi apparatus or in the transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) facilitated by brefeldin A between the two cells. This retrograde membrane transport was further confirmed to be normal by time-lapse analysis. Consequently, KIF1C is dispensable for the motor-dependent retrograde transport from the Golgi apparatus to the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakajima
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Watters JW, Dewar K, Lehoczky J, Boyartchuk V, Dietrich WF. Kif1C, a kinesin-like motor protein, mediates mouse macrophage resistance to anthrax lethal factor. Curr Biol 2001; 11:1503-11. [PMID: 11591317 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inbred mouse strains exhibit striking differences in the susceptibility of their macrophages to the effects of anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx). Previous data has shown that this difference in susceptibility lies downstream of toxin entry into macrophages. A locus controlling this phenotype, called Ltxs1, has been mapped to chromosome 11, but the responsible gene has not been identified. RESULTS Here, we report the identification of the Ltxs1 gene as Kif1C, which encodes a kinesin-like motor protein of the UNC104 subfamily. Kif1C is the only gene in the Ltxs1 interval exhibiting polymorphisms between susceptible and resistant strains. Multiple alleles of Kif1C determine the susceptibility or resistance of cultured mouse macrophages to LeTx. Treatment of resistant macrophages with brefeldin-A (which alters the cellular localization of Kif1C) induces susceptibility to LeTx, while ectopic expression of a resistance allele of Kif1C in susceptible macrophages causes a 4-fold increase in the number of cells surviving LeTx treatment. We also show that cleavage of map kinase kinase 3, a target of LeTx proteolysis, occurs in resistant cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that mutations in Kif1C are responsible for the differences in the susceptibility of inbred mouse macrophages to LeTx and that proper Kif1C function is required for LeTx resistance. Since the LeTx-mediated proteolysis of map kinase kinase 3 occurs even in resistant cells, Kif1C does not affect cellular entry or processing of LeTx and likely influences events occurring later in the intoxication pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Watters
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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