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Khan S, Hussain R, Khan Y, Iqbal T, Ullah F, Felemban S, Khowdiary MM. Facile benzothiazole-triazole based thiazole derivatives as novel thymidine phosphorylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: Experimental and computational approaches. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110470. [PMID: 38917733 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The present study reports the new thiazole (A-L) derivatives based on benzothiazole fused triazole which were synthesized and assessed against thymidine phosphorylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Several compounds with the same basic structure but different substituents were found to have high activity against the targeted enzymes, while others with the same basic skeleton but different substituents were found to have medium to low activity among the members of tested series. These analogs showed a varied range of inhibition in both case thymidine phosphorylase and alpha glucosidase, A (IC50 = 7.20 ± 0.30 µM and IC50 = 1.30 ± 0.70 µM), B (IC50 = 8.80 ± 0.10 µM and IC50 = 2.10 ± 0.30 µM), C (IC50 = 8.90 ± 0.40 µM and IC50 = 3.20 ± 0.20 µM) and thiazole containing analogs such as G (IC50 = 11.10 ± 0.20 µM and IC50 = 7.80 ± 0.20 µM) and H (IC50 = 12.30 ± 0.30 µM and IC50 = 6.30 ± 0.20 µM). When compared with standard drugs 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC50 = 10.60 ± 0.50 µM) and acarbose (IC50 = 4.30 ± 0.30 µM) respectively. These analogs were also subjected to molecular docking studies which indicated the binding interaction of molecules with active sites of the enzyme and strengthen the drug profile of these compounds. ADMET studies also predict the drug-like properties of these compounds, with no violations of drug likeness rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan.
| | - Rafaqat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan.
| | - Yousaf Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad campus, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Tayyiaba Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Shifa Felemban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, University College-Al Leith, University of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Khowdiary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, University College-Al Leith, University of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Hussain R, Rehman W, Khan S, Jaber F, Rahim F, Shah M, Khan Y, Iqbal S, Naz H, Khan I, Issa Alahmdi M, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA. Investigation of novel bis-thiadiazole bearing schiff base derivatives as effective inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase: Synthesis, in vitro bioactivity and molecular docking study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101823. [PMID: 37965293 PMCID: PMC10641276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is an angiogenic enzyme. It is crucial for the development, invasion and metastasis of tumors as well as angiogenesis. In our current research, we examine how structurally changing bis-thiadiazole bearing bis-schiff bases affects their ability to inhibit TP. Through the oxidative cyclization of pyridine-based bis-thiosemicarbazone with iodine, a series of fourteen analogs of bis-thiadiazole-based bis-imines with pyridine moiety were developed. Newly synthesized scaffolds were assessed in vitro for their thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential and showed moderate to good inhibition profile. Eleven scaffolds such as 4a-4d,4f-4 h and 4j-4 m were discovered to be more effective than standard drug at inhibiting the thymidine phosphorylase enzyme with IC50 values of 1.16 ± 1.20, 1.77 ± 1.10, 2.48 ± 1.30, 12.54 ± 1.60, 14.63 ± 1.70, 15.53 ± 1.80, 17.47 ± 1.70, 18.98 ± 1.70, 19.53 ± 1.50, 22.73 ± 2.40 and 24.87 ± 2.80 respectively, while remaining three analogs such as 4n, 4i and 4ewere found to be more potent, but they were less potent than the standard drug. All analogs underwent SAR studies based on the pattern of substitutions around the aryl part of the bis-thiadiazole skeleton. The most active analogs in the synthesized series were then molecular docking study performed to investigate their interactions of active part of enzyme. The results showed that remarkable interactions were exhibited by these analogs with the targeted enzymes active sites. Furthermore, to confirm the structure of synthesized analogs by employing spectroscopic tools such as HREI-MS and NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaqat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Fadi Jaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fazal Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Mazloom Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Grand Asian University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Yousaf Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Haseena Naz
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Issa Alahmdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser S. Awwad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A. Ibrahium
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Hussain R, Rehman W, Rahim F, Khan S, Alanazi AS, Alanazi MM, Rasheed L, Khan Y, Adnan. Ali. Shah S, Taha M. Synthesis, In Vitro Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitory Activity and Molecular Docking Study of Novel Pyridine-derived Bis-Oxadiazole Bearing Bis-Schiff Base Derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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4
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Natural compounds as angiogenic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors: In vitro biochemical inhibition, mechanistic, and in silico modeling studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225056. [PMID: 31743355 PMCID: PMC6863536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural flora is the richest source of novel therapeutic agents due to their immense chemical diversity and novel biological properties. In this regard, eighteen natural products belonging to different chemical classes were evaluated for their thymidine phosphorylase (TP) inhibitory activity. TP shares identity with an angiogenic protein platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). It assists tumor angiogenesis and is a key player in cancer progression, thus an ideal target to develop anti-angiogenic drugs. Eleven compounds 1–2, 5–10, 11, 15, and 18 showed a good to weak TP inhibitory activity (IC50 values between 44.0 to 420.3 μM), as compared to standards i.e. tipiracil (IC50 = 0.014 ± 0.002 μM) and 7-deazaxanthine (IC50 = 41.0 ± 1.63 μM). Kinetic studies were also performed on active compounds, in order to deduce the mechanism of ligand binding to enzyme. To get further insight into receptor protein (enzyme) and ligand interaction at atomic level, in- sillico studies were also performed. Active compounds were finally evaluated for cytotoxicity test against mouse fibroblast (3T3) cell line. Compound 18 (Masoprocol) showed a significant TP inhibitory activity (IC50 = 44.0 ± 0.5 μM). Kinetic studies showed that it inhibits the enzyme in a competitive manner (Ki = 25.6 ± 0.008 μM), while it adopts a binding pose different than the substrate thymidine. It is further found to be non-toxic in MTT cytotoxicity assay. This is the first report on TP inhibitory activity of several natural compounds, some of which may serve as leads for further research towards drug the development.
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de Moura Sperotto ND, Deves Roth C, Rodrigues-Junior VS, Ev Neves C, Reisdorfer Paula F, da Silva Dadda A, Bergo P, Freitas de Freitas T, Souza Macchi F, Moura S, Duarte de Souza AP, Campos MM, Valim Bizarro C, Santos DS, Basso LA, Machado P. Design of Novel Inhibitors of Human Thymidine Phosphorylase: Synthesis, Enzyme Inhibition, in Vitro Toxicity, and Impact on Human Glioblastoma Cancer. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1231-1245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fávero Reisdorfer Paula
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade em Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Pampa, 97508-000 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sidnei Moura
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Iftikhar F, Yaqoob F, Tabassum N, Jan MS, Sadiq A, Tahir S, Batool T, Niaz B, Ansari FL, Choudhary MI, Rashid U. Design, synthesis, in-vitro thymidine phosphorylase inhibition, in-vivo antiangiogenic and in-silico studies of C-6 substituted dihydropyrimidines. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:99-111. [PMID: 29894893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is an angiogenic enzyme. It plays an important role in angiogenesis, tumour growth, invasion and metastasis. In current research work, we study the effect of structural modification of dihydropyrimidine-2-ones (DHPM-2-ones) on TP inhibition. A series of eighteen new derivatives of 3,4-dihydropyrimidone-2-one were designed and synthesized through the structural modification at C-6 position. All these new derivatives were then assessed for in-vitro inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) from E. coli. Oxadiazole derivatives 4a-e exhibited excellent TP-inhibition at low micromolar concentration levels better than standard drug 7-deazaxanthine (7-DX). Among all these compounds, 4b was found to be the most potent with IC50 = 1.09 ± 0.004 μM. Anti-angiogenesis potential of representative compounds were also studied in a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Here again, compound 4b was found to be the potent anti-angiogenesis compound in a CAM assay. Docking studies were also performed with Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) to further analyse the mode of inhibition of these compounds. Binding mode analysis of the most active inhibitors showed that these are well accommodated into the binding site of enzyme though stable hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Iftikhar
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Farhana Yaqoob
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Nida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmacology, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi 463000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), Pakistan
| | - Saba Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus 22060, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Batool
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Bagh, Pakistan
| | - Basit Niaz
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus 22060, Pakistan.
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Bera H, Chigurupati S. Recent discovery of non-nucleobase thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors targeting cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:992-1003. [PMID: 27783978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Vande Voorde J, Vervaeke P, Liekens S, Balzarini J. Mycoplasma hyorhinis-encoded cytidine deaminase efficiently inactivates cytosine-based anticancer drugs. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:634-9. [PMID: 26322268 PMCID: PMC4541722 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas may colonize tumor tissue in patients. Mycoplasma-encoded cytidine deaminase deaminates cytosine-based anticancer drugs. The activity of gemcitabine is compromised in mycoplasma-infected tumor cells. Gemcitabine activity can be restored by nucleosides or a PNP inhibitor.
Mycoplasmas may colonize tumor tissue in patients. The cytostatic activity of gemcitabine was dramatically decreased in Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected tumor cell cultures compared with non-infected tumor cell cultures. This mycoplasma-driven drug deamination could be prevented by exogenous administration of the cytidine deaminase (CDA) inhibitor tetrahydrouridine, but also by the natural nucleosides or by a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor. The M. hyorhinis-encoded CDAHyor gene was cloned, expressed as a recombinant protein and purified. CDAHyor was found to be more catalytically active than its human equivalent and efficiently deaminates (inactivates) cytosine-based anticancer drugs. CDAHyor expression at the tumor site may result in selective drug inactivation and suboptimal therapeutic efficiency.
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Key Words
- (d)Ado, (2′-deoxy)adenosine
- (d)Guo, (2′-deoxy)guanosine
- (d)Ino, (2′-deoxy)inosine
- (d)Urd, (2′-deoxy)uridine
- 3TC, 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine
- CDA, cytidine deaminase
- Cancer
- Cytidine deaminase
- Gemcitabine
- Imm-H, Immucillin-H
- Mycoplasma
- NA, nucleoside analogue
- Nucleoside analogue
- PNP, purine nucleoside phosphorylase
- Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
- ara-Cyd, cytosine arabinoside
- dFdC, gemcitabine
- dFdU, 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxyuridine
- dThd, thymidine
- ddC, 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Balzarini
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 16 337367; fax: +32 16 337340.
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Marech I, Leporini C, Ammendola M, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, Russo E, De Sarro G, Ranieri G. Classical and non-classical proangiogenic factors as a target of antiangiogenic therapy in tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:216-26. [PMID: 26238184 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is sustained by classical and non-classical proangiogenic factors (PFs) acting in tumor microenvironment and these factors are also potential targets of antiangiogenic therapies. All PFs induce the overexpression of several signaling pathways that lead to migration and proliferation of endothelial cells contributing to tumor angiogenesis and survival of cancer cells. In this review, we have analyzed each PF with its specific receptor/s and we have summarized the available antiangiogenic drugs (e.g. monoclonal antibodies) targeting these PFs, some of these agents have already been approved, others are currently in development for the treatment of several human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Vande Voorde J, Liekens S, Balzarini J. Mycoplasma hyorhinis-encoded purine nucleoside phosphorylase: kinetic properties and its effect on the cytostatic potential of purine-based anticancer drugs. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:865-75. [PMID: 24068428 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A mycoplasma-encoded purine nucleoside phosphorylase (designated PNPHyor) has been cloned and characterized for the first time. Efficient phosphorolysis of natural 6-oxopurine and 6-aminopurine nucleosides was observed, with adenosine the preferred natural substrate (Km = 61 µM). Several cytostatic purine nucleoside analogs proved to be susceptible to PNPHyor-mediated phosphorolysis, and a markedly decreased or increased cytostatic activity was observed in Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell cultures (MCF-7.Hyor), depending on the properties of the released purine base. We demonstrated an ∼10-fold loss of cytostatic activity of cladribine in MCF-7.Hyor cells and observed a rapid and complete phosphorolysis of this drug when it was exposed to the supernatant of mycoplasma-infected cells. This conversion (inactivation) could be prevented by a specific PNP inhibitor. These findings correlated well with the high efficiency of PNPHyor-catalyzed phosphorolysis of cladribine to its less toxic base 2-chloroadenine (Km = 80 µM). In contrast, the cytostatic activity of nucleoside analogs carrying a highly toxic purine base and being a substrate for PNPHyor, but not human PNP, was substantially increased in MCF-7.Hyor cells (∼130-fold for fludarabine and ∼45-fold for 6-methylpurine-2'-deoxyriboside). Elimination of the mycoplasma from the tumor cell cultures or selective inhibition of PNPHyor by a PNP inhibitor restored the cytostatic activity of the purine-based nucleoside drugs. Since several studies suggest a high and preferential colonization or association of tumor tissue in cancer patients with different prokaryotes (including mycoplasmas), the data presented here may be of relevance for the optimization of purine nucleoside-based anticancer drug treatment.
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Bera H, Tan BJ, Sun L, Dolzhenko AV, Chui WK, Chiu GNC. A structure-activity relationship study of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-5,7-dione and its 5-thioxo analogues on anti-thymidine phosphorylase and associated anti-angiogenic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:325-34. [PMID: 23871912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-three 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-5,7-dione and its 5-thioxo analogues were designed and synthesized which contained different substituents at meta- and/or para-positions of 2-phenyl or 2-benzyl ring attached to the fused ring structure. The preliminary pharmacological evaluation demonstrated that the 5-thioxo analogues of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine exhibited a varying degree of inhibitory activity towards thymidine phosphorylase, comparable or better than reference compound, 7-Deazaxanthine (7-DX, 2) (IC50 value = 42.63 μM). Moreover, compounds 5q and 6i displayed a mixed-type of inhibitory mechanism in the presence of variable concentrations of thymidine (dThd). In addition, selected compounds were found to have a noticeable inhibitory effect on the expression of angiogenesis markers, including VEGF and MMP-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hriday Bera
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500090, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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12
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Inhibition of pyrimidine and purine nucleoside phosphorylases by a 3,5-dichlorobenzoyl-substituted 2-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate derivative. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1358-63. [PMID: 22366108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The 3,5-dichlorobenzoyl-substituted 2-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate derivative, designated Cf2891, was found to inhibit a variety of pyrimidine and purine nucleoside phosphorylases (NPs) with preference for uridine- and inosine-hydrolyzing enzymes [uridine phosphorylase (UP; EC 2.4.2.3), pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase (PyNP; EC 2.4.2.2) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP; EC 2.4.2.1)]. Kinetic analyses revealed that Cf2891 competes with inorganic phosphate (P(i)) for binding to the NPs and, depending on the nature of the enzyme, acts as a competitive or non-competitive inhibitor with regard to the nucleoside binding site. Also, the compound prevents breakdown of pyrimidine analogues used in the treatment of viral infections and cancer. Since NPs are abundantly present in tumor tissue and may be overexpressed due to secondary bacterial infections in immunocompromised patients suffering viral infections, Cf2891 may serve as a lead molecule for the development of inhibitors to be used in nucleoside-based combination therapy.
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13
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Liekens S, Bronckaers A, Belleri M, Bugatti A, Sienaert R, Ribatti D, Nico B, Gigante A, Casanova E, Opdenakker G, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J, Presta M. The thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor 5'-O-tritylinosine (KIN59) is an antiangiogenic multitarget fibroblast growth factor-2 antagonist. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:817-29. [PMID: 22302099 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5'-O-Tritylinosine (KIN59) is an allosteric inhibitor of the angiogenic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. Previous observations showed the capacity of KIN59 to abrogate thymidine phosphorylase-induced as well as developmental angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Here, we show that KIN59 also inhibits the angiogenic response triggered by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) but not by VEGF in the CAM assay. Immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase PCR analyses revealed that the expression of laminin, the major proteoglycan of the basement membrane of blood vessels, is downregulated by KIN59 administration in control as well as in thymidine phosphorylase- or FGF2-treated CAMs, but not in CAMs treated with VEGF. Also, KIN59 abrogated FGF2-induced endothelial cell proliferation, FGF receptor activation, and Akt signaling in vitro with no effect on VEGF-stimulated biologic responses. Accordingly, KIN59 inhibited the binding of FGF2 to FGF receptor-1 (FGFR1), thus preventing the formation of productive heparan sulphate proteoglycan/FGF2/FGFR1 ternary complexes, without affecting heparin interaction. In keeping with these observations, systemic administration of KIN59 inhibited the growth and neovascularization of subcutaneous tumors induced by FGF2-transformed endothelial cells injected in immunodeficient nude mice. Taken together, the data indicate that the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor KIN59 is endowed with a significant FGF2 antagonist activity, thus representing a promising lead compound for the design of multitargeted antiangiogenic cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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De Clercq E. The next ten stories on antiviral drug discovery (part E): advents, advances, and adventures. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:118-60. [PMID: 19844936 PMCID: PMC7168424 DOI: 10.1002/med.20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents the fifth part (part E) in the series of stories on antiviral drug discovery. The ten stories belonging to this fifth part are dealing with (i) aurintricarboxylic acid; (ii) alkenyldiarylmethanes; (iii) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitors; (iv) lens epithelium‐derived growth factor as a potential target for HIV proviral DNA integration; (v) the status presens of neuraminidase inhibitors NAIs in the control of influenza virus infections; (vi) the status presens on respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors; (vii) tricyclic (1,N‐2‐ethenoguanine)‐based acyclovir and ganciclovir derivatives; (viii) glycopeptide antibiotics as antivirals targeted at viral entry; (ix) the potential (off‐label) use of cidofovir in the treatment of polyoma (JC and BK) virus infections; and (x) finally, thymidine phosphorylase as a target for both antiviral and anticancer agents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 1, 118–160, 2010
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Chen CC, Chen LC, Liang Y, Tsang NM, Chang YS. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces the chemotherapeutic target, thymidine phosphorylase, via NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK pathways. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1132-42. [PMID: 20214978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High thymidine phosphorylase (TP) expression is significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC is an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated cancer in which the EBV-encoded oncogene product, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), is expressed in approximately 60% of tumor tissues. However, no previous study has examined whether LMP1 is involved in up-regulating TP expression in NPC tissues. We herein show that LMP1 expression is correlated with TP expression in tumor cells, as examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. We further show that the CTAR1 and CTAR2 domains of LMP1 mediate TP induction, as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses using LMP1 deletion and site-specific mutants. Mechanistically, LMP1-mediated TP induction is abolished by inhibitors of NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK, dominant-negative IkappaB and p38, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of p38 MAPK. Clinically, there were significant correlations among the expression levels of TP, activated p65, and phospho-p38 MAPK in NPC biopsy samples. Functionally, LMP1-mediated induction of TP expression enhanced the sensitivity of NPC cells to the chemotherapeutic prodrug, 5'-DFUR. Our results provide new insights into the roles of LMP1-mediated NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in TP induction, potentially suggesting new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Structural diversity of nucleoside phosphonic acids as a key factor in the discovery of potent inhibitors of rat T-cell lymphoma thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:862-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bronckaers A, Gago F, Balzarini J, Liekens S. The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:903-53. [PMID: 19434693 PMCID: PMC7168469 DOI: 10.1002/med.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), also known as "platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor" (PD-ECGF), is an enzyme, which is upregulated in a wide variety of solid tumors including breast and colorectal cancers. TP promotes tumor growth and metastasis by preventing apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis. Elevated levels of TP are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Therefore, TP inhibitors are synthesized in an attempt to prevent tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. TP is also indispensable for the activation of the extensively used 5-fluorouracil prodrug capecitabine, which is clinically used for the treatment of colon and breast cancer. Clinical trials that combine capecitabine with TP-inducing therapies (such as taxanes or radiotherapy) suggest that increasing TP expression is an adequate strategy to enhance the antitumoral efficacy of capecitabine. Thus, TP plays a dual role in cancer development and therapy: on the one hand, TP inhibitors can abrogate the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of TP; on the other, TP activity is necessary for the activation of several chemotherapeutic drugs. This duality illustrates the complexity of the role of TP in tumor progression and in the clinical response to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Bronckaers A, Aguado L, Negri A, Camarasa MJ, Balzarini J, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Gago F, Liekens S. Identification of aspartic acid-203 in human thymidine phosphorylase as an important residue for both catalysis and non-competitive inhibition by the small molecule “crystallization chaperone” 5′-O-tritylinosine (KIN59). Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Albertsson P, Lennernäs B, Norrby K. Low-dose continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion stimulates VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:418-25. [PMID: 18932044 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802409512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent. Animal studies have demonstrated that frequent administration of chemotherapeutics may have marked antiangiogenic effects and improved antitumor effects, with less severe toxic side-effects than intermittent maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy. Currently, research focused on low-dose antiangiogenic chemotherapy is increasing. We have recently reported that certain chemotherapeutics, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), may in fact stimulate angiogenesis in the tumor-free rat mesenteric window assay. The aim of the present study was to extend the investigation of the angiogenesis-modulating effects of 5-FU by prolonging the continuous infusion treatment time. METHOD Angiogenesis was induced in the mesenteric test tissue in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by i.p. injection of VEGF-A, which is a key angiogenic factor in most tumors. During the subsequent angiogenesis, 5-FU was delivered continuously for 14 days by an osmotic pump implanted subcutaneously. The angiogenic response was analyzed by morphometry in the mesenteric windows. RESULTS The 14-days continuous infusion of 5-FU significantly stimulated angiogenesis. Thus the possibility that the previously reported surprising proangiogenic effect of 5-FU reflected an insufficiently long treatment period can be ruled out. CONCLUSION The finding that continuously infused 5-FU is able to stimulate angiogenesis in the present rat model of angiogenesis warrants investigation of the mechanisms behind this unexpected finding. It may further have implications for the choice of antiangiogenic chemotherapeutic schedule used for cancer patients.
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Gbaj A, Edwards PN, Reigan P, Freeman S, Jaffar M, Douglas KT. Thymidine phosphorylase fromEscherichia coli: Tight-binding inhibitors as enzyme active-site titrants. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:69-73. [PMID: 16570508 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500424010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.4) catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of pyrimidine 2'-deoxynucleosides, forming 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate and pyrimidine. 5-Chloro-6-(2-imino-pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl-uracil hydrochloride (TPI, 1) and its 5-bromo analogue (2), 6-(2-amino-imidazol-1-yl)methyl-5-bromo-uracil (3) and its 5-chloro analogue (4) act as tight-binding stoichiometric inhibitors of recombinant E. coli thymidine phosphorylase, and thus can be used as the first active-site titrants for it using either thymidine or 5-nitro-2'-deoxyuridine as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Gbaj
- Wolfson Centre for Rational Structure-Based Design of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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21
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Liekens S, Bronckaers A, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. Targeting platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1555-67. [PMID: 17572389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a key enzyme in the pyrimidine nucleoside salvage pathway, but it also recognizes and inactivates various anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, TP is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), an angiogenic factor with anti-apoptotic properties. Increased expression of PD-ECGF/TP is found in many tumor and stromal cells, and elevated TP levels are associated with aggressive disease and/or poor prognosis. Thus, progression and metastasis of TP-expressing tumors might be abrogated by TP inhibitors that are used as single agents or in combination with (TP-sensitive) nucleoside analogues. On the other hand, increased TP activity in tumors may be exploited for the tumor-specific activation of fluoropyrimidine prodrugs, such as capecitabine. This review will focus on the different biological activities of PD-ECGF/TP and their implications for cancer progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Liekens S, Balzarini J, Hernández AI, De Clercq E, Priego EM, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ. Thymidine phosphorylase is noncompetitively inhibited by 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) and related compounds. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 25:975-80. [PMID: 17065049 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600888925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We found that 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) inhibits recombinant bacterial (E. coli) and human thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) with an IC50 of 44 microM and 67 microM, respectively. In contrast to previously described TPase inhibitors, KIN59 does not compete with thymidine (dThd) at the pyrimidine nucleoside-binding site or with inorganic phosphate (Pi) at the phosphate-binding site of the enzyme. These findings are strongly suggestive for the presence of an allosteric binding site at the enzyme. TPase is identical to the angiogenic protein platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). As such, PD-ECGF stimulates angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. This angiogenic response was completely inhibited by KIN59. Inosine did not inhibit the enzyme or the angiogenic effect of TPase, confirming that the 5'-O-trityl group in KIN59 is essential for the observed effect. Our observations indicate that allosteric sites in TPase may regulate its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Panova NG, Alexeev CS, Kuzmichov AS, Shcheveleva EV, Gavryushov SA, Polyakov KM, Kritzyn AM, Mikhailov SN, Esipov RS, Miroshnikov AI. Substrate specificity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:21-8. [PMID: 17309433 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Substrate specificity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase to thymidine derivatives modified at 5' -, 3' -, and 2' ,3' - positions of the sugar moiety was studied. Equilibrium and kinetic constants (K(m), K(I), k(cat)) of the phosphorolysis reaction have been determined for 20 thymidine analogs. The results are compared with X-ray and molecular dynamics data. The most important hydrogen bonds in the enzyme-substrate complex are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Panova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Casanova E, Hernandez AI, Priego EM, Liekens S, Camarasa MJ, Balzarini J, Pérez-Pérez MJ. 5'-O-tritylinosine and analogues as allosteric inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5562-70. [PMID: 16942029 DOI: 10.1021/jm0605379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of our previous findings that 5'-O-tritylinosine (KIN59) behaves as an allosteric inhibitor of the angiogenic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (TPase), we have undertaken the synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of a novel series of nucleoside analogues modified at positions 1, 2, or 6 of the purine ring and at the 5'-position of the ribose moiety of the lead compound KIN59. SAR studies indicate that quite large structural variations can be performed on KIN59 without compromising TPase inhibition. Thus, incorporation of a cyclopropylmethyl or a cyclohexylmethyl group at position N(1) of 5'-O-tritylinosine increases the inhibitory activity against TPase 10-fold compared to KIN59. Moreover, the trityl group at the 5'-position of the ribose seems to be crucial for TPase inhibition. The here reported results further substantiate that 5'-O-trityl nucleosides represent a new class of TPase inhibitors that should be further explored in those biological systems where TPase plays an instrumental role (i.e. angiogenesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Casanova
- Instituto de Química Médica (C.S.I.C.), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Liekens S, Bronckaers A, Hernández AI, Priego EM, Casanova E, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. 5′-O-Tritylated Nucleoside Derivatives: Inhibition of Thymidine Phosphorylase and Angiogenesis. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:501-9. [PMID: 16675660 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.021188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) is one of the key enzymes involved in the pyrimidine nucleoside salvage pathway. However, TPase also stimulates angiogenesis, and its expression correlates well with microvessel density and metastasis in a variety of human tumors. We have shown recently that 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) allosterically inhibits TPase enzymatic activity. KIN59 also inhibits TPase-induced angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The trityl group was found to be instrumental to preserve both the anti-TPase and antiangiogenic effect. We have now synthesized a variety of novel 5'-O-trityl nucleoside derivatives. Enzyme activity studies showed that the anti-TPase activity is significantly improved by replacement of the hypoxanthine base by thymine [3.5-fold; i.e., 5'-O-tritylthymidine (KIN6)] and the introduction of chloride on the trityl group [7-fold; i.e., 5'-O-(4-chlorotrityl)-inosine (TP136)], whereas removal of 2'-hydroxyl in the ribose did not significantly alter the anti-TPase activity. Enzyme kinetic studies also demonstrated that 1-(5'-O-trityl-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-thymine (TP124), like KIN59, inhibits TPase in a noncompetitive fashion both with respect to phosphate and thymidine. Most KIN59 analogs markedly inhibited TPase-induced angiogenesis in the CAM assay. In vitro studies showed that the antiangiogenic effect of these compounds is not attributed to endothelial cell toxicity. For several compounds, there was no stringent correlation between their anti-TPase and antiangiogenic activity, indicating that these compounds may also act on other angiogenesis mediators. The antiangiogenic 5'-O-trityl nucleoside analogs also caused degradation of pre-existing, immature vessels at the site of drug exposure. Thus, 5'-O-trityl nucleoside derivatives combine antiangiogenic and vascular-targeting activities, which opens perspectives for their potential use as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF) from SD-lymphoma by phosphonomethoxyalkyl thymines. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1517-21. [PMID: 15857616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of thymine phosphonomethoxyalkyl derivatives were evaluated for their ability to inhibit thymidine phosphorylase (dThdPase) purified from rat spontaneous T-cell lymphoma. A kinetic study of thymidine phosphorolysis catalyzed by dThdPase was performed with thymidine and/or inorganic phosphate as substrates. Data show that the substantial inhibitory effect of these acyclic nucleotide analogues is decreasing in the order of (R)-FPMPT>(S)-FPMPT>or=(R)-HPMPT>(S)-PMPT>(S)-HPMPT>PMET>or=(R)-PMPT. The inhibitory potency (K(i)/(dThd)K(m)) of the most efficient inhibitors from this series against T-cell lymphoma enzyme is 0.0026 for (R)-FPMPT and 0.0048 for (S)-FPMPT. The studied compounds do not inhibit Escherichia coli and human enzyme and possess lower inhibitory potency against rat liver thymidine phosphorylase.
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27
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Seeliger H, Guba M, Koehl GE, Doenecke A, Steinbauer M, Bruns CJ, Wagner C, Frank E, Jauch KW, Geissler EK. Blockage of 2-deoxy-D-ribose-induced angiogenesis with rapamycin counteracts a thymidine phosphorylase-based escape mechanism available for colon cancer under 5-fluorouracil therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1843-52. [PMID: 15014039 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal neoplasms remain a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. A recognized weakness of conventional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy relates to expression of the intracellular enzyme, thymidine phosphorylase (TP). Although TP promotes 5-FU cytotoxicity, TP-derived 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dRib) counterproductively stimulates tumor angiogenesis. Here, the newly discovered antiangiogenic drug rapamycin was combined with 5-FU to counteract the potential escape mechanism of dRib-induced angiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Orthotopic tumor growth was assessed in rapamycin and 5-FU-treated BALB/c mice with TP-expressing CT-26 colon adenocarcinoma cells. To examine liver metastasis, green-fluorescent protein-transfected CT-26 cells were visualized by fluorescence microscopy after intraportal injection. Cell counting and Ki67 staining were used to determine in vitro and in vivo cell expansion, respectively. In vitro angiogenic effects of dRib were assessed with endothelial cell migration and aortic ring assays. Western blotting detected dRib effects on p70/S6 kinase activation. RESULTS Rapamycin treatment of mice bearing orthotopic tumors inhibited tumor growth more than did 5-FU, and mice treated with both drugs typically developed no tumors. In the liver metastasis assay, combination therapy blocked metastatic expansion of solitary tumor cells. Interestingly, complex drug activities were suggested by tumor-cell proliferation being more sensitive to 5-FU than to rapamycin in vitro, but more sensitive to rapamycin in vivo. With regard to angiogenesis, dRib-induced endothelial cell migration and aortic ring formation were completely abrogated by rapamycin, correlating with blockage of dRib-induced p70/S6 kinase activation in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of dRib-induced angiogenesis with rapamycin counteracts a potential TP-based escape mechanism for colorectal cancer under 5-FU therapy, introducing a novel, clinically feasible, combination treatment option for this common neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Seeliger
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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28
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Liekens S, Hernández AI, Ribatti D, De Clercq E, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. The nucleoside derivative 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) suppresses thymidine phosphorylase-triggered angiogenesis via a noncompetitive mechanism of action. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:29598-605. [PMID: 15123637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402602200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of pyrimidine deoxynucleosides to 2-deoxy-d-ribose-1-phosphate and their respective pyrimidine bases. The enzymatic activity of TPase was found to be essential for its angiogenesis-stimulating properties. All of the previously described TPase inhibitors are either pyrimidine analogues that interact with the nucleoside-binding site of the enzyme or modified purine derivatives that mimic the pyrimidine structure and either compete with thymidine or act as a multisubstrate (competitive) inhibitor. We now describe the inhibitory activity of the purine riboside derivative KIN59 (5'-O-tritylinosine) against human and bacterial recombinant TPase and TPase-induced angiogenesis. In contrast to previously described TPase inhibitors, KIN59 does not compete with the pyrimidine nucleoside or the phosphate-binding site of the enzyme but noncompetitively inhibits TPase when thymidine or phosphate is used as the variable substrate. In addition, KIN59 was far more active than other TPase inhibitors, previously tested by us, against TPase-induced angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. The observed anti-angiogenic effect of KIN59 was not accompanied by inflammation or any visible toxicity. Inosine did not inhibit the enzymatic or angiogenic activity of the enzyme, indicating that the 5'-O-trityl group in KIN59 is essential for the observed effects. In contrast with current concepts, our data indicate that the angiogenic activity of TPase is not solely directed through its functional nucleoside and phosphate-binding sites. Other regulatory (allosteric) site(s) in TPase may play an important role in the mechanism of TPase-triggered angiogenesis stimulation and apoptosis inhibition. Identification of these site(s) is important to obtain a better insight into the molecular role of TPase in the progression of cancer and angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
The use of antiangiogenic therapy is gaining momentum as a novel treatment for a number of conditions, ranging from cancer to psoriasis. This has stemmed from research in the early 1970s showing that the formation of new blood vessels by pre-existing endothelial cells is essential in tumour growth and progression. However, although antiangiogenic therapy was hailed as a new avenue of treatment for cancer, initial clinical data have been disappointing. This has led to the reassessment of antiangiogenic therapy for cancer, and new strategies have been proposed to increase the efficacy of these agents in this setting. Angiogenesis has also been implicated in other conditions that are notoriously difficult to treat, such as arteriosclerosis, arthritis, psoriasis and diabetic retinopathy. Increased understanding of the angiogenic process, the diversity of its inducers and mediators, appropriate drug schedules and the use of these agents with other modalities may lead to radically new treatment regimens for many of these conditions. The role of angiogenesis in different pathological settings, and emerging antiangiogenic agents currently in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed in this review. However, while potential benefits are profound, limitations of antiangiogenic therapy have also been identified, suggesting that there is also a need for caution in applying these compounds to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Dredge
- Division of Oncology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Jenner Wing, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting SW17 0RE, London, UK.
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Dredge K, Marriott JB, Macdonald CD, Man HW, Chen R, Muller GW, Stirling D, Dalgleish AG. Novel thalidomide analogues display anti-angiogenic activity independently of immunomodulatory effects. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1166-72. [PMID: 12402158 PMCID: PMC2376196 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2002] [Revised: 08/21/2002] [Accepted: 08/28/2002] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumour effects of thalidomide have been associated with its anti-angiogenic properties. Second generation thalidomide analogues are distinct compounds with enhanced therapeutic potential. Although these compounds are beginning to enter trials for the treatment of cancer there is very little information regarding the anti-angiogenic activity of these clinically relevant compounds. Furthermore, it is not known how the various immunomodulatory activities of these compounds relate to anti-angiogenic activity. In this study we assessed the anti-angiogenic activity of compounds from both IMiD and SelCID classes of analogues using a novel in vitro multicellular human assay system and the established rat aorta assay. Our results show that both the IMiDs and SelCIDs tested are significantly more potent than thalidomide. The anti-angiogenic potency of the analogues was not related to inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, nor their TNF-alpha/PDE type 4 inhibitory properties. However, anti-migratory effects in vitro and inhibition of tumour growth in vivo was observed with the analogue IMiD-1 (clinically known as REVIMID). Our results show that anti-angiogenic activity spans both currently defined classes of thalidomide analogue and is not related to their previously described immunomodulatory properties. Identification of the differential effects of these compounds will enable targeting of such compounds into the appropriate clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dredge
- Division of Oncology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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