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Pavankumar AR, Zelenin S, Lundin A, Schulte T, Rajarathinam K, Rebellato P, Ardabili S, Salas J, Achour A, Russom A. Bioanalytical advantages of a novel recombinant apyrase enzyme in ATP-based bioluminescence methods. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:118-123. [PMID: 29801599 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive measurements of intracellular ATP (intATP) based on the firefly luciferase reactions are frequently used to enumerate bacterial or mammalian cells. During clinical applications, extracellular ATP (extATP) should be depleted in biological samples since it interferes with intATP and affects the quantification of bacteria. The extATP can be eliminated by ATP-degrading enzymes but complete hydrolysis of extATP remains a challenge for today's commercial enzymes. The catalytic efficiency of ATP-degrading enzymes depends on enzyme characteristics, sample composition and the ability to deplete diphosphates, triphosphates and their complexes generated during the reaction. This phenomenon restricts the usage of bioluminescence-based ATP methods in clinical diagnostics. In light of this, we have developed a recombinant Shigella flexneri apyrase (RSFA) enzyme and analysed its ATP depletion potential with five commercial biochemical sources including potato apyrase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, hexokinase and glycerol kinase. The RSFA revealed superior activity by completely eliminating the extracellular ATP and ATP-complexes, even in biological samples like urine and serum. Therefore, our results can potentially unwrap the chemical and bio-analytical applications of ATP-based bioluminescence tests to develop highly sensitive point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Zelenin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tim Schulte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sahar Ardabili
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeanpierre Salas
- ApiRays AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aman Russom
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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BangaSingh KK, Nisha M, Lau HY, Ravichandran M, Salleh MZ. Alteration in apyrase enzyme attenuated virulence of Shigella flexneri. Microb Pathog 2015; 91:123-8. [PMID: 26706344 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Virulence of Shigella is attributed to the genes presence in chromosome or in the megaplasmid. The apy gene which is located in the megaplasmid of Shigella species encodes for apyrase enzyme, a pathogenesis-associated enzyme causing mitochondrial damage and host cell death. In this study we constructed an apy mutant of Shigella flexneri by insertional activation using a kanamycin resistant gene cassette. The wild type apy gene of S. flexneri 2a was PCR amplified, cloned and mutated with insertion of kanamycin resistant gene cassette (aphA). The mutated construct (apy: aphA) was subcloned into a conjugative suicidal vector (pWM91) at the unique Sma1 and Sac1 sites. The mutation of the wild apy gene in the construct was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The mutated construct was introduced into wild type S. flexneri 2a by conjugation with Escherichia coli. After undergoing homologous recombination, the wild apy gene was deleted from the construct using the sucrose selection method. Non-functional activity of the apyrase enzyme in the constructed strain by colorimetric test indicated the successful mutation of the apyrase enzyme. This strain with mutated apy gene was evaluated for its protective efficacy using the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model. The strain was Sereny negative and it elicited a significant protection following challenge with wild S. flexneri strain. This apy mutant strain will form a base for the development of a vaccine target for shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirnpal Kaur BangaSingh
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Mehru Nisha
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hut Yee Lau
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Zaki Salleh
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Scribano D, Petrucca A, Pompili M, Ambrosi C, Bruni E, Zagaglia C, Prosseda G, Nencioni L, Casalino M, Polticelli F, Nicoletti M. Polar localization of PhoN2, a periplasmic virulence-associated factor of Shigella flexneri, is required for proper IcsA exposition at the old bacterial pole. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90230. [PMID: 24587292 PMCID: PMC3937361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper protein localization is critical for bacterial virulence. PhoN2 is a virulence-associated ATP-diphosphohydrolase (apyrase) involved in IcsA-mediated actin-based motility of S. flexneri. Herein, by analyzing a ΔphoN2 mutant of the S. flexneri strain M90T and by generating phoN2::HA fusions, we show that PhoN2, is a periplasmic protein that strictly localizes at the bacterial poles, with a strong preference for the old pole, the pole where IcsA is exposed, and that it is required for proper IcsA exposition. PhoN2-HA was found to be polarly localized both when phoN2::HA was ectopically expressed in a Escherichia coli K-12 strain and in a S. flexneri virulence plasmid-cured mutant, indicating a conserved mechanism of PhoN2 polar delivery across species and that neither IcsA nor the expression of other virulence-plasmid encoded genes are involved in this process. To assess whether PhoN2 and IcsA may interact, two-hybrid and cross-linking experiments were performed. While no evidence was found of a PhoN2-IcsA interaction, unexpectedly the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) was shown to bind PhoN2-HA through its periplasmic-exposed C-terminal domain. Therefore, to identify PhoN2 domains involved in its periplasmic polar delivery as well as in the interaction with OmpA, a deletion and a set of specific amino acid substitutions were generated. Analysis of these mutants indicated that neither the (183)PAPAP(187) motif of OmpA, nor the N-terminal polyproline (43)PPPP(46) motif and the Y155 residue of PhoN2 are involved in this interaction while P45, P46 and Y155 residues were found to be critical for the correct folding and stability of the protein. The relative rapid degradation of these amino acid-substituted recombinant proteins was found to be due to unknown S. flexneri-specific protease(s). A model depicting how the PhoN2-OmpA interaction may contribute to proper polar IcsA exposition in S. flexneri is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Scribano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Monica Pompili
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bruni
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Università Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università di “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
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Sankaran K, Banerjee S, Pavankumar AR, Jesudason M, Reissbrodt R, Williams PH. Apyrase-based colorimetric test for detection of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in stool. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 63:243-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nicoletti M, Santino I, Petrucca A, Del Chierico F, Cannavacciuolo S, Casalino M, Sessa R, Cipriani P. Evaluation by Real-Time PCR of the Expression of S. Flexneri Virulence-Associated Genes ospB and phoN2 under Different Genetical Backgrounds. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:707-14. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Under conditions of activated type III secretion Shigella flexneri up-regulates the expression of numerous genes, including the virulence plasmid (pINV)-encoded ospB and phoN2 genes. ospB and phoN2 are virulence-associated genes which are part of a bicistronic transcriptional unit encoding OspB, a protein (effector) of unknown function secreted by the type III secretion (TTS) apparatus, and PhoN2 (apyrase or ATP-diphosphohydrolase), a periplasmic protein involved in polar IcsA localization on the surface of S. flexneri. In this work we used real-time PCR to measure transcription of ospB and phoN2 of wild-type S. flexneri strain M90T as well as of derivative mutants impaired in definite virulence traits. The results obtained confirmed and extended previous reports indicating that the expression of ospB and phoN2 genes is modulated in a virB-dependent, mxiE-independent manner under conditions of non-activated secretion, while their expression is considerably induced in a mxiE-dependent manner under conditions of activated secretion. That the expression of the ospB-phoN2 operon is up-regulated in condition of activated secretion, indicates that probably the expression of these two genes might be important, especially during the later stages of infection of S. flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti
| | - I. Santino
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome
| | - A. Petrucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Ospedale “Sant'Andrea”, Rome
| | - F. Del Chierico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti
| | - S. Cannavacciuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome
| | - M. Casalino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Sessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome
| | - P. Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Ospedale “Sant'Andrea”, Rome
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6
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Santapaola D, Del Chierico F, Petrucca A, Uzzau S, Casalino M, Colonna B, Sessa R, Berlutti F, Nicoletti M. Apyrase, the product of the virulence plasmid-encoded phoN2 (apy) gene of Shigella flexneri, is necessary for proper unipolar IcsA localization and for efficient intercellular spread. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:1620-7. [PMID: 16452446 PMCID: PMC1367242 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.4.1620-1627.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role in virulence of the Shigella flexneri ospB-phoN2 operon has been evaluated. Here we confirm that OspB is an effector and show that apyrase, the product of phoN2, may be a virulence factor, since it is required for efficient intercellular spreading. Apyrase may be important in a deoxynucleoside triphosphate-hydrolyzing activity-independent manner, suggesting that it may act as an interaction partner in the process of IcsA localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santapaola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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7
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Sarli S, Nicoletti M, Schippa S, Del Chierico F, Santapaola D, Valenti P, Berlutti F. Ala160 and His116 residues are involved in activity and specificity of apyrase, an ATP-hydrolysing enzyme produced by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:2853-2860. [PMID: 16151198 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The virulence plasmid-carried apy (phoN2) gene of Shigella and related enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) encodes apyrase, an ATP-diphosphohydrolase belonging to class A of the non-specific acid phosphatases (A-NSAPs). Apyrase and A-NSAPs share three domains of conserved amino acids (domains D1-D3) containing residues forming the putative active site of apyrase. In spite of their similarity, apyrase and A-NSAPs show different substrate specificity, apyrase being able to hydrolyse nucleotide tri- and diphosphates, but not monophosphates, as well as p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), while A-NSAPs are also active towards monophosphates and pNPP. In this paper, to get further insights into the structure-function relationship of apyrase, a random and site-directed mutagenesis of the apy gene of EIEC strain HN280 was conducted. Results indicate that amino acids located within the D2 and D3 conserved domains (Ser157 and Arg192, respectively) as well as residues located in the N-terminal (Ser97) and C-terminal (Glu233) domains are required for enzyme activity. Surprisingly, Ala160, located near the D2 domain and considered to be important for enzyme specificity, is required for enzyme activity, as its substitution with Thr led to the inactivation of enzyme activity. Furthermore, residue His116 is involved in apyrase specificity, since the H116L apyrase mutant shows substrate specificity resembling that of A-NSAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Sarli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Piazzale A. Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Serena Schippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Piazzale A. Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Piazzale A. Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Santapaola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Berlutti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Piazzale A. Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
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Ansai T, Chen X, Barik S, Takehara T. Conserved proline residues near the N-terminus are important for enzymatic activity of class A bacterial acid phosphatases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 408:144-6. [PMID: 12485613 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ansai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyushu Dental College, 803-8580, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Littlechild J, Garcia-Rodriguez E, Dalby A, Isupov M. Structural and functional comparisons between vanadium haloperoxidase and acid phosphatase enzymes. J Mol Recognit 2002; 15:291-6. [PMID: 12447906 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystallographic structures of both the vanadium chloroperoxidase and bromoperoxidase enzymes have been determined with either vanadium or phosphate bound at their active site. The amino acids that are involved in phosphate binding in the acid phosphatase enzymes and those that are coordinated to vanadium in the haloperoxidases appear to be conserved between the two classes of enzyme. The detailed active site architecture for enzymes that recognize and use either vanadium or phosphate will be discussed in relation to their proposed enzymatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Littlechild
- Schools of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, UK.
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Santapaola D, Casalino M, Petrucca A, Presutti C, Zagaglia C, Berlutti F, Colonna B, Nicoletti M. Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli virulence-plasmid-carried apyrase (apy) and ospB genes are organized as a bicistronic operon and are subject to differential expression. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2519-2529. [PMID: 12177345 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-8-2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Shigella flexneri and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) the expression of the virulence-plasmid(pINV)-carried potential pathogenesis-associated apy gene, which encodes apyrase (ATP diphosphohydrolase), is regulated by the same regulators that govern the expression of virulence genes. To understand the transcriptional organization of the apy gene, the authors sequenced an 8023 bp PstI fragment of the pINV of EIEC strain HN280, which encompasses apy as well as its adjacent genes. The PstI fragment displays 99% identity with the corresponding fragment of pWR100, the pINV of S. flexneri strain M90T, and contains four genes. One of these genes, ospB, encodes a secreted protein of unknown activity and is located immediately upstream of apy. Analyses of sequence, Northern hybridization, RT-PCR and primer extension data and transcriptional fusions indicated that ospB and apy are co-transcribed as a 2 kb bicistronic, temperature-regulated mRNA from an upstream promoter that precedes ospB. The 2 kb mRNA is post-transcriptionally processed in the intercistronic ospB-apy region, leading to the considerable accumulation of a more stable 1 kb apy-specific mRNA (half-life of 2.2+/-0.3 min, versus 27+/-4 s for the 2 kb transcript). Upon temperature induction, peak expression of the ospB-apy operon occurs when bacteria enter into the late phases of bacterial growth, where the apy-specific transcript was found to be much more prevalent if compared to the ospB-apy transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Santapaola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy1
| | | | | | - Carlo Presutti
- Dipartimento di Genitica e Biologia Molecolare4, Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Microbiologia5 and Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Sezione di Scienze Microbiologiche6, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Dipartimento di Genitica e Biologia Molecolare4, Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Microbiologia5 and Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Sezione di Scienze Microbiologiche6, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Berlutti
- Dipartimento di Genitica e Biologia Molecolare4, Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Microbiologia5 and Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Sezione di Scienze Microbiologiche6, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Dipartimento di Genitica e Biologia Molecolare4, Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Microbiologia5 and Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Sezione di Scienze Microbiologiche6, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy1
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