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Guo M, Guo D, Liao L, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Chen P, Li R, Han B, Bao G, Zhang B. Ethanolic extract from Sophora moorcroftiana inhibit cell proliferation and alter the mechanical properties of human cervical cancer. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:212. [PMID: 38831394 PMCID: PMC11149180 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Previous studies have shown that the ethanol extract of Sophora moorcroftiana seeds (EESMS) possesses an antiproliferative effect on several tumors in vitro. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the impact of EESMS on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell proliferation. METHODS The proliferation and apoptotic effects of HeLa cells treated with EESMS were evaluated using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Single-cell level atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted to detect the mechanical properties of HeLa cells, and proteomics and bioinformatics methods were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of EESMS. RESULTS EESMS treatment inhibited HeLa cell proliferation by blocking the G0/G1 phase, increasing the expression of Caspase-3 and affecting its mechanical properties, and the EESMS indicated no significant inhibitory effect on mouse fibroblasts L929 cell line. In total, 218 differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and eight differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The differentially expressed proteins were involved in various cellular and biological processes. CONCLUSION This study provides a perspective on how cells change through biomechanics and a further theoretical foundation for the future application of Sophora moorcroftiana as a novel low-toxicity chemotherapy medication for treating human cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Guo
- Key Lab of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Northwest new village No.1, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Dingcheng Guo
- School (Hospital) of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lingzi Liao
- School (Hospital) of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School (Hospital) of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- School (Hospital) of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Qiaozhen Zhou
- School (Hospital) of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Chengdu Stomatological Hospital, NO. 17, South Section of Chunxi Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610020, PR China
| | - Ruiping Li
- School (Hospital) of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Gansu Province Key Lab of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Intelligent Manufacturing, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- Key Lab of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Northwest new village No.1, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Guangjie Bao
- Key Lab of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Northwest new village No.1, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China.
| | - Baoping Zhang
- School (Hospital) of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
- Gansu Province Key Lab of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Intelligent Manufacturing, Donggang West Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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2
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Miao C, Wu Z, Sun Y, Cao Z. Deoxynivalenol Induces Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Damage through RhoA/ROCK Pathway-Mediated Apoptosis and F-Actin-Associated Tight Junction Disruption. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38595054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) poses a serious global food safety risk due to its high toxicity and contamination rate. It disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier, allowing exogenous toxins to enter the circulation and resulting in sepsis and systemic toxicity. In this research, 32 male Kunming mice and Porcine Small Intestinal Epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells were treated with DON at 0-4.8 mg/kg (7 d) and 0-12 μM (24 h), respectively. Histopathological results revealed that DON disrupted the intestinal epithelial barrier, causing apoptosis and tight junction (TJ) injury. Immunofluorescence and protein expression results showed that DON-induced p53-dependent mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and fibrillar actin (F-actin)-associated TJ injury and that the RhoA/ROCK pathway were activated in mice jejunal tissue and IPEC-J2 cells. Pretreatment with RhoA or ROCK inhibitors (Rosin or Y-27632) maintained DON-induced apoptosis and F-actin-associated TJ injury in IPEC-J2 cells. Thus, DON induces damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier through the RhoA/ROCK pathway-mediated apoptosis and F-actin-associated TJ disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjiao Miao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zuoyao Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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3
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Le T, Ferling I, Qiu L, Nabaile C, Assunção L, Roskelley CD, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. Redistribution of the glycocalyx exposes phagocytic determinants on apoptotic cells. Dev Cell 2024; 59:853-868.e7. [PMID: 38359833 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Phagocytes remove dead and dying cells by engaging "eat-me" ligands such as phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on the surface of apoptotic targets. However, PtdSer is obscured by the bulky exofacial glycocalyx, which also exposes ligands that activate "don't-eat-me" receptors such as Siglecs. Clearly, unshielding the juxtamembrane "eat-me" ligands is required for the successful engulfment of apoptotic cells, but the mechanisms underlying this process have not been described. Using human and murine cells, we find that apoptosis-induced retraction and weakening of the cytoskeleton that anchors transmembrane proteins cause an inhomogeneous redistribution of the glycocalyx: actin-depleted blebs emerge, lacking the glycocalyx, while the rest of the apoptotic cell body retains sufficient actin to tether the glycocalyx in place. Thus, apoptotic blebs can be engaged by phagocytes and are targeted for engulfment. Therefore, in cells with an elaborate glycocalyx, such as mucinous cancer cells, this "don't-come-close-to-me" barrier must be removed to enable clearance by phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Le
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Iuliia Ferling
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lanhui Qiu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Clement Nabaile
- Department of Learning and Research in Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Leonardo Assunção
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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4
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Harada H, Moriya K, Kobuchi H, Ishihara N, Utsumi T. Protein N-myristoylation plays a critical role in the mitochondrial localization of human mitochondrial complex I accessory subunit NDUFB7. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22991. [PMID: 38151566 PMCID: PMC10752898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined human N-myristoylated proteins that specifically localize to mitochondria among the 1,705 human genes listed in MitoProteome, a mitochondrial protein database. We herein employed a strategy utilizing cellular metabolic labeling with a bioorthogonal myristic acid analog in transfected COS-1 cells established in our previous studies. Four proteins, DMAC1, HCCS, NDUFB7, and PLGRKT, were identified as N-myristoylated proteins that specifically localize to mitochondria. Among these proteins, DMAC1 and NDUFB7 play critical roles in the assembly of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. DMAC1 functions as an assembly factor, and NDUFB7 is an accessory subunit of complex I. An analysis of the intracellular localization of non-myristoylatable G2A mutants revealed that protein N-myristoylation occurring on NDUFB7 was important for the mitochondrial localization of this protein. Furthermore, an analysis of the role of the CHCH domain in NDUFB7 using Cys to Ser mutants revealed that it was essential for the mitochondrial localization of NDUFB7. Therefore, the present results showed that NDUFB7, a vital component of human mitochondrial complex I, was N-myristoylated, and protein N-myrisotylation and the CHCH domain were both indispensable for the specific targeting and localization of NDUFB7 to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Harada
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kobuchi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naotada Ishihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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5
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Abstract
N-myristoyltransferase 1 (NMT1) is an indispensable eukaryotic enzyme that catalyses the transfer of myristoyl groups to the amino acid terminal residues of numerous proteins. This catalytic process is required for the growth and development of many eukaryotes and viruses. Elevated expression and activity of NMT1 is observed to varying degrees in a variety of tumour types (e.g. colon, lung and breast tumours). Furthermore, an elevated level of NMT1 in tumours is associated with poor survival. Therefore, a relationship exists between NMT1 and tumours. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which NMT1 is associated with tumour development from the perspective of oncogene signalling, involvement in cellular metabolism, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Several NMT inhibitors used in cancer treatment are introduced. The review will provide some directions for future research.Key MessagesElevated expression and activity of NMT1 is observed to varying degrees in a variety of tumour types which creates the possibility of targeting NMT1 in tumours.NMT1-mediated myristoylation plays a pivotal role in cancer cell metabolism and may be particularly relevant to cancer metastasis and drug resistance. These insights can be used to direct potential therapeutic avenues for NMT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic OncologyShanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic OncologyShanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxia Qiao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Campellone KG, Lebek NM, King VL. Branching out in different directions: Emerging cellular functions for the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family actin nucleation factors. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151301. [PMID: 36907023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton impacts practically every function of a eukaryotic cell. Historically, the best-characterized cytoskeletal activities are in cell morphogenesis, motility, and division. The structural and dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton are also crucial for establishing, maintaining, and changing the organization of membrane-bound organelles and other intracellular structures. Such activities are important in nearly all animal cells and tissues, although distinct anatomical regions and physiological systems rely on different regulatory factors. Recent work indicates that the Arp2/3 complex, a broadly expressed actin nucleator, drives actin assembly during several intracellular stress response pathways. These newly described Arp2/3-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements are coordinated by members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family of actin nucleation-promoting factors. Thus, the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family proteins are emerging as crucial players in cytoplasmic and nuclear activities including autophagy, apoptosis, chromatin dynamics, and DNA repair. Characterizations of the functions of the actin assembly machinery in such stress response mechanisms are advancing our understanding of both normal and pathogenic processes, and hold great promise for providing insights into organismal development and interventions for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Nadine M Lebek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Virginia L King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
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7
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Actin remodeling mediates ROS production and JNK activation to drive apoptosis-induced proliferation. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010533. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced cell death, mainly apoptosis, and its subsequent tissue repair is interlinked although our knowledge of this connection is still very limited. An intriguing finding is apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP), an evolutionary conserved mechanism employed by apoptotic cells to trigger compensatory proliferation of their neighboring cells. Studies using Drosophila as a model organism have revealed that apoptotic caspases and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling play critical roles to activate AiP. For example, the initiator caspase Dronc, the caspase-9 ortholog in Drosophila, promotes activation of JNK leading to release of mitogenic signals and AiP. Recent studies further revealed that Dronc relocates to the cell cortex via Myo1D, an unconventional myosin, and stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to trigger AiP. During this process, ROS can attract hemocytes, the Drosophila macrophages, which further amplify JNK signaling cell non-autonomously. However, the intrinsic components connecting Dronc, ROS and JNK within the stressed signal-producing cells remain elusive. Here, we identified LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1), a kinase promoting cellular F-actin polymerization, as a novel regulator of AiP. F-actin accumulates in a Dronc-dependent manner in response to apoptotic stress. Suppression of F-actin polymerization in stressed cells by knocking down LIMK1 or expressing Cofilin, an inhibitor of F-actin elongation, blocks ROS production and JNK activation, hence AiP. Furthermore, Dronc and LIMK1 genetically interact. Co-expression of Dronc and LIMK1 drives F-actin accumulation, ROS production and JNK activation. Interestingly, these synergistic effects between Dronc and LIMK1 depend on Myo1D. Therefore, F-actin remodeling plays an important role mediating caspase-driven ROS production and JNK activation in the process of AiP.
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8
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Structural and large-scale analysis unveil the intertwined paths promoting NMT-catalyzed lysine and glycine myristoylation. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167843. [PMID: 36181773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs) catalyze protein myristoylation, a lipid modification crucial for cell survival and a range of pathophysiological processes. Originally thought to modify only N-terminal glycine α-amino groups (G-myristoylation), NMTs were recently shown to also modify lysine ε-amino groups (K-myristoylation). However, the clues ruling NMT-dependent K-myristoylation and the full range of targets are currently unknown. Here we combine mass spectrometry, kinetic studies, in silico analysis, and crystallography to identify the specific features driving each modification. We show that direct interactions between the substrate's reactive amino group and the NMT catalytic base promote K-myristoylation but with poor efficiency compared to G-myristoylation, which instead uses a water-mediated interaction. We provide evidence of depletion of proteins with NMT-dependent K-myristoylation motifs in humans, suggesting evolutionary pressure to prevent this modification in favor of G-myristoylation. In turn, we reveal that K-myristoylation may only result from post-translational events. Our studies finally unravel the respective paths towards K-myristoylation or G-myristoylation, which rely on a very subtle tradeoff embracing the chemical landscape around the reactive group.
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9
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Illescas M, Peñas A, Arenas J, Martín MA, Ugalde C. Regulation of Mitochondrial Function by the Actin Cytoskeleton. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:795838. [PMID: 34993202 PMCID: PMC8725978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.795838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory role of actin cytoskeleton on mitochondrial function is a growing research field, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Specific actin-binding proteins (ABPs), such as Gelsolin, have also been shown to participate in the pathophysiology of mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders through yet to be defined mechanisms. In this mini-review, we will summarize the experimental evidence supporting the fundamental roles of actin cytoskeleton and ABPs on mitochondrial trafficking, dynamics, biogenesis, metabolism and apoptosis, with a particular focus on Gelsolin involvement in mitochondrial disorders. The functional interplay between the actin cytoskeleton, ABPs and mitochondrial membranes for the regulation of cellular homeostasis thus emerges as a new exciting field for future research and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Illescas
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Peñas
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Skarżyńska A, Kowalczyk M, Majchrzak M, Piętka M, Augustyniak AW, Siczek M, Włodarczyk K, Simiczyjew A, Nowak D. The two faces of platinum hydrospirophosphorane complexes—Not only relevant catalysts but cytotoxic compounds as well. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariusz Majchrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Poznań Poland
| | - Marta Piętka
- Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Poznań Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Siczek
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland
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11
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Giglione C, Meinnel T. Mapping the myristoylome through a complete understanding of protein myristoylation biochemistry. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101139. [PMID: 34793862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein myristoylation is a C14 fatty acid modification found in all living organisms. Myristoylation tags either the N-terminal alpha groups of cysteine or glycine residues through amide bonds or lysine and cysteine side chains directly or indirectly via glycerol thioester and ester linkages. Before transfer to proteins, myristate must be activated into myristoyl coenzyme A in eukaryotes or, in bacteria, to derivatives like phosphatidylethanolamine. Myristate originates through de novo biosynthesis (e.g., plants), from external uptake (e.g., human tissues), or from mixed origins (e.g., unicellular organisms). Myristate usually serves as a molecular anchor, allowing tagged proteins to be targeted to membranes and travel across endomembrane networks in eukaryotes. In this review, we describe and discuss the metabolic origins of protein-bound myristate. We review strategies for in vivo protein labeling that take advantage of click-chemistry with reactive analogs, and we discuss new approaches to the proteome-wide discovery of myristate-containing proteins. The machineries of myristoylation are described, along with how protein targets can be generated directly from translating precursors or from processed proteins. Few myristoylation catalysts are currently described, with only N-myristoyltransferase described to date in eukaryotes. Finally, we describe how viruses and bacteria hijack and exploit myristoylation for their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giglione
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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12
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ANKRD22 is an N-myristoylated hairpin-like monotopic membrane protein specifically localized to lipid droplets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19233. [PMID: 34584137 PMCID: PMC8478909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane topology and intracellular localization of ANKRD22, a novel human N-myristoylated protein with a predicted single-pass transmembrane domain that was recently reported to be overexpressed in cancer, were examined. Immunofluorescence staining of COS-1 cells transfected with cDNA encoding ANKRD22 coupled with organelle markers revealed that ANKRD22 localized specifically to lipid droplets (LD). Analysis of the intracellular localization of ANKRD22 mutants C-terminally fused to glycosylatable tumor necrosis factor (GLCTNF) and assessment of their susceptibility to protein N-glycosylation revealed that ANKRD22 is synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane as an N-myristoylated hairpin-like monotopic membrane protein with the amino- and carboxyl termini facing the cytoplasm and then sorted to LD. Pro98 located at the center of the predicted membrane domain was found to be essential for the formation of the hairpin-like monotopic topology of ANKRD22. Moreover, the hairpin-like monotopic topology, and positively charged residues located near the C-terminus were demonstrated to be required for the sorting of ANKRD22 from ER to LD. Protein N-myristoylation was found to positively affect the LD localization. Thus, multiple factors, including hairpin-like monotopic membrane topology, C-terminal positively charged residues, and protein N-myristoylation cooperatively affected the intracellular targeting of ANKRD22 to LD.
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13
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Chen L, Kashina A. Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:719590. [PMID: 34395449 PMCID: PMC8358657 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) involve enzyme-mediated covalent addition of functional groups to proteins during or after synthesis. These modifications greatly increase biological complexity and are responsible for orders of magnitude change between the variety of proteins encoded in the genome and the variety of their biological functions. Many of these modifications occur at the protein termini, which contain reactive amino- and carboxy-groups of the polypeptide chain and often are pre-primed through the actions of cellular machinery to expose highly reactive residues. Such modifications have been known for decades, but only a few of them have been functionally characterized. The vast majority of eukaryotic proteins are N- and C-terminally modified by acetylation, arginylation, tyrosination, lipidation, and many others. Post-translational modifications of the protein termini have been linked to different normal and disease-related processes and constitute a rapidly emerging area of biological regulation. Here we highlight recent progress in our understanding of post-translational modifications of the protein termini and outline the role that these modifications play in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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14
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Fritsch J, Särchen V, Schneider-Brachert W. Regulation of Death Receptor Signaling by S-Palmitoylation and Detergent-Resistant Membrane Micro Domains-Greasing the Gears of Extrinsic Cell Death Induction, Survival, and Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2513. [PMID: 34063813 PMCID: PMC8196677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Death-receptor-mediated signaling results in either cell death or survival. Such opposite signaling cascades emanate from receptor-associated signaling complexes, which are often formed in different subcellular locations. The proteins involved are frequently post-translationally modified (PTM) by ubiquitination, phosphorylation, or glycosylation to allow proper spatio-temporal regulation/recruitment of these signaling complexes in a defined cellular compartment. During the last couple of years, increasing attention has been paid to the reversible cysteine-centered PTM S-palmitoylation. This PTM regulates the hydrophobicity of soluble and membrane proteins and modulates protein:protein interaction and their interaction with distinct membrane micro-domains (i.e., lipid rafts). We conclude with which functional and mechanistic roles for S-palmitoylation as well as different forms of membrane micro-domains in death-receptor-mediated signal transduction were unraveled in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fritsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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15
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The actin nucleation factors JMY and WHAMM enable a rapid Arp2/3 complex-mediated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009512. [PMID: 33872315 PMCID: PMC8084344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a well-known player in most vital cellular processes, but comparably little is understood about how the actin assembly machinery impacts programmed cell death pathways. In the current study, we explored roles for the human Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family of actin nucleation factors in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Inactivation of each WASP-family gene revealed that two of them, JMY and WHAMM, are necessary for rapid apoptotic responses. JMY and WHAMM participate in a p53-dependent cell death pathway by enhancing mitochondrial permeabilization, initiator caspase cleavage, and executioner caspase activation. JMY-mediated apoptosis requires actin nucleation via the Arp2/3 complex, and actin filaments are assembled in cytoplasmic territories containing clusters of cytochrome c and active caspase-3. The loss of JMY additionally results in significant changes in gene expression, including upregulation of the WHAMM-interacting G-protein RhoD. Depletion or deletion of RHOD increases cell death, suggesting that RhoD normally contributes to cell survival. These results give rise to a model in which JMY and WHAMM promote intrinsic cell death responses that can be opposed by RhoD.
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16
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Translocation of HSP47 and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells following electron and X-ray irradiation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 703:108853. [PMID: 33811847 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and heat-shock protein (HSP) 47 after electron and X-ray irradiations were detected in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. After 10 Gy electron irradiation and 15 Gy X-ray irradiation, mitochondrial ROS production and lipid peroxidation were significantly increased. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in the levels of HSP47 after 3 and 10 Gy electron irradiation as well as 15 Gy X-ray irradiation. Furthermore, myristoylation and farnesylation were increased after 10 Gy electron and 15 Gy X-ray irradiations. We found that the level of HSP47 increased in the mitochondria after 10 Gy electron and 15 Gy X-ray irradiations. HSP47 coexisted with myristoylation and farnesylation. Furthermore, HSP47 overexpression increased mitochondrial ROS production. These results suggest that HSP47 plays an important role in mitochondria and induces mitochondrial ROS production in SK-N-SH cells.
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17
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Ren W, Zhao W, Cao L, Huang J. Involvement of the Actin Machinery in Programmed Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:634849. [PMID: 33634110 PMCID: PMC7900405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.634849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) depicts a genetically encoded and an orderly mode of cellular mortality. When triggered by internal or external stimuli, cells initiate PCDs through evolutionary conserved regulatory mechanisms. Actin, as a multifunctional cytoskeleton protein that forms microfilament, its integrity and dynamics are essential for a variety of cellular processes (e.g., morphogenesis, membrane blebbing and intracellular transport). Decades of work have broadened our knowledge about different types of PCDs and their distinguished signaling pathways. However, an ever-increasing pool of evidences indicate that the delicate relationship between PCDs and the actin cytoskeleton is beginning to be elucidated. The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the relationships between different PCDs and the actin machinery (actin, actin-binding proteins and proteins involved in different actin signaling pathways), in the hope that this attempt can shed light on ensuing studies and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Ren
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Cao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Yuan M, Song ZH, Ying MD, Zhu H, He QJ, Yang B, Cao J. N-myristoylation: from cell biology to translational medicine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1005-1015. [PMID: 32203082 PMCID: PMC7468318 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various lipids and lipid metabolites are bound to and modify the proteins in eukaryotic cells, which are known as ‘protein lipidation’. There are four major types of the protein lipidation, i.e. myristoylation, palmitoylation, prenylation, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. N-myristoylation refers to the attachment of 14-carbon fatty acid myristates to the N-terminal glycine of proteins by N-myristoyltransferases (NMT) and affects their physiology such as plasma targeting, subcellular tracking and localization, thereby influencing the function of proteins. With more novel pathogenic N-myristoylated proteins are identified, the N-myristoylation will attract great attentions in various human diseases including infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, and cancers. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of N-myristoylation in physiological processes and discuss the hitherto implication of crosstalk between N-myristoylation and other protein modification. Furthermore, we mention several well-studied NMT inhibitors mainly in infectious diseases and cancers and generalize the relation of NMT and cancer progression by browsing the clinic database. This review also aims to highlight the further investigation into the dynamic crosstalk of N-myristoylation in physiological processes as well as the potential application of protein N-myristoylation in translational medicine.
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19
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Meinnel T, Dian C, Giglione C. Myristoylation, an Ancient Protein Modification Mirroring Eukaryogenesis and Evolution. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:619-632. [PMID: 32305250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-myristoylation (MYR) is a crucial fatty acylation catalyzed by N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs) that is likely to have appeared over 2 billion years ago. Proteome-wide approaches have now delivered an exhaustive list of substrates undergoing MYR across approximately 2% of any proteome, with constituents, several unexpected, associated with different membrane compartments. A set of <10 proteins conserved in eukaryotes probably represents the original set of N-myristoylated targets, marking major changes occurring throughout eukaryogenesis. Recent findings have revealed unexpected mechanisms and reactivity, suggesting competition with other acylations that are likely to influence cellular homeostasis and the steady state of the modification landscape. Here, we review recent advances in NMT catalysis, substrate specificity, and MYR proteomics, and discuss concepts regarding MYR during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Meinnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Cyril Dian
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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20
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Bojcevski J, Stojic A, Hoffmann DB, Williams SK, Müller A, Diem R, Fairless R. Influence of retinal NMDA receptor activity during autoimmune optic neuritis. J Neurochem 2020; 153:693-709. [PMID: 32031240 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune optic neuritis (AON), a model of multiple sclerosis-associated optic neuritis, is accompanied by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve demyelination and axonal loss. In order to investigate the role of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in mediating RGC degeneration, upstream changes in the optic nerve actin cytoskeleton and associated deterioration in visual function, we induced AON in Brown Norway rats by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Subsequently, visual acuity was assessed by recording visual evoked potentials and electroretinograms prior to extraction of optic nerves for western blot analysis and retinas for quantification of RGCs. As previously reported, in Brown Norway rats RGC degeneration is observed prior to onset of immune cell infiltration and demyelination of the optic nerves. However, within the optic nerve, destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton could be seen as indicated by an increase in the globular to filamentous actin ratio. Interestingly, these changes could be mimicked by intravitreal injection of glutamate, and similarly blocked by application of the NMDA receptor blocker MK-801, leading us to propose that prior to optic nerve lesion formation, NMDA receptor activation within the retina leads to retinal calcium accumulation, actin destabilization within the optic nerve as well as a deterioration of visual acuity during AON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Bojcevski
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Stojic
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorit B Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarah K Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Fairless
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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A strategy to identify protein-N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation reactions of cellular proteins by using Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225510. [PMID: 31751425 PMCID: PMC6872159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish a strategy for identifying protein-N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation of cellular proteins, Phos-tag SDS-PAGE was performed on wild-type (WT) and nonmyristoylated mutant (G2A-mutant) FMNL2 and FMNL3, phosphorylated N-myristoylated model proteins expressed in HEK293 cells. The difference in the banding pattern in Phos-tag SDS-PAGE between the WT and G2A-mutant FMNL2 indicated the presence of N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation sites in FMNL2. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE of FMNL2 mutants in which the putative phosphorylation sites listed in PhosphoSitePlus (an online database of phosphorylation sites) were changed to Ala revealed that Ser-171 and Ser-1072 are N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation sites in FMNL2. Similar experiments with FMNL3 demonstrated that N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation occurs at a single Ser residue at position 174, which is a Ser residue conserved between FMNL2 and FMNL3, corresponding to Ser-171 in FMNL2. The facts that phosphorylation of Ser-1072 in FMNL2 has been shown to play a critical role in integrin β1 internalization mediated by FMNL2 and that Ser-171 in FMNL2 and Ser-174 in FMNL3 are novel putative phosphorylation sites conserved between FMNL2 and FMNL3 indicate that the strategy used in this study is a useful tool for identifying and characterizing physiologically important phosphorylation reactions occurring on N-myristoylated proteins.
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22
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Fung TS, Ji WK, Higgs HN, Chakrabarti R. Two distinct actin filament populations have effects on mitochondria, with differences in stimuli and assembly factors. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs234435. [PMID: 31413070 PMCID: PMC6765187 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that mitochondria and actin filaments work together in two contexts: (1) increased cytoplasmic calcium induces cytoplasmic actin polymerization that stimulates mitochondrial fission and (2) mitochondrial depolarization causes actin assembly around mitochondria, with roles in mitophagy. It is unclear whether these two processes utilize similar actin assembly mechanisms. Here, we show that these are distinct actin assembly mechanisms in the acute phase after treatment (<10 min). Calcium-induced actin assembly is INF2 dependent and Arp2/3 complex independent, whereas depolarization-induced actin assembly is Arp2/3 complex dependent and INF2 independent. The two types of actin polymerization are morphologically distinct, with calcium-induced filaments throughout the cytosol and depolarization-induced filaments as 'clouds' around depolarized mitochondria. We have previously shown that calcium-induced actin stimulates increases in both mitochondrial calcium and recruitment of the dynamin GTPase Drp1 (also known as DNM1L). In contrast, depolarization-induced actin is temporally associated with extensive mitochondrial dynamics that do not result in mitochondrial fission, but in circularization of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). These dynamics are dependent on the protease OMA1 and independent of Drp1. Actin cloud inhibition causes increased IMM circularization, suggesting that actin clouds limit these dynamics.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Shun Fung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Wei-Ke Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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23
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Kallemeijn WW, Lueg GA, Faronato M, Hadavizadeh K, Goya Grocin A, Song OR, Howell M, Calado DP, Tate EW. Validation and Invalidation of Chemical Probes for the Human N-myristoyltransferases. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:892-900.e4. [PMID: 31006618 PMCID: PMC6593224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
On-target, cell-active chemical probes are of fundamental importance in chemical and cell biology, whereas poorly characterized probes often lead to invalid conclusions. Human N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) has attracted increasing interest as target in cancer and infectious diseases. Here we report an in-depth comparison of five compounds widely applied as human NMT inhibitors, using a combination of quantitative whole-proteome N-myristoylation profiling, biochemical enzyme assays, cytotoxicity, in-cell protein synthesis, and cell-cycle assays. We find that N-myristoylation is unaffected by 2-hydroxymyristic acid (100 μM), D-NMAPPD (30 μM), or Tris-DBA palladium (10 μM), with the latter compounds causing cytotoxicity through mechanisms unrelated to NMT. In contrast, drug-like inhibitors IMP-366 (DDD85646) and IMP-1088 delivered complete and specific inhibition of N-myristoylation in a range of cell lines at 1 μM and 100 nM, respectively. This study enables the selection of appropriate on-target probes for future studies and suggests the need for reassessment of previous studies that used off-target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Research Science Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Gregor A Lueg
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Research Science Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Monica Faronato
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Research Science Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kate Hadavizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Research Science Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrea Goya Grocin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Research Science Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dinis P Calado
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Research Science Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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24
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Tapodi A, Clemens DM, Uwineza A, Jarrin M, Goldberg MW, Thinon E, Heal WP, Tate EW, Nemeth-Cahalan K, Vorontsova I, Hall JE, Quinlan RA. BFSP1 C-terminal domains released by post-translational processing events can alter significantly the calcium regulation of AQP0 water permeability. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107585. [PMID: 30790544 PMCID: PMC6713518 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BFSP1 (beaded filament structural protein 1, filensin) is a cytoskeletal protein expressed in the eye lens. It binds AQP0 in vitro and its C-terminal sequences have been suggested to regulate the water channel activity of AQP0. A myristoylated fragment from the C-terminus of BFSP1 was found in AQP0 enriched fractions. Here we identify BFSP1 as a substrate for caspase-mediated cleavage at several C-terminal sites including D433. Cleavage at D433 exposes a cryptic myristoylation sequence (434–440). We confirm that this sequence is an excellent substrate for both NMT1 and 2 (N-myristoyl transferase). Thus caspase cleavage may promote formation of myristoylated fragments derived from the BFSP1 C-terminus (G434-S665). Myristoylation at G434 is not required for membrane association. Biochemical fractionation and immunogold labeling confirmed that C-terminal BFSP1 fragments containing the myristoylation sequence colocalized with AQP0 in the same plasma membrane compartments of lens fibre cells. To determine the functional significance of the association of BFSP1 G434-S665 sequences with AQP0, we measured AQP0 water permeability in Xenopus oocytes co-transfected with transcripts expressing both AQP0 and various C-terminal domain fragments of BFSP1 generated by caspase cleavage. We found that different fragments dramatically alter the response of AQP0 to different concentrations of Ca2+. The complete C-terminal fragment (G434-S665) eliminates calcium regulation altogether. Shorter fragments can enhance regulation by elevated calcium or reverse the response, indicative of the regulatory potential of BFSP1 with respect to AQP0. In particular, elimination of the myristoylation site by the mutation G434A reverses the order of water permeability sensitivity to different Ca2+ concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Tapodi
- Department of Biosciences, The University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Alice Uwineza
- Department of Biosciences, The University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Miguel Jarrin
- Department of Biosciences, The University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Martin W Goldberg
- Department of Biosciences, The University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Thinon
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK; Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - William P Heal
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK; Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK; Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | | | | | - James E Hall
- Physiology and Biophysics, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, The University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK; Biophysical Sciences Institute, The University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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25
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Utsumi T, Matsuzaki K, Kiwado A, Tanikawa A, Kikkawa Y, Hosokawa T, Otsuka A, Iuchi Y, Kobuchi H, Moriya K. Identification and characterization of protein N-myristoylation occurring on four human mitochondrial proteins, SAMM50, TOMM40, MIC19, and MIC25. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206355. [PMID: 30427857 PMCID: PMC6235283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that SAMM50, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, is N-myristoylated, and this lipid modification is required for the proper targeting of SAMM50 to mitochondria. In this study, we characterized protein N-myristoylation occurring on four human mitochondrial proteins, SAMM50, TOMM40, MIC19, and MIC25, three of which are components of the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, which plays a critical role in the structure and function of mitochondria. In vitro and in vivo metabolic labeling experiments revealed that all four of these proteins were N-myristoylated. Analysis of intracellular localization of wild-type and non-myristoylated G2A mutants of these proteins by immunofluorescence microscopic analysis and subcellular fractionation analysis indicated that protein N-myristoylation plays a critical role in mitochondrial targeting and membrane binding of two MIB components, SAMM50 and MIC19, but not those of TOMM40 and MIC25. Immunoprecipitation experiments using specific antibodies revealed that MIC19, but not MIC25, was a major N-myristoylated binding partner of SAMM50. Immunoprecipitation experiments using a stable transformant of MIC19 confirmed that protein N-myristoylation of MIC19 is required for the interaction between MIC19 and SAMM50, as reported previously. Thus, protein N-myristoylation occurring on two mitochondrial MIB components, SAMM50 and MIC19, plays a critical role in the mitochondrial targeting and protein-protein interaction between these two MIB components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Utsumi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Aya Kiwado
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ayane Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kikkawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Aoi Otsuka
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Iuchi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kobuchi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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26
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Kao XB, Chen Q, Gao Y, Fan P, Chen JH, Wang ZL, Wang YQ, Chen YN, Yan YP. SP600125 blocks the proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins in apoptosis induced by gas signaling molecule (NO) via decreasing the activation of caspase-3 in rabbit chondrocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:40-47. [PMID: 29409910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NO plays a key role in the pathological mechanisms of articular diseases. As cytoskeletal proteins are responsible for the polymerization, stabilization, and dynamics of the cytoskeleton network, we investigated whether cytoskeletal proteins are the intracellular pathological targets of NO. We aimed at clarifying whether the cytoskeleton perturbations involved in apoptosis are induced in rabbit articular chondrocytes by NO, which can be liberated by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment. The first passage rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultured as monolayer for the experiments, and the effects of NO were tested in the presence of JNK-specific inhibitor, SP600125. SNP treatment of cultured chondrocytes caused significant apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner (time and dose), as evaluated by TUNEL assay and Annexin V flow cytometry, while the apoptosis was reduced by the SP600125 addition 30 min before SNP treatment. Besides, SP600125 decreased significantly the protein expression of total caspase-3 and the intracellular gene expression of caspase-3, measured by Western blot analysis and PCR. SP600125 also increased the cytoskeletal protein expressions. These results suggested that JNK pathway plays a critical role in the NO-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, and SP600125 treatment blocks the dissolution of the cytoskeletal proteins via activation of caspase-3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Bin Kao
- The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle Western Road, 710032, People's Republic of China; Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, 710065 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Rupublic of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Health Supervision, Beilin District, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Fan
- Shaanxi Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Hong Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Rupublic of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Lun Wang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Rupublic of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qi Wang
- Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, 710065 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ni Chen
- Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, 710065 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ping Yan
- The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle Western Road, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Jiang H, Zhang X, Chen X, Aramsangtienchai P, Tong Z, Lin H. Protein Lipidation: Occurrence, Mechanisms, Biological Functions, and Enabling Technologies. Chem Rev 2018; 118:919-988. [PMID: 29292991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation, including cysteine prenylation, N-terminal glycine myristoylation, cysteine palmitoylation, and serine and lysine fatty acylation, occurs in many proteins in eukaryotic cells and regulates numerous biological pathways, such as membrane trafficking, protein secretion, signal transduction, and apoptosis. We provide a comprehensive review of protein lipidation, including descriptions of proteins known to be modified and the functions of the modifications, the enzymes that control them, and the tools and technologies developed to study them. We also highlight key questions about protein lipidation that remain to be answered, the challenges associated with answering such questions, and possible solutions to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiao Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Pornpun Aramsangtienchai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhen Tong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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28
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Chen JJ, Boehning D. Protein Lipidation As a Regulator of Apoptotic Calcium Release: Relevance to Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:138. [PMID: 28706877 PMCID: PMC5489567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a critical regulator of cell death pathways. One of the most proximal events leading to cell death is activation of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium channels. A large body of evidence indicates that defects in this pathway contribute to cancer development. Although we have a thorough understanding of how downstream elevations in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium contribute to cell death, it is much less clear how calcium channels are activated upstream of the apoptotic stimulus. Recently, it has been shown that protein lipidation is a potent regulator of apoptotic signaling. Although classically thought of as a static modification, rapid and reversible protein acylation has emerged as a new signaling paradigm relevant to many pathways, including calcium release and cell death. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein lipidation in regulating apoptotic calcium signaling with direct therapeutic relevance to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
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29
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Moriya K, Kimoto M, Matsuzaki K, Kiwado A, Takamitsu E, Utsumi T. Identification of dually acylated proteins from complementary DNA resources by cell-free and cellular metabolic labeling. Anal Biochem 2016; 511:1-9. [PMID: 27480498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To establish a strategy to identify dually fatty acylated proteins from cDNA resources, seven N-myristoylated proteins with cysteine (Cys) residues within the 10 N-terminal residues were selected as potential candidates among 27 N-myristoylated proteins identified from a model human cDNA resource. Seven proteins C-terminally tagged with FLAG tag or EGFP were generated and their susceptibility to protein N-myristoylation and S-palmitoylation were evaluated by metabolic labeling with [(3)H]myristic acid or [(3)H]palmitic acid either in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system or in transfected mammalian cells. As a result, EEPD1, one of five proteins (RFTN1, EEPD1, GNAI1, PDE2A, RNF11) found to be dually acylated, was shown to be a novel dually fatty acylated protein. Metabolic labeling experiments using G2A and C7S mutants of EEPD1-EGFP revealed that the palmitoylation site of EEPD1 is Cys at position 7. Analysis of the intracellular localization of EEPD1 C-terminally tagged with FLAG tag or EGFP and its G2A and C7S mutants revealed that the dual acylation directs EEPD1 to localize to the plasma membrane. Thus, dually fatty acylated proteins can be identified from cDNA resources by cell-free and cellular metabolic labeling of N-myristoylated proteins with Cys residue(s) close to the N-myristoylated N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koko Moriya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kimoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuzaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Aya Kiwado
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Emi Takamitsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Dey G, Thattai M, Baum B. On the Archaeal Origins of Eukaryotes and the Challenges of Inferring Phenotype from Genotype. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:476-485. [PMID: 27319280 PMCID: PMC4917890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
If eukaryotes arose through a merger between archaea and bacteria, what did the first true eukaryotic cell look like? A major step toward an answer came with the discovery of Lokiarchaeum, an archaeon whose genome encodes small GTPases related to those used by eukaryotes to regulate membrane traffic. Although ‘Loki’ cells have yet to be seen, their existence has prompted the suggestion that the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed the future mitochondrion by phagocytosis. We propose instead that the archaeal ancestor was a relatively simple cell, and that eukaryotic cellular organization arose as the result of a gradual transfer of bacterial genes and membranes driven by an ever-closer symbiotic partnership between a bacterium and an archaeon. Eukaryotes are thought to be a product of symbiosis between archaea and bacteria. The recently discovered Lokiarchaeum (‘Loki’) encodes more Eukaryotic Signature Proteins (ESPs) than any other archaeon, making it the closest living relative to the putative ancestor of eukaryotes. Lokiarchaeum is the first prokaryote found to encode small GTPases, gelsolin, BAR domains, and longin domains, leading many to suggest that it might be compartmentalized and be capable of membrane trafficking. Many models for the evolution of eukaryotes invoke an archaeal ancestor that is capable of phagocytosis to explain the entry of the future mitochondrion into the host cell. Understanding the cell biology of Lokiarchaeum will be key to understanding the morphological transitions that characterized the evolution of eukaryotic cellular architecture, but Loki has not yet been cultured or seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Dey
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Mukund Thattai
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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31
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Mitochondria, calcium, and tumor suppressor Fus1: At the crossroad of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20754-72. [PMID: 26246474 PMCID: PMC4673227 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria present a unique set of key intracellular functions such as ATP synthesis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ buffering. Mitochondria both encode and decode Ca2+ signals and these interrelated functions have a direct impact on cell signaling and metabolism. High proliferative potential is a key energy-demanding feature shared by cancer cells and activated T lymphocytes. Switch of a metabolic state mediated by alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis plays a fundamental role in maintenance of the proliferative state. Recent studies show that tumor suppressors have the ability to affect mitochondrial homeostasis controlling both cancer and autoimmunity. Herein, we discuss established and putative mechanisms of calcium–dependent regulation of both T cell and tumor cell activities. We use the mitochondrial protein Fus1 as a case of tumor suppressor that controls immune response and tumor growth via maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. We focus on the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling as a key function of Fus1 and highlight the mechanisms of a crosstalk between Ca2+ accumulation and mitochondrial homeostasis. Given the important role of Ca2+ signaling, mitochondrial Ca2+ transport and ROS production in the activation of NFAT and NF-κB transcription factors, we outline the importance of Fus1 activities in this context.
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32
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Methylmercury-induced developmental toxicity is associated with oxidative stress and cofilin phosphorylation. Cellular and human studies. Neurotoxicology 2016; 59:197-209. [PMID: 27241350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) during development is of concern because it is easily incorporated in children's body both pre- and post-natal, it acts at several levels of neural pathways (mitochondria, cytoskeleton, neurotransmission) and it causes behavioral impairment in child. We evaluated the effects of prolonged exposure to 10-600nM MeHg on primary cultures of mouse cortical (CCN) and of cerebellar granule cells (CGC) during their differentiation period. In addition, it was studied if prenatal MeHg exposure correlated with altered antioxidant defenses and cofilin phosphorylation in human placentas (n=12) from the INMA cohort (Spain). Exposure to MeHg for 9days in vitro (DIV) resulted in protein carbonylation and in cell death at concentrations ≥200nM and ≥300nM, respectively. Exposure of CCN and CGC to non-cytotoxic MeHg concentrations for 5 DIV induced an early concentration-dependent decrease in cofilin phosphorylation. Furthermore, in both cell types actin was translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondria whereas cofilin translocation was found only in CGC. Translocation of cofilin and actin to mitochondria in CGC occurred from 30nM MeHg onwards. We also found an increased expression of cortactin and LIMK1 mRNA in CGC but not in CCN. All these effects were prevented by the antioxidant probucol. Cofilin phosphorylation was significantly decreased and a trend for decreased activity of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase was found in the fetal side of human placental samples from the highest (20-40μg/L) MeHg-exposed group when compared with the low (<7μg/L) MeHg-exposed group. In summary, cofilin dephosphorylation and oxidative stress are hallmarks of MeHg exposure in both experimental and human systems.
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33
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Zhao T, Tang X, Umeshappa CS, Ma H, Gao H, Deng Y, Freywald A, Xiang J. Simulated Microgravity Promotes Cell Apoptosis Through Suppressing Uev1A/TICAM/TRAF/NF-κB-Regulated Anti-Apoptosis and p53/PCNA- and ATM/ATR-Chk1/2-Controlled DNA-Damage Response Pathways. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2138-48. [PMID: 26887372 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity has been known to induce cell death. However, its underlying mechanism is less studied. In this study, BL6-10 melanoma cells were cultured in flasks under simulated microgravity (SMG). We examined cell apoptosis, and assessed expression of genes associated with apoptosis and genes regulating apoptosis in cells under SMG. We demonstrate that SMG induces cell morphological changes and microtubule alterations by confocal microscopy, and enhances apoptosis by flow cytometry, which was associated with up- and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes, respectively. Moreover, up- and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic (Caspases 3, 7, 8) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl2 and Bnip3) molecules was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. Western blot analysis also indicates that SMG causes inhibition of an apoptosis suppressor, pNF-κB-p65, which is complemented by the predominant localization of NF-κB-p65 in the cytoplasm. SMG also reduces expression of molecules regulating the NF-κB pathway including Uev1A, TICAM, TRAF2, and TRAF6. Interestingly, 10 DNA repair genes are down-regulated in cells exposed to SMG, among which down-regulation of Parp, Ercc8, Rad23, Rad51, and Ku70 was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. In addition, we demonstrate a significant inhibition of molecules involved in the DNA-damage response, such as p53, PCNA, ATM/ATR, and Chk1/2. Taken together, our work reveals that SMG promotes the apoptotic response through a combined modulation of the Uev1A/TICAM/TRAF/NF-κB-regulated apoptosis and the p53/PCNA- and ATM/ATR-Chk1/2-controlled DNA-damage response pathways. Thus, our investigation provides novel information, which may help us to determine the cause of negative alterations in human physiology occurring at spaceflight environment. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2138-2148, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhao
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hong Ma
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Gao
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jim Xiang
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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34
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Lee SH, Oe T. Oxidative stress-mediated N-terminal protein modifications and MS-based approaches for N-terminal proteomics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Post-translational myristoylation at the cross roads of cell death, autophagy and neurodegeneration. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:229-34. [PMID: 25849922 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In a little more than a decade, post-translational myristoylation (PTMyr) has become an established post-translational modification during cell death. It involves the addition of the fatty acid myristate to newly exposed N-terminal glycines following caspase cleavage. It promotes membrane binding and relocalization of functional protein domains released by caspase cleavage during apoptosis, or programmed cell death. However, as the requirement of caspase cleavage has expanded beyond just cell death, it has become apparent that PTMyr may play a role in cell survival, differentiation and now autophagy. Herein, we describe how myristoylation may play a role in autophagy with an emphasis on PTMyr.
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36
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Chicano-Gálvez E, Asensio E, Cañavate JP, Alhama J, López-Barea J. Proteomic analysis through larval development ofSolea senegalensisflatfish. Proteomics 2015; 15:4105-19. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Chicano-Gálvez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Córdoba (UCO); Córdoba Spain
| | | | | | - José Alhama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Córdoba (UCO); Córdoba Spain
| | - Juan López-Barea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Córdoba (UCO); Córdoba Spain
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37
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Takamitsu E, Otsuka M, Haebara T, Yano M, Matsuzaki K, Kobuchi H, Moriya K, Utsumi T. Identification of Human N-Myristoylated Proteins from Human Complementary DNA Resources by Cell-Free and Cellular Metabolic Labeling Analyses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136360. [PMID: 26308446 PMCID: PMC4550359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify physiologically important human N-myristoylated proteins, 90 cDNA clones predicted to encode human N-myristoylated proteins were selected from a human cDNA resource (4,369 Kazusa ORFeome project human cDNA clones) by two bioinformatic N-myristoylation prediction systems, NMT-The MYR Predictor and Myristoylator. After database searches to exclude known human N-myristoylated proteins, 37 cDNA clones were selected as potential human N-myristoylated proteins. The susceptibility of these cDNA clones to protein N-myristoylation was first evaluated using fusion proteins in which the N-terminal ten amino acid residues were fused to an epitope-tagged model protein. Then, protein N-myristoylation of the gene products of full-length cDNAs was evaluated by metabolic labeling experiments both in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system and in transfected human cells. As a result, the products of 13 cDNA clones (FBXL7, PPM1B, SAMM50, PLEKHN, AIFM3, C22orf42, STK32A, FAM131C, DRICH1, MCC1, HID1, P2RX5, STK32B) were found to be human N-myristoylated proteins. Analysis of the role of protein N-myristoylation on the intracellular localization of SAMM50, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, revealed that protein N-myristoylation was required for proper targeting of SAMM50 to mitochondria. Thus, the strategy used in this study is useful for the identification of physiologically important human N-myristoylated proteins from human cDNA resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takamitsu
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Motoaki Otsuka
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Haebara
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Manami Yano
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuzaki
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kobuchi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700–8558, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
- * E-mail:
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38
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Kim MS, Lee Y, Sung GH, Kim JH, Park JG, Kim HG, Baek KS, Cho JH, Han J, Lee KH, Hong S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Pro-Apoptotic Activity of 4-Isopropyl-2-(1-Phenylethyl) Aniline Isolated from Cordyceps bassiana. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:367-73. [PMID: 26157554 PMCID: PMC4489832 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps species including Cordyceps bassiana are a notable anti-cancer dietary supplement. Previously, we identified several compounds with anti-cancer activity from the butanol fraction (Cb-BF) of Cordyceps bassiana. To expand the structural value of Cb-BF-derived anti-cancer drugs, we employed various chemical moieties to produce a novel Cb-BF-derived chemical derivative, KTH-13-amine-monophenyl [4-isopropyl-2-(1-phenylethyl) aniline (KTH-13-AMP)], which we tested for anti-cancer activity. KTH-13-AMP suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231, HeLa, and C6 glioma cells. KTH-13-AMP also dose-dependently induced morphological changes in C6 glioma cells and time-dependently increased the level of early apoptotic cells stained with annexin V-FITC. Furthermore, the levels of the active full-length forms of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were increased. In contrast, the levels of total forms of caspases-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 were decreased in KTH-13-AMP treated-cells. We also confirmed that the phosphorylation of STAT3, Src, and PI3K/p85, which is linked to cell survival, was diminished by treatment with KTH-13-AMP. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that this compound can be used to guide the development of an anti-cancer drug or serve as a lead compound in forming another strong anti-proliferative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Seon Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 404-834
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Kwang Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Jae Han Cho
- Mushroom Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873
| | - Jaegu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873
| | - Kang-Hyo Lee
- Mushroom Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
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39
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Legrand P, Rioux V. Specific roles of saturated fatty acids: Beyond epidemiological data. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine; Agrocampus Ouest; Rennes France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine; Agrocampus Ouest; Rennes France
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40
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Varland S, Osberg C, Arnesen T. N-terminal modifications of cellular proteins: The enzymes involved, their substrate specificities and biological effects. Proteomics 2015; 15:2385-401. [PMID: 25914051 PMCID: PMC4692089 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of eukaryotic proteins are N-terminally modified by one or more processing enzymes. Enzymes acting on the very first amino acid of a polypeptide include different peptidases, transferases, and ligases. Methionine aminopeptidases excise the initiator methionine leaving the nascent polypeptide with a newly exposed amino acid that may be further modified. N-terminal acetyl-, methyl-, myristoyl-, and palmitoyltransferases may attach an acetyl, methyl, myristoyl, or palmitoyl group, respectively, to the α-amino group of the target protein N-terminus. With the action of ubiquitin ligases, one or several ubiquitin molecules are transferred, and hence, constitute the N-terminal modification. Modifications at protein N-termini represent an important contribution to proteomic diversity and complexity, and are essential for protein regulation and cellular signaling. Consequently, dysregulation of the N-terminal modifying enzymes is implicated in human diseases. We here review the different protein N-terminal modifications occurring co- or post-translationally with emphasis on the responsible enzymes and their substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Varland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla Osberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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41
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Tulli F, Fabbro A, D’Agaro E, Messina M, Bongiorno T, Venir E, Lippe G, Tibaldi E, Stecchini ML. The effect of slaughtering methods on actin degradation and on muscle quality attributes of farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Takamitsu E, Fukunaga K, Iio Y, Moriya K, Utsumi T. Cell-free identification of novel N-myristoylated proteins from complementary DNA resources using bioorthogonal myristic acid analogues. Anal Biochem 2014; 464:83-93. [PMID: 25043870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To establish a non-radioactive, cell-free detection system for protein N-myristoylation, metabolic labeling in a cell-free protein synthesis system using bioorthogonal myristic acid analogues was performed. After Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with a biotin tag, the tagged proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and blotted on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, and then protein N-myristoylation was detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated streptavidin. The results showed that metabolic labeling in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system using an azide analogue of myristic acid followed by CuAAC with alkynyl biotin was the most effective strategy for cell-free detection of protein N-myristoylation. To determine whether the newly developed detection method can be applied for the detection of novel N-myristoylated proteins from complementary DNA (cDNA) resources, four candidate cDNA clones were selected from a human cDNA resource and their susceptibility to protein N-myristoylation was evaluated using the newly developed strategy. As a result, the products of three cDNA clones were found to be novel N-myristoylated protein, and myristoylation-dependent specific intracellular localization was observed for two novel N-myristoylated proteins. Thus, the metabolic labeling in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system using bioorthogonal azide analogue of myristic acid was an effective strategy to identify novel N-myristoylated proteins from cDNA resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takamitsu
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fukunaga
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iio
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Desouza M, Gunning PW, Stehn JR. The actin cytoskeleton as a sensor and mediator of apoptosis. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 2:75-87. [PMID: 22880146 PMCID: PMC3414384 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.20975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important biological process required for the removal of unwanted or damaged cells. Mounting evidence implicates the actin cytoskeleton as both a sensor and mediator of apoptosis. Studies also suggest that actin binding proteins (ABPs) significantly contribute to apoptosis and that actin dynamics play a key role in regulating apoptosis signaling. Changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton has been attributed to the process of malignant transformation and it is hypothesized that remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton may enable tumor cells to evade normal apoptotic signaling. This review aims to illuminate the role of the actin cytoskeleton in apoptosis by systematically analyzing how actin and ABPs regulate different apoptosis pathways and to also highlight the potential for developing novel compounds that target tumor-specific actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Desouza
- Oncology Research Unit; School of Medical Sciences; The University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
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Alanazi I, Ebrahimie E, Hoffmann P, Adelson DL. Combined gene expression and proteomic analysis of EGF induced apoptosis in A431 cells suggests multiple pathways trigger apoptosis. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1291-1305. [PMID: 23892916 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A431 cells, derived from epidermoid carcinoma, overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and when treated with a high dose of EGF will undergo apoptosis. We exploited microarray and proteomics techniques and network prediction to study the regulatory mechanisms of EGF-induced apoptosis in A431 cells. We observed significant changes in gene expression in 162 genes, approximately evenly split between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes and identified 30 proteins from the proteomic data that had either pro or anti-apoptotic annotation. Our correlation analysis of gene expression and proteome modeled a number of distinct sub-networks that are associated with the onset of apoptosis, allowing us to identify specific pathways and components. These include components of the interferon signalling pathway, and down stream components, including cytokines and suppressors of cytokine signalling. A central component of almost all gene expression sub-networks identified was TP53, which is mutated in A431 cells, and was down regulated. This down regulation of TP53 appeared to be correlated with proteomic sub-networks of cytoskeletal or cell adhesion components that might induce apoptosis by triggering cytochrome C release. Of the only three genes also differentially expressed as proteins, only serpinb1 had a known association with apoptosis. We confirmed that up regulation and cleavage of serpinb1 into L-DNAaseII was correlated with the induction of apoptosis. It is unlikely that a single pathway, but more likely a combination of pathways is needed to trigger EGF induced apoptosis in A431cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alanazi
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David L Adelson
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Martin DDO, Heit RJ, Yap MC, Davidson MW, Hayden MR, Berthiaume LG. Identification of a post-translationally myristoylated autophagy-inducing domain released by caspase cleavage of huntingtin. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3166-79. [PMID: 24459296 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor control and cognitive ability that ultimately leads to death. It is caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (HTT) protein, which leads to aggregation of the protein and eventually cellular death. Both the wild-type and mutant form of the protein are highly regulated by post-translational modifications including proteolysis, palmitoylation and phosphorylation. We now demonstrate the existence of a new post-translational modification of HTT: the addition of the 14 carbon fatty acid myristate to a glycine residue exposed on a caspase-3-cleaved fragment (post-translational myristoylation) and that myristoylation of this fragment is altered in a physiologically relevant model of mutant HTT. Myristoylated HTT553-585-EGFP, but not its non-myristoylated variant, initially localized to the ER, induced the formation of autophagosomes and accumulated in abnormally large autophagolysosomal/lysosomal structures in a variety of cell types, including neuronal cell lines under nutrient-rich conditions. Our results suggest that accumulation of myristoylated HTT553-586 in cells may alter the rate of production of autophagosomes and/or their clearance through the heterotypic autophagosomal/lysosomal fusion process. Overall, our novel observations establish a role for the post-translational myristoylation of a caspase-3-cleaved fragment of HTT, highly similar to the Barkor/ATG14L autophagosome-targeting sequence domain thought to sense, maintain and/or promote membrane curvature in the regulation of autophagy. Abnormal processing or production of this myristoylated HTT fragment might be involved in the pathophysiology of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale D O Martin
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan J Heit
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan C Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luc G Berthiaume
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Moriya K, Nagatoshi K, Noriyasu Y, Okamura T, Takamitsu E, Suzuki T, Utsumi T. Protein N-myristoylation plays a critical role in the endoplasmic reticulum morphological change induced by overexpression of protein Lunapark, an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78235. [PMID: 24223779 PMCID: PMC3817238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myristoylation of eukaryotic cellular proteins has been recognized as a modification that occurs mainly on cytoplasmic proteins. In this study, we examined the membrane localization, membrane integration, and intracellular localization of four recently identified human N-myristoylated proteins with predicted transmembrane domains. As a result, it was found that protein Lunapark, the human ortholog of yeast protein Lnp1p that has recently been found to be involved in network formation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is an N-myristoylated polytopic integral membrane protein. Analysis of tumor necrosis factor-fusion proteins with each of the two putative transmembrane domains and their flanking regions of protein Lunapark revealed that transmembrane domain 1 and 2 functioned as type II signal anchor sequence and stop transfer sequence, respectively, and together generated a double-spanning integral membrane protein with an N-/C-terminal cytoplasmic orientation. Immunofluorescence staining of HEK293T cells transfected with a cDNA encoding protein Lunapark tagged with FLAG-tag at its C-terminus revealed that overexpressed protein Lunapark localized mainly to the peripheral ER and induced the formation of large polygonal tubular structures. Morphological changes in the ER induced by overexpressed protein Lunapark were significantly inhibited by the inhibition of protein N-myristoylation by means of replacing Gly2 with Ala. These results indicated that protein N-myristoylation plays a critical role in the ER morphological change induced by overexpression of protein Lunapark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koko Moriya
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kei Nagatoshi
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Noriyasu
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Okamura
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Emi Takamitsu
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Clinical & Biotechnology Business Unit, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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An N-myristoylated globin with a redox-sensing function that regulates the defecation cycle in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48768. [PMID: 23251335 PMCID: PMC3520999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globins occur in all kingdoms of life where they fulfill a wide variety of functions. In the past they used to be primarily characterized as oxygen transport/storage proteins, but since the discovery of new members of the globin family like neuroglobin and cytoglobin, more diverse and complex functions have been assigned to this heterogeneous family. Here we propose a function for a membrane-bound globin of C. elegans, GLB-26. This globin was predicted to be myristoylated at its N-terminus, a post-translational modification only recently described in the globin family. In vivo, this globin is found in the membrane of the head mesodermal cell and in the tail stomato-intestinal and anal depressor muscle cells. Since GLB-26 is almost directly oxidized when exposed to oxygen, we postulate a possible function as electron transfer protein. Phenotypical studies show that GLB-26 takes part in regulating the length of the defecation cycle in C. elegans under oxidative stress conditions.
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Palaoro LA, Rocher AE, Canessa OE, Peressini S, Rosales M, Del Río AG, Mendeluk G. Epididymal mitochondrial status of hypothyroid rats examined by transmission electron microscopy. Biotech Histochem 2012; 88:138-44. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.741712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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50
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Abstract
Many of the best-studied actin regulatory proteins use non-covalent means to modulate the properties of actin. Yet, actin is also susceptible to covalent modifications of its amino acids. Recent work is increasingly revealing that actin processing and its covalent modifications regulate important cellular events. In addition, numerous pathogens express enzymes that specifically use actin as a substrate to regulate their hosts' cells. Actin post-translational alterations have been linked to different normal and disease processes and the effects associated with metabolic and environmental stressors. Herein, we highlight specific co-translational and post-translational modifications of actin and discuss the current understanding of the role that these modifications play in regulating actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Terman
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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