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Xu H, Li Z, Jiang PF, Zhao L, Qu C, Van de Peer Y, Liu YJ, Zeng QY. Divergence of active site motifs among different classes of Populus glutaredoxins results in substrate switches. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:129-146. [PMID: 34981873 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are essential components of all biological systems. The key characteristics of proteins functioning as enzymes are their substrate specificities and catalytic efficiencies. In plants, most genes encoding enzymes are members of large gene families. Within such families, the contributions of active site motifs to the functional divergence of duplicate genes have not been well elucidated. In this study, we identified 41 glutaredoxin (GRX) genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome. GRXs are ubiquitous enzymes in plants that play important roles in developmental and stress tolerance processes. In poplar, GRX genes were divided into four classes based on clear differences in gene structure and expression pattern, subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, and substrate specificity of the encoded proteins. Using site-directed mutagenesis, this study revealed that the divergence of the active site motif among different classes of GRX proteins resulted in substrate switches and thus provided new insights into the molecular evolution of these important plant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peng-Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Chang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Yan-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qing-Yin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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2
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Rivera-Millot A, Slupek S, Chatagnon J, Roy G, Saliou JM, Billon G, Alaimo V, Hot D, Salomé-Desnoulez S, Locht C, Antoine R, Jacob-Dubuisson F. Streamlined copper defenses make Bordetella pertussis reliant on custom-made operon. Commun Biol 2021; 4:46. [PMID: 33420409 PMCID: PMC7794356 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is both essential and toxic to living beings, which tightly controls its intracellular concentration. At the host-pathogen interface, copper is used by phagocytic cells to kill invading microorganisms. We investigated copper homeostasis in Bordetella pertussis, which lives in the human respiratory mucosa and has no environmental reservoir. B. pertussis has considerably streamlined copper homeostasis mechanisms relative to other Gram-negative bacteria. Its single remaining defense line consists of a metallochaperone diverted for copper passivation, CopZ, and two peroxide detoxification enzymes, PrxGrx and GorB, which together fight stresses encountered in phagocytic cells. Those proteins are encoded by an original, composite operon assembled in an environmental ancestor, which is under sensitive control by copper. This system appears to contribute to persistent infection in the nasal cavity of B. pertussis-infected mice. Combining responses to co-occurring stresses in a tailored operon reveals a strategy adopted by a host-restricted pathogen to optimize survival at minimal energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rivera-Millot
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Slupek
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Chatagnon
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gauthier Roy
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gabriel Billon
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 – LASIRE – Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l’Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Véronique Alaimo
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 – LASIRE – Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l’Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Salomé-Desnoulez
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France ,grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Bio Imaging Center Lille platform (BICeL), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rudy Antoine
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Françoise Jacob-Dubuisson
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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3
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Aljannat MAK, Oldfield NJ, Albasri HM, Dorrington LKG, Ohri RL, Wooldridge KG, Turner DPJ. The moonlighting peroxiredoxin-glutaredoxin in Neisseria meningitidis binds plasminogen via a C-terminal lysine residue and contributes to survival in a whole blood model. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103890. [PMID: 31765768 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a human-restricted bacterium that can invade the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier resulting in life-threatening sepsis and meningitis. Meningococci express a cytoplasmic peroxiredoxin-glutaredoxin (Prx5-Grx) hybrid protein that has also been identified on the bacterial surface. Here, recombinant Prx5-Grx was confirmed as a plasminogen (Plg)-binding protein, in an interaction which could be inhibited by the lysine analogue ε-aminocapronic acid. rPrx5-Grx derivatives bearing a substituted C-terminal lysine residue (rPrx5-GrxK244A), but not the active site cysteine residue (rPrx5-GrxC185A) or the sub-terminal rPrx5-GrxK230A lysine residue, exhibited significantly reduced Plg-binding. The absence of Prx5-Grx did not significantly reduce the ability of whole meningococcal cells to bind Plg, but under hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress, the N. meningitidis Δpxn5-grx mutant survived significantly better than the wild-type or complemented strains. Significantly, using human whole blood as a model of meningococcal bacteremia, it was found that the N. meningitidis Δpxn5-grx mutant had a survival defect compared with the parental or complemented strain, confirming an important role for Prx5-Grx in meningococcal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahab A K Aljannat
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Neil J Oldfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hibah M Albasri
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Radhica L Ohri
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Karl G Wooldridge
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David P J Turner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae during Natural Infection Reveals Differential Expression of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants between Men and Women. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00312-18. [PMID: 29950382 PMCID: PMC6021601 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00312-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent emergence of antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae worldwide has resulted in limited therapeutic choices for treatment of infections caused by this organism. We performed global transcriptomic analysis of N. gonorrhoeae in subjects with gonorrhea who attended a Nanjing, China, sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic, where antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae is high and increasing. We found that N. gonorrhoeae transcriptional responses to infection differed in genital specimens taken from men and women, particularly antibiotic resistance gene expression, which was increased in men. These sex-specific findings may provide a new approach to guide therapeutic interventions and preventive measures that are also sex specific while providing additional insight to address antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a bacterial pathogen responsible for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of N. gonorrhoeae worldwide has resulted in limited therapeutic choices for this infection. Men who seek treatment often have symptomatic urethritis; in contrast, gonococcal cervicitis in women is usually minimally symptomatic, but may progress to pelvic inflammatory disease. Previously, we reported the first analysis of gonococcal transcriptome expression determined in secretions from women with cervical infection. Here, we defined gonococcal global transcriptional responses in urethral specimens from men with symptomatic urethritis and compared these with transcriptional responses in specimens obtained from women with cervical infections and in vitro-grown N. gonorrhoeae isolates. This is the first comprehensive comparison of gonococcal gene expression in infected men and women. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 9.4% of gonococcal genes showed increased expression exclusively in men and included genes involved in host immune cell interactions, while 4.3% showed increased expression exclusively in women and included phage-associated genes. Infected men and women displayed comparable antibiotic-resistant genotypes and in vitro phenotypes, but a 4-fold higher expression of the Mtr efflux pump-related genes was observed in men. These results suggest that expression of AMR genes is programed genotypically and also driven by sex-specific environments. Collectively, our results indicate that distinct N. gonorrhoeae gene expression signatures are detected during genital infection in men and women. We propose that therapeutic strategies could target sex-specific differences in expression of antibiotic resistance genes. IMPORTANCE Recent emergence of antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae worldwide has resulted in limited therapeutic choices for treatment of infections caused by this organism. We performed global transcriptomic analysis of N. gonorrhoeae in subjects with gonorrhea who attended a Nanjing, China, sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic, where antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae is high and increasing. We found that N. gonorrhoeae transcriptional responses to infection differed in genital specimens taken from men and women, particularly antibiotic resistance gene expression, which was increased in men. These sex-specific findings may provide a new approach to guide therapeutic interventions and preventive measures that are also sex specific while providing additional insight to address antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae.
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5
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Gütle DD, Roret T, Hecker A, Reski R, Jacquot JP. Dithiol disulphide exchange in redox regulation of chloroplast enzymes in response to evolutionary and structural constraints. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 255:1-11. [PMID: 28131337 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation of chloroplast enzymes via disulphide reduction is believed to control the rates of CO2 fixation. The study of the thioredoxin reduction pathways and of various target enzymes lead to the following guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée D Gütle
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54280 Champenoux, France; Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Roret
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Jacquot
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54280 Champenoux, France.
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6
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Petre B, Hecker A, Germain H, Tsan P, Sklenar J, Pelletier G, Séguin A, Duplessis S, Rouhier N. The Poplar Rust-Induced Secreted Protein (RISP) Inhibits the Growth of the Leaf Rust Pathogen Melampsora larici-populina and Triggers Cell Culture Alkalinisation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:97. [PMID: 26925067 PMCID: PMC4756128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells secrete a wide range of proteins in extracellular spaces in response to pathogen attack. The poplar rust-induced secreted protein (RISP) is a small cationic protein of unknown function that was identified as the most induced gene in poplar leaves during immune responses to the leaf rust pathogen Melampsora larici-populina, an obligate biotrophic parasite. Here, we combined in planta and in vitro molecular biology approaches to tackle the function of RISP. Using a RISP-mCherry fusion transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrated that RISP is secreted into the apoplast. A recombinant RISP specifically binds to M. larici-populina urediniospores and inhibits their germination. It also arrests the growth of the fungus in vitro and on poplar leaves. Interestingly, RISP also triggers poplar cell culture alkalinisation and is cleaved at the C-terminus by a plant-encoded mechanism. Altogether our results indicate that RISP is an antifungal protein that has the ability to trigger cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich, UK
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hugo Germain
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-RivièresQC, Canada
| | - Pascale Tsan
- CRM, Equipe BioMod, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7036, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, CRM, Equipe BioMod, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Gervais Pelletier
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Shaykholeslam Esfahani E, Shahpiri A. Thioredoxin h isoforms from rice are differentially reduced by NADPH/thioredoxin or GSH/glutaredoxin systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 74:243-8. [PMID: 25541357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has multiple potential genes encoding thioredoxin (Trx) h and NADP-thioredoxin reductase (NTR). These NTR and Trx h isoforms, known as cytoplasmic NTR/Trx system along with multiple members of glutaredoxin (Grx) family constitute a complex redox control system in rice. In the present study, we investigated the kinetic parameters of two rice NTRs, OsNTRA and OsNTRB, toward three endogenous Trx h isoforms, OsTrx1, OsTrx20, and OsTrx23. The results showed that in contrast with OsTrx1 and OsTrx23, the isoform OsTrx20 was not reduced by OsNTR isoforms. The kcat/Km values of OsNTRB and OsNTRA toward OsTrx1 was six- and 13-fold higher than those values toward OsTrx23, respectively, suggesting that OsNTR isoforms do not reduce different OsTrx h isoforms, equivalently. Furthermore, the possible reduction of OsTrx isoforms by the glutathione (GSH)/Grx system was investigated through the heterologous expression of a gene encoding OsGrx9, a bicysteinic CPYC Grx found in rice. Whereas OsTrx23 was not reduced by GSH, OsTrx20 and with less efficiently OsTrx1 were reduced by GSH or GSH/Grx. Therefore, it seems that OsTrx1 can be reduced either by OsNTR or GSH/Grx. These data for the first time provides an evidence for cross-talking between NTR/Trx and GSH/Grx systems in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shaykholeslam Esfahani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Azar Shahpiri
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
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8
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Reeves SA, Parsonage D, Nelson KJ, Poole LB. Kinetic and thermodynamic features reveal that Escherichia coli BCP is an unusually versatile peroxiredoxin. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8970-81. [PMID: 21910476 DOI: 10.1021/bi200935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, bacterioferritin comigratory protein (BCP) is a peroxiredoxin (Prx) that catalyzes the reduction of H(2)O(2) and organic hydroperoxides. This protein, along with plant PrxQ, is a founding member of one of the least studied subfamilies of Prxs. Recent structural data have suggested that proteins in the BCP/PrxQ group can exist as monomers or dimers; we report here that, by analytical ultracentrifugation, both oxidized and reduced E. coli BCP behave as monomers in solution at concentrations as high as 200 μM. Unexpectedly, thioredoxin (Trx1)-dependent peroxidase assays conducted by stopped-flow spectroscopy demonstrated that V(max,app) increases with increasing Trx1 concentrations, indicating a nonsaturable interaction (K(m) > 100 μM). At a physiologically reasonable Trx1 concentration of 10 μM, the apparent K(m) value for H(2)O(2) is ~80 μM, and overall, the V(max)/K(m) for H(2)O(2), which remains constant at the various Trx1 concentrations (consistent with a ping-pong mechanism), is ~1.3 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). Our kinetic analyses demonstrated that BCP can utilize a variety of reducing substrates, including Trx1, Trx2, Grx1, and Grx3. BCP exhibited a high redox potential of -145.9 ± 3.2 mV, the highest to date observed for a Prx. Moreover, BCP exhibited a broad peroxide specificity, with comparable rates for H(2)O(2) and cumene hydroperoxide. We determined a pK(a) of ~5.8 for the peroxidatic cysteine (Cys45) using both spectroscopic and activity titration data. These findings support an important role for BCP in interacting with multiple substrates and remaining active under highly oxidizing cellular conditions, potentially serving as a defense enzyme of last resort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Reeves
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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9
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Pedone E, Limauro D, D’Ambrosio K, De Simone G, Bartolucci S. Multiple catalytically active thioredoxin folds: a winning strategy for many functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3797-814. [PMID: 20625793 PMCID: PMC11115506 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Thioredoxin (Trx) fold is a versatile protein scaffold consisting of a four-stranded β-sheet surrounded by three α-helices. Various insertions are possible on this structural theme originating different proteins, which show a variety of functions and specificities. During evolution, the assembly of different Trx fold domains has been used many times to build new multi-domain proteins able to perform a large number of catalytic functions. To clarify the interaction mode of the different Trx domains within a multi-domain structure and how their combination can affect catalytic performances, in this review, we report on a structural and functional analysis of the most representative proteins containing more than one catalytically active Trx domain: the eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), the thermophilic protein disulfide oxidoreductases (PDOs) and the hybrid peroxiredoxins (Prxs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Pedone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Danila Limauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Katia D’Ambrosio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bartolucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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10
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Couturier J, Jacquot JP, Rouhier N. Evolution and diversity of glutaredoxins in photosynthetic organisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2539-57. [PMID: 19506802 PMCID: PMC11115520 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequencing of prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms enables a comparative genomic study of the glutaredoxin (Grx) family. The analysis of 58 genomes, using a specific motif composed of the active site sequence and of amino acids involved in glutathione binding, led to an updated classification of Grxs into six classes. Only two classes (I and II) are common to all photosynthetic organisms. Eukaryotes and cyanobacteria have two specific Grx classes (classes III and IV and classes V and VI, respectively). The classes IV, V and VI have not yet been identified and contain multimodular Grx fusions. In addition, putative Grx partners were identified from the presence of fusion proteins, the conservation of gene order in bacterial operons, and the gene co-occurrence. The genes encoding class II Grxs and BolA/YrbA proteins are frequently adjacent, in the same transcriptional orientation in prokaryote genomes and present in the same organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Couturier
- Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, IFR 110 Génomique Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Jacquot
- Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, IFR 110 Génomique Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, IFR 110 Génomique Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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Barth KR, Isabella VM, Wright LF, Clark VL. Resistance to peroxynitrite in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:2532-2545. [PMID: 19406894 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.028092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes a number of important genes that aid in survival during times of oxidative stress. The same immune cells capable of oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms also have the capacity to generate reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that may function antimicrobially. F62 and eight additional gonococcal strains displayed a high level of resistance to peroxynitrite, while Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli showed a four- to seven-log and a four-log decrease in viability, respectively. Mutation of gonococcal orthologues that are known or suspected to be involved in RNS defence in other bacteria (ahpC, dnrN and msrA) resulted in no loss of viability, suggesting that N. gonorrhoeae has a novel mechanism of resistance to peroxynitrite. Whole-cell extracts of F62 prevented the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine, and decomposition of peroxynitrite was not dependent on ahpC, dnrN or msrA. F62 grown in co-culture with E. coli strain DH10B was shown to protect E. coli viability 10-fold. Also, peroxynitrite treatment of F62 did not result in accumulation of nitrated proteins, suggesting that an active peroxynitrite reductase is responsible for peroxynitrite decomposition rather than a protein sink for amino acid modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Barth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Vincent M Isabella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lori F Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Virginia L Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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12
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Rouhier N, Koh CS, Gelhaye E, Corbier C, Favier F, Didierjean C, Jacquot JP. Redox based anti-oxidant systems in plants: Biochemical and structural analyses. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1249-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Thiol/selenol peroxidases are ubiquitous nonheme peroxidases. They are divided into two major subfamilies: peroxiredoxins (PRXs) and glutathione peroxidases (GPXs). PRXs are present in diverse subcellular compartments and divided into four types: 2-cys PRX, 1-cys PRX, PRX-Q, and type II PRX (PRXII). In mammals, most GPXs are selenoenzymes containing a highly reactive selenocysteine in their active site while yeast and land plants are devoid of selenoproteins but contain nonselenium GPXs. The presence of a chloroplastic 2-cys PRX, a nonselenium GPX, and two selenium-dependent GPXs has been reported in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The availability of the Chlamydomonas genome sequence offers the opportunity to complete our knowledge on thiol/selenol peroxidases in this organism. In this article, Chlamydomonas PRX and GPX families are presented and compared to their counterparts in Arabidopsis, human, yeast, and Synechocystis sp. A summary of the current knowledge on each family of peroxidases, especially in photosynthetic organisms, phylogenetic analyses, and investigations of the putative subcellular localization of each protein and its relative expression level, on the basis of EST data, are presented. We show that Chlamydomonas PRX and GPX families share some similarities with other photosynthetic organisms but also with human cells. The data are discussed in view of recent results suggesting that these enzymes are important scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) but also play a role in ROS signaling.
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Gama F, Bréhélin C, Gelhaye E, Meyer Y, Jacquot JP, Rey P, Rouhier N. Functional analysis and expression characteristics of chloroplastic Prx IIE. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 133:599-610. [PMID: 18422870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous thiol-dependent peroxidases capable of eliminating a variety of peroxides through reactive catalytic cysteines, which are regenerated by reducing systems. Based on amino acid sequences and their mode of catalysis, five groups of thiol peroxidases have been distinguished in plants, and type II Prx is one of them with representatives in many sub-cellular compartments. The mature form of poplar chloroplastic Prx IIE was expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. The protein is able to reduce H2O2 and tert-butyl hydroperoxide and is regenerated by both glutaredoxin (Grx) and thioredoxin (Trx) systems. Nevertheless, compared with Trxs, Grxs, and more especially chloroplastic Grx S12, are far more efficient reductants towards Prx IIE. The expression of Prx IIE at both the mRNA and protein levels as a function of organ type and abiotic stress conditions was investigated. Western blot analysis revealed that Prx IIE gene is constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, mostly in young and mature leaves and in flowers. Under photo-oxidative treatment and water deficit, almost no change was observed in the abundance of Prx IIE in A. thaliana, while the level of Prx Q (one of the two other chloroplastic Prxs with 2-Cys Prx) increased in response to both stresses, indicating that plastidic members of the Prx family exhibit specific patterns of expression under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Gama
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 1136 INRA UHP (Interactions Arbres Microorganismes), IFR 110 Génomique Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles, Université Henri Poincaré BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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15
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Passardi F, Theiler G, Zamocky M, Cosio C, Rouhier N, Teixera F, Margis-Pinheiro M, Ioannidis V, Penel C, Falquet L, Dunand C. PeroxiBase: the peroxidase database. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:1605-11. [PMID: 17544465 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.x), which are encoded by small or large multigenic families, are involved in several important physiological and developmental processes. Analyzing their evolution and their distribution among various phyla could certainly help to elucidate the mystery of their extremely widespread and diversified presence in almost all living organisms. PeroxiBase was originally created for the exhaustive collection of class III peroxidase sequences from plants (Bakalovic, N., Passardi, F., et al., 2006. PeroxiBase: a class III plant peroxidase database. Phytochemistry 67, 534-539). The extension of the class III peroxidase database to all proteins capable to reduce peroxide molecules appears as a necessity. Our database contains haem and non-haem peroxidase sequences originated from annotated or not correctly annotated sequences deposited in the main repositories such as GenBank or UniProt KnowledgeBase. This new database will allow obtaining a global overview of the evolution the protein families and superfamilies capable of peroxidase reaction. In this rapidly growing field, there is a need for continual updates and corrections of the peroxidase protein sequences. Following the lack of unified nomenclature, we also introduced a unique abbreviation for each different family of peroxidases. This paper thus aims to report the evolution of the PeroxiBase database, which is freely accessible through a web server (http://peroxibase.isb-sib.ch). In addition to new categories of peroxidases, new specific tools have been created to facilitate query, classification and submission of peroxidase sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Passardi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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16
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Gama F, Keech O, Eymery F, Finkemeier I, Gelhaye E, Gardeström P, Dietz KJ, Rey P, Jacquot JP, Rouhier N. The mitochondrial type II peroxiredoxin from poplar. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2007. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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17
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Seib KL, Wu HJ, Srikhanta YN, Edwards JL, Falsetta ML, Hamilton AJ, Maguire TL, Grimmond SM, Apicella MA, McEwan AG, Jennings MP. Characterization of the OxyR regulon of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mol Microbiol 2006; 63:54-68. [PMID: 17140413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OxyR regulates the expression of the majority of H(2)O(2) responses in Gram-negative organisms. In a previous study we reported the OxyR-dependent derepression of catalase expression in the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In the present study we used microarray expression profiling of N. gonorrhoeae wild-type strain 1291 and an oxyR mutant strain to define the OxyR regulon. In addition to katA (encoding catalase), only one other locus displayed a greater than two-fold difference in expression in the wild type : oxyR comparison. This locus encodes an operon of two genes, a putative peroxiredoxin/glutaredoxin (Prx) and a putative glutathione oxidoreductase (Gor). Mutant strains were constructed in which each of these genes was inactivated. A previous biochemical study in Neisseria meningitidis had confirmed function of the glutaredoxin/peroxiredoxin. Assay of the wild-type 1291 cell free extract confirmed Gor activity, which was lost in the gor mutant strain. Phenotypic analysis of the prx mutant strain in H(2)O(2) killing assays revealed increased resistance, presumably due to upregulation of alternative defence mechanisms. The oxyR, prx and gor mutant strains were deficient in biofilm formation, and the oxyR and prx strains had decreased survival in cervical epithelial cells, indicating a key role for the OxyR regulon in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Seib
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences and Centre for Metals in Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Qld, Australia
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Noguera-Mazon V, Krimm I, Walker O, Lancelin JM. Protein-protein interactions within peroxiredoxin systems. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 89:277-90. [PMID: 17089212 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin systems in plants were demonstrated involved in crucial roles related to reactive oxygenated species (ROS) metabolism and the linked cell signalling to ROS. Peroxiredoxins function as peroxidasic systems that combine at least a reactivating reductant agent like thioredoxins, and sometimes glutaredoxins and glutathion. In the past three years a number of peroxiredoxin structures were solved by crystallography in different experimental crystallisation conditions. The structures have revealed a significant propensity of peroxiredoxins for oligomerism that was confirmed by biophysical studies in solution using NMR and other methods as analytical ultra-centrifugation. These studies showed that quaternary structures of peroxiredoxins involve specific protein-protein interaction interfaces that rely upon the peroxiredoxin types and/or their redox conditions. The protein-protein interactions with the reactivating redoxins essentially lead to transient unstable complexes. We review herein the different protein-protein interactions characterized or deduced from those reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Noguera-Mazon
- Sciences Analytiques, ANABIO - RMN et Spectrométrie de Masse Biomoléculaires, CNRS UMR 5180, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Domaine Scientifique de La Doua, Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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20
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Noguera-Mazon V, Lemoine J, Walker O, Rouhier N, Salvador A, Jacquot JP, Lancelin JM, Krimm I. Glutathionylation induces the dissociation of 1-Cys D-peroxiredoxin non-covalent homodimer. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:31736-42. [PMID: 16916801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602188200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Cys peroxiredoxins (1-Cys Prxs) are antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydroperoxides into alcohols using a strictly conserved cysteine. 1-Cys B-Prxs, homologous to human PrxVI, were recently shown to be reactivated by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pi via the formation of a GST-Prx heterodimer and Prx glutathionylation. In contrast, 1-Cys D-Prxs, homologous to human PrxV, are reactivated by the glutaredoxin-glutathione system through an unknown mechanism. To investigate the mechanistic events that mediate the 1-Cys D-Prx regeneration, interaction of the Prx with glutathione was studied by mass spectrometry and NMR. This work reveals that the Prx can be glutathionylated on its active site cysteine. Evidences are reported that the glutathionylation of 1-Cys D-Prx induces the dissociation of the Prx non-covalent homodimer, which can be recovered by reduction with dithiothreitol. This work demonstrates for the first time the existence of a redox-dependent dimer-monomer switch in the Prx family, similar to the decamer-dimer switch for the 2-Cys Prxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Noguera-Mazon
- CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche, 5180 Sciences Analytiques,Ecole Supérieure Chimie PhysiqueElectronique de Lyon, Domaine Scientifique de la Doua, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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21
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Nickel C, Rahlfs S, Deponte M, Koncarevic S, Becker K. Thioredoxin networks in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1227-39. [PMID: 16910770 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for more than 500 million clinical cases of tropical malaria annually. Although exposed to high fluxes of reactive oxygen species, Plasmodium lacks the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Thus, the parasite depends on the antioxidant capacity of its host cell and its own peroxidases. These are fuelled by the thioredoxin system and are considered to represent the major defense line against peroxides. Five peroxidases that act in different compartments have been described in P. falciparum. They include two typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prx), a 1-Cys Prx, the so-called antioxidant protein (AOP), which is a further Prx acting on the basis of a 1-Cys mechanism, and a glutathione peroxidase-like thioredoxin peroxidase. Because of their central function in redox regulation and antioxidant defense, some of these proteins might represent highly interesting targets for structure-based drug development. In this article we summarize the present knowledge on the thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin metabolism in malaria parasitized red blood cells. We furthermore report novel data on the biochemical and kinetic characterization of different thioredoxins, of AOP, and of the classic 1-Cys peroxiredoxin of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nickel
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Seib KL, Wu HJ, Kidd SP, Apicella MA, Jennings MP, McEwan AG. Defenses against oxidative stress in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a system tailored for a challenging environment. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:344-61. [PMID: 16760307 PMCID: PMC1489540 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a host-adapted pathogen that colonizes primarily the human genitourinary tract. This bacterium encounters reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species as a consequence of localized inflammatory responses in the urethra of males and endocervix of females and also of the activity of commensal lactobacilli in the vaginal flora. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of defense systems against oxidative stress in N. gonorrhoeae and shows that while some of its defenses have similarities to the paradigm established with Escherichia coli, there are also some key differences. These differences include the presence of a defense system against superoxide based on manganese ions and a glutathione-dependent system for defense against nitric oxide which is under the control of a novel MerR-like transcriptional regulator. An understanding of the defenses against oxidative stress in N. gonorrhoeae and their regulation may provide new insights into the ways in which this bacterium survives challenges from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and urogenital epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Seib
- The School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Rouhier N, Gama F, Wingsle G, Gelhaye E, Gans P, Jacquot JP. Engineering functional artificial hybrid proteins between poplar peroxiredoxin II and glutaredoxin or thioredoxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:1300-8. [PMID: 16476584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The existence of natural peroxiredoxin-glutaredoxin hybrid enzymes in several bacteria is in line with previous findings indicating that poplar peroxiredoxin II can use glutaredoxin as an electron donor. This peroxiredoxin remains however unique since it also uses thioredoxin with a quite good efficiency. Based on the existing fusions, we have created artificial enzymes containing a poplar peroxiredoxin module linked to glutaredoxin or thioredoxin modules. The recombinant fusion enzymes folded properly into non-covalently bound homodimers or homotetramers. Two of the three protein constructs exhibit peroxidase activity, a reaction where the two modules need to function together, but they also display enzymatic activities specific of each module. In addition, mass spectrometry analyses indicate that the Prx module can be both glutathiolated or overoxidized in vitro. This is discussed in the light of the Prx reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rouhier
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Mircoorganismes INRA-UHP, IFR 110 GEEF, Faculté des Sciences, 54506 Vandouevre-les-Nancy Cedex, France.
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24
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Meyer Y, Reichheld JP, Vignols F. Thioredoxins in Arabidopsis and other plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 86:419-33. [PMID: 16307307 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-5220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of disulfide dithiol exchange has become increasingly important in our knowledge of plant life. Initially discovered as regulators of light-dependent malate biosynthesis in the chloroplast, plant thioredoxins are now implicated in a large panel of reactions related to metabolism, defense and development. In this review we describe the numerous thioredoxin types encoded by the Arabidopsis genome, and provide evidence that they are present in all higher plants. Some results suggest cross-talk between thioredoxins and glutaredoxins, the second family of disulfide dithiol reductase. The development of proteomics in plants revealed an unexpectedly large number of putative target proteins for thioredoxins and glutaredoxins. Nevertheless, we are far from a clear understanding of the actual function of each thioredoxin in planta. Although hampered by functional redundancies between genes, genetic approaches are probably unavoidable to define which thioredoxin interacts with which target protein and evaluate the physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Meyer
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université UMR CNRS 5096 Genome et Développement des Plantes, 52, Av Paul Alduy , 66860 Perpignan, France.
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Noguera V, Walker O, Rouhier N, Jacquot JP, Krimm I, Lancelin JM. NMR Reveals a Novel Glutaredoxin–Glutaredoxin Interaction Interface. J Mol Biol 2005; 353:629-41. [PMID: 16181638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grx) represent a large family of glutathione (GSH)-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyse the reduction of disulfides or glutathione mixed disulfide. Grx domains from pathogenic bacteria and plant Grxs have been recently reported to target specific peroxiredoxins (Prxs). The specificity that triggers the interaction between Grx and Prx is poorly understood and is only based on the structure of Haemophilus influenzae Prx-Grx hybrid (hyPrx5). We report here an NMR study of the Populus tremula Grx C4 that targets a P.tremula D-type II Prx. We show that Grx C4 specifically self-associates in a monomer-dimer equilibrium with an apparent K(d) of ca 2.6 mM. Grx C4 homodimer was docked under experimental restraints. The results reveal a novel Grx-Grx interface that is unrelated to the hyPrx5 Grx-Grx dimer interface. Chemical-shift perturbations and 15N spin-relaxation measurements show that the auto-association surface comprises both the active site and the GSH binding site. Reduced GSH is demonstrated to bind reduced Grx with a K(d) of ca 8.6 mM. The potential biological significance of the new Grx-Grx interaction interface is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Noguera
- RMN Biomoléculaire, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5180 Sciences Analytiques, ESCPE-Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Pauwels F, Vergauwen B, Van Beeumen JJ. Physiological characterization of Haemophilus influenzae Rd deficient in its glutathione-dependent peroxidase PGdx. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:12163-70. [PMID: 14701867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312037200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimeric peroxidase PGdx of Haemophilus influenzae Rd belongs to a recently identified family of thiol peroxidases capable of reducing hydrogen peroxide as well as alkylhydroperoxides by means of glutathione redox cycling. In the present study, we constructed a H. influenzae Rd strain, deficient in its PGdx encoding gene (open reading frame HI0572). The mutant was shown by disk inhibition and liquid culture growth assays to exhibit increased susceptibility to organic hydroperoxides. The hampered growth was restored by complementing the interrupted gene on the genome with a replicating plasmid bearing an intact copy of the gene, hereby rejecting the possible influences of polar effects. Elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, due to the catalase HktE, were measured in the absence of a functional pgdx gene rendering the mutant more resilient against hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, after initiation of the stationary phase, aerobic cultures of the pgdx mutant were practically devoid of living cells, whereas wild-type counterparts retained viability. This observed feature was alleviated by complementation with the functional gene or with the addition of catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Pauwels
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Protein Engineering, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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