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Wang B, Zhang J, Zhang D, Lu C, Liu H, Gao Q, Niu T, Yin M, Cui S. Casein Kinase 1α as a Novel Factor Affects Thyrotropin Synthesis via PKC/ERK/CREB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7034. [PMID: 37108197 PMCID: PMC10138882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 1α (CK1α) is present in multiple cellular organelles and plays various roles in regulating neuroendocrine metabolism. Herein, we investigated the underlying function and mechanisms of CK1α-regulated thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) synthesis in a murine model. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect CK1α expression in murine pituitary tissue and its localization to specific cell types. Tshb mRNA expression in anterior pituitary was detected using real-time and radioimmunoassay techniques after CK1α activity was promoted and inhibited in vivo and in vitro. Relationships among TRH/L-T4, CK1α, and TSH were analyzed with TRH and L-T4 treatment, as well as thyroidectomy, in vivo. In mice, CK1α was expressed at higher levels in the pituitary gland tissue than in the thyroid, adrenal gland, or liver. However, inhibiting endogenous CK1α activity in the anterior pituitary and primary pituitary cells significantly increased TSH expression and attenuated the inhibitory effect of L-T4 on TSH. In contrast, CK1α activation weakened TSH stimulation by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) by suppressing protein kinase C (PKC)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/cAMP response element binding (CREB) signaling. CK1α, as a negative regulator, mediates TRH and L-T4 upstream signaling by targeting PKC, thus affecting TSH expression and downregulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation and CREB transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.W.)
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.W.)
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.W.)
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.W.)
| | - Qiao Gao
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tongjuan Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.W.)
| | - Mengqing Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.W.)
| | - Sheng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.W.)
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Knippschild U, Krüger M, Richter J, Xu P, García-Reyes B, Peifer C, Halekotte J, Bakulev V, Bischof J. The CK1 Family: Contribution to Cellular Stress Response and Its Role in Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:96. [PMID: 24904820 PMCID: PMC4032983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed pleiotropic CK1 family play major regulatory roles in many cellular processes including DNA-processing and repair, proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular trafficking, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. As a consequence of cellular stress conditions, interaction of CK1 with the mitotic spindle is manifold increased pointing to regulatory functions at the mitotic checkpoint. Furthermore, CK1 is able to alter the activity of key proteins in signal transduction and signal integration molecules. In line with this notion, CK1 is tightly connected to the regulation and degradation of β-catenin, p53, and MDM2. Considering the importance of CK1 for accurate cell division and regulation of tumor suppressor functions, it is not surprising that mutations and alterations in the expression and/or activity of CK1 isoforms are often detected in various tumor entities including cancer of the kidney, choriocarcinomas, breast carcinomas, oral cancer, adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, and ovarian cancer. Therefore, scientific effort has enormously increased (i) to understand the regulation of CK1 and its involvement in tumorigenesis- and tumor progression-related signal transduction pathways and (ii) to develop CK1-specific inhibitors for the use in personalized therapy concepts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding CK1 regulation, function, and interaction with cellular proteins playing central roles in cellular stress-responses and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Jakob Halekotte
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg , Russia
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
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3
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Chandrasekharan UM, Dechert L, Davidson UI, Waitkus M, Mavrakis L, Lyons K, Beach JR, Li X, Egelhoff TT, Fox PL, DiCorleto PE. Release of nonmuscle myosin II from the cytosolic domain of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 is required for target gene expression. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra60. [PMID: 23861542 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) elicits its biological activities through activation of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1, also known as p55) and TNFR2 (also known as p75). The activities of both receptors are required for the TNF-α-induced proinflammatory response. The adaptor protein TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is critical for either p55- or p75-mediated activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, as well as for target gene expression. We identified nonmuscle myosin II (myosin) as a binding partner of p75. TNF-α-dependent signaling by p75 and induction of target gene expression persisted substantially longer in cells deficient in myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC; a component of myosin) than in cells replete in myosin. In resting endothelial cells, myosin was bound constitutively to the intracellular region of p75, a region that overlaps with the TRAF2-binding domain, and TNF-α caused the rapid dissociation of myosin from p75. At early time points after exposure to TNF-α, p75 activated Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1). Inhibition of ROCK1 activity blocked TNF-α-dependent phosphorylation of MRLC and the dissociation of myosin from p75. ROCK1-dependent release of myosin was necessary for the TNF-α-dependent recruitment of TRAF2 to p75 and for p75-specific activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Thus, our findings have revealed a previously uncharacterized, noncanonical regulatory function of myosin in cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni M Chandrasekharan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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4
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Pharmaceutical perspectives for the delivery of TNF-α in cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-012-0044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Cabal-Hierro L, Lazo PS. Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor receptors. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1297-305. [PMID: 22374304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator in the inflammatory response which is implicated in the onset of a number of diseases. Research on TNF led to the characterization of the largest family of cytokines known until now, the TNF superfamily, which exert their biological effects through the interaction with transmembrane receptors of the TNFR superfamily. TNF itself exerts its biological effects interacting with two different receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 presents a death domain on its intracellular region. In contrast to TNFR1, TNFR2 does not have a death domain. Activation of TNFR1 implies the consecutive formation of two different TNF receptor signalling complexes. Complex I controls the expression of antiapoptotic proteins that prevent the triggering of cell death processes, whereas Complex II triggers cell death processes. TNFR2 only signals for antiapoptotic reactions. However, recent evidence indicates that TNFR2 also signals to induce TRAF2 degradation. TRAF2 is a key mediator in signal transduction of both TNFR1 and TNFR2. Thus, this novel signalling pathway has two important implications: on one hand, it represents an auto regulatory loop for TNFR2; on the other hand, when this signal is triggered TNFR1 activity is modified so that antiapoptotic pathways are inhibited and apoptotic reactions are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Cabal-Hierro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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6
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Guan YJ, Zhang Z, Yu C, Ma L, Hu W, Xu L, Gao JS, Chung CS, Wang L, Yang ZF, Fast LD, Chung AS, Kim M, Ayala A, Zhuang S, Zheng S, Chin YE. Phospho-SXXE/D motif mediated TNF receptor 1-TRADD death domain complex formation for T cell activation and migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1289-97. [PMID: 21724995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In TNF-treated cells, TNFR1, TNFR-associated death domain protein (TRADD), Fas-associated death domain protein, and receptor-interacting protein kinase proteins form the signaling complex via modular interaction within their C-terminal death domains. In this paper, we report that the death domain SXXE/D motifs (i.e., S381DHE motif of TNFR1-death domain as well as S215LKD and S296LAE motifs of TRADD-death domain) are phosphorylated, and this is required for stable TNFR1-TRADD complex formation and subsequent activation of NF-κB. Phospho-S215LKD and phospho-S296LAE motifs are also critical to TRADD for recruiting Fas-associated death domain protein and receptor-interacting protein kinase. IκB kinase β plays a critical role in TNFR1 phosphorylation of S381, which leads to subsequent T cell migration and accumulation. Consistently, we observed in inflammatory bowel disease specimens that TNFR1 was constitutively phosphorylated on S381 in those inflammatory T cells, which had accumulated in high numbers in the inflamed mucosa. Therefore, SXXE/D motifs found in the cytoplasmic domains of many TNFR family members and their adaptor proteins may serve to function as a specific interaction module for the α-helical death domain signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Guan
- Department of Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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7
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Rodríguez M, Cabal-Hierro L, Carcedo MT, Iglesias JM, Artime N, Darnay BG, Lazo PS. NF-kappaB signal triggering and termination by tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22814-24. [PMID: 21558270 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.225631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) activates transcription factor κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The mechanisms mediating these activations are dependent on the recruitment of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) to the intracellular region of the receptor. TNFR2 also induces TRAF2 degradation. We show that in addition to the well characterized TRAF2 binding motif 402-SKEE-405, the human receptor contains another sequence located at the C-terminal end (amino acids 425-439), which also recruits TRAF2 and activates NF-κB. In addition to that, human TNFR2 contains a conserved region (amino acids 338-379) which is responsible for TRAF2 degradation and therefore of terminating NF-κB signaling. TRAF2 degradation and the lack of NF-κB activation when both TNFR1 and TNFR2 are co-expressed results in an enhanced ability of TNFR1 to induce cell death, showing that the cross-talk between both receptors is of a great biological relevance. Induction of TRAF2 degradation appears to be independent of TRAF2 binding to the receptor. Amino acids 343-TGSSDSS-349 are essential for inducing TRAF2 degradation because deletion mutants of this region or point mutations at serine residues 345 and 346 or 348 and 349 obliterate the ability of TNFR2 to induce TRAF2 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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8
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Mbalaviele G, Anderson G, Jones A, De Ciechi P, Settle S, Mnich S, Thiede M, Abu-Amer Y, Portanova J, Monahan J. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase prevents inflammatory bone destruction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:1044-53. [PMID: 16501068 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are implicated in joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by modulating the production and functions of inflammatory cytokines. Although p38 MAPK (p38) participates in signaling cascades leading to osteolysis in arthritis, the mechanisms of its action in this process remain incompletely understood. Here, we found that the osteoclast (Ocl) precursors expressed p38alpha, but not p38beta, p38delta, and p38gamma isoforms. Treatment of these cells with receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB ligand (RANKL) resulted in p38 activation. Importantly, Ocl development induced by RANKL or RANKL and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was blocked with the novel p38 inhibitor 4-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrimidine (SC-409). To validate in vitro data, p38 role was further investigated in streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis in rats. We found that SCW-induced joint swelling and bone destruction were attenuated by SC-409. Mechanistically, the data show that SCW-stimulated DNA binding activity of the transcription factor myocyte-enhancing factor 2 C, which is downstream of p38, was inhibited by SC-409. In addition, SC-409 inhibited SCW-stimulated expression of numerous factors, including TNF-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and RANKL. Although c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and NF-kappaB pathways were activated in vitro by RANKL and in vivo by SCW, SC-409 had no significant effect on these pathways. In conclusion, our data show that p38 modulates the production and signaling of cytokines, thus providing a mechanism of the bone-sparing effect of SC-409 in rat arthritis. These data present SC-409 as a novel potent p38 inhibitor and suggest that p38-based therapies may be beneficial in preventing bone loss associated with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mbalaviele
- Department of Inflammation, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Mail Stop AA5G, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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9
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Knippschild U, Gocht A, Wolff S, Huber N, Löhler J, Stöter M. The casein kinase 1 family: participation in multiple cellular processes in eukaryotes. Cell Signal 2005; 17:675-89. [PMID: 15722192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of serine, threonine and tyrosine residues by cellular protein kinases plays an important role in the regulation of various cellular processes. The serine/threonine specific casein kinase 1 and 2 protein kinase families--(CK1 and CK2)--were among the first protein kinases that had been described. In recent years our knowledge of the regulation and function of mammalian CK1 kinase family members has rapidly increased. Extracellular stimuli, the subcellular localization of CK1 isoforms, their interaction with various cellular structures and proteins, as well as autophosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage of their C-terminal regulatory domains influence CK1 kinase activity. Mammalian CK1 isoforms phosphorylate many different substrates among them key regulatory proteins involved in the control of cell differentiation, proliferation, chromosome segregation and circadian rhythms. Deregulation and/or the incidence of mutations in the coding sequence of CK1 isoforms have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review will summarize our current knowledge about the function and regulation of mammalian CK1 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Knippschild
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstr. 9, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to a family of ligands with an associated family of receptor proteins. The pleiotropic actions of TNF range from proliferative responses such as cell growth and differentiation, to inflammatory effects and the mediation of immune responses, to destructive cellular outcomes such as apoptotic and necrotic cell death mechanisms. Activated TNF receptors mediate the association of distinct adaptor proteins that regulate a variety of signalling processes including kinase or phosphatase activation, lipase stimulation, and protease induction. Moreover, the cytokine regulates the activities of transcription factors, heterotrimeric or monomeric G-proteins and calcium ion homeostasis in order to orchestrate its cellular functions. This review addresses the structural basis of TNF signalling, the pathways employed with their cellular consequences, and focuses on the specific role played by each of the two TNF receptor isotypes, TNFR1 and TNFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J MacEwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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11
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MacEwan DJ. TNF ligands and receptors--a matter of life and death. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:855-75. [PMID: 11861313 PMCID: PMC1573213 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2001] [Revised: 12/06/2001] [Accepted: 12/07/2001] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J MacEwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD.
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12
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Sharma K, Wang RX, Zhang LY, Yin DL, Luo XY, Solomon JC, Jiang RF, Markos K, Davidson W, Scott DW, Shi YF. Death the Fas way: regulation and pathophysiology of CD95 and its ligand. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 88:333-47. [PMID: 11337030 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death mediated by the members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family is an essential process involved in the regulation of cellular homeostasis during development, differentiation, and pathophysiological conditions. Among the cell death receptors comprising the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, CD95/APO-1 (Fas) is the best characterized. The specific interaction of Fas with its cognate ligand, Fas ligand (FasL), elicits the activation of a death-inducing caspase (cysteine aspartic acid proteases) cascade, occurring in a transcription-independent manner. Caspase activation executes the apoptosis process by cleaving various intracellular substrates, leading to genomic DNA fragmentation, cell membrane blebbing, and the exposure of phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Recent studies have shown that the Fas/FasL pathway plays an important role in regulating the life and death of the immune system through activation-induced cell death. In addition, these molecules have been implicated in aging, human immunodeficiency virus infection, drug abuse, stress, and cancer development. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that regulate Fas and FasL expression, and how their deregulation leads to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sharma
- Department of Immunology, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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13
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Abstract
Out of the almost 17 members of the TNF superfamily, TNF is probably the most potent inducer of apoptosis. TNF activates both cell-survival and cell-death mechanisms simultaneously. Activation of NF-kB-dependent genes regulates the survival and proliferative effects pf TNF, whereas activation of caspases regulates the apoptotic effects. TNF-induced apoptosis is mediated primarily through the activation of type I receptors, the death domain of which recruits more than a dozen different signaling proteins, which together are considered part of an apoptotic cascade. This cascade does not, however, account for the role of reactive oxygen intermediates, ceramide, phospholipases, and serine proteases which are also implicated in TNF-induced apoptosis. This cascade also does not explain how type II TNF receptors which lack the death domain, induce apoptosis. Nevertheless, this review of apoptosis signaling will be limited to those proteins that makeup the cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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14
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Wallach D, Varfolomeev EE, Malinin NL, Goltsev YV, Kovalenko AV, Boldin MP. Tumor necrosis factor receptor and Fas signaling mechanisms. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17:331-67. [PMID: 10358762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 957] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family, TNF-alpha, LT-alpha, LT-beta, and LIGHT, interact with four receptors of the TNF/nerve growth factor family, the p55 TNF receptor (CD120a), the p75 TNF receptor (CD120b), the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT beta R), and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) to control a wide range of innate and adaptive immune response functions. Of these, the most thoroughly studied are cell death induction and regulation of the inflammatory process. Fas/Apo1 (CD95), a receptor of the TNF receptor family activated by a distinct ligand, induces death in cells through mechanisms shared with CD120a. The last four years have seen a proliferation in knowledge of the proteins participating in the signaling by the TNF system and CD95. The downstream signaling molecules identified so far--caspases, phospholipases, the three known mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, and the NF-kappa B activation cascade--mediate the effects of other inducers as well. However, the molecules that initiate these signaling events, including the death domain- and TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) domain-containing adapter proteins and the signaling enzymes associated with them, are largely unique to the TNF/nerve growth factor receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wallach
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel.
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15
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Watts AD, Hunt NH, Wanigasekara Y, Bloomfield G, Wallach D, Roufogalis BD, Chaudhri G. A casein kinase I motif present in the cytoplasmic domain of members of the tumour necrosis factor ligand family is implicated in 'reverse signalling'. EMBO J 1999; 18:2119-26. [PMID: 10205166 PMCID: PMC1171296 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.8.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a putative signalling feature of the cytoplasmic domains of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family members based on available amino acid sequence data. A casein kinase I (CKI) consensus sequence is conserved in the cytoplasmic domain of six of 15 members of the type II integral membrane TNF ligand family. We examined the phosphorylation state of transmembrane tumour necrosis factor-alpha (mTNF) with [32P]orthophosphate labelling and in vitro kinase assays, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. A dimeric form of the type I soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) was found to dephosphorylate mTNF. This effect could be prevented by treatment with phosphatase inhibitors. Recombinant CKI was able to phosphorylate mTNF that had been dephosphorylated by sTNFR ligation in vivo, and this was less effective if phosphatase inhibitors had been used to prevent mTNF dephosphorylation. A mutated form of mTNF, lacking the CKI recognition site, cannot be phosphorylated by the enzyme. Binding of sTNFR to mTNF induced an increase in intracellular calcium levels in RAW264.7 cells, implying the presence of an associated signalling pathway. We predict that this CKI motif is phosphorylated in other TNF ligand members, and that it represents a new insight into the mechanism of 'reverse signalling' in this cytokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Watts
- Departments of Pathology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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16
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Ng PW, Jänicke RU, Porter AG. Mutations which abolish phosphorylation of the TRAF-binding domain of TNF receptor 2 enhance receptor-mediated NF-kappa B activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:756-62. [PMID: 9535738 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a 41 amino acid region (amino acids 379 to 419) in the cytoplasmic domain of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is phosphorylated by unidentified kinase(s) both in vitro and in vivo. This domain (denoted x1c) corresponds almost exactly to the previously identified TRAF-binding domain and is by itself sufficient as a substrate for phosphorylation. In addition, the x1c domain is also crucial for TNFR2-mediated NF-kappa B activation. The cytoplasmic domain of TNFR2 lacks tyrosines, and conversion of all 12 potential serine and threonine phosphorylation targets in x1c to alanines either had no effect on NF-kappa B activation or resulted in enhanced NF-kappa B activity, depending on the structural context of x1c. The results show that while the TRAF-binding domain of TNFR2 is a major target of kinases, its phosphorylation is not required for NF-kappa B activation. Our data moreover suggest that phosphorylation of x1c negatively regulates the activation of NF-kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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