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Alberdi L, Vergnes A, Manneville JB, Tembo DL, Fang Z, Zhao Y, Schroeder N, Dumont A, Lagier M, Bassereau P, Redondo-Morata L, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Regulation of kinesin-1 activity by the Salmonella enterica effectors PipB2 and SifA. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs239863. [PMID: 32409568 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. The formation of its replication niche, which is composed of a vacuole associated with a network of membrane tubules, depends on the secretion of a set of bacterial effector proteins whose activities deeply modify the functions of the eukaryotic host cell. By recruiting and regulating the activity of the kinesin-1 molecular motor, Salmonella effectors PipB2 and SifA play an essential role in the formation of the bacterial compartments. In particular, they allow the formation of tubules from the vacuole and their extension along the microtubule cytoskeleton, and thus promote membrane exchanges and nutrient supply. We have developed in vitro and in cellulo assays to better understand the specific role played by these two effectors in the recruitment and regulation of kinesin-1. Our results reveal a specific interaction between the two effectors and indicate that, contrary to what studies on infected cells suggested, interaction with PipB2 is sufficient to relieve the autoinhibition of kinesin-1. Finally, they suggest the involvement of other Salmonella effectors in the control of the activity of this molecular motor.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Ziyan Fang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yaya Zhao
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Nina Schroeder
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Dumont
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Margaux Lagier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, 1 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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2
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Molecular cloning, expression and biochemical property analysis of AtKP1, a kinesin gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Steinberg G. Hyphal growth: a tale of motors, lipids, and the Spitzenkörper. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:351-60. [PMID: 17259546 PMCID: PMC1828937 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00381-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gero Steinberg
- MPI für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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4
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Hiratsuka Y, Kamei T, Yumoto N, Uyeda TQP. Three approaches to assembling nano-bio-machines using molecular motors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02697265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Straube A, Hause G, Fink G, Steinberg G. Conventional kinesin mediates microtubule-microtubule interactions in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:907-16. [PMID: 16339079 PMCID: PMC1356599 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-06-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional kinesin is a ubiquitous organelle transporter that moves cargo toward the plus-ends of microtubules. In addition, several in vitro studies indicated a role of conventional kinesin in cross-bridging and sliding microtubules, but in vivo evidence for such a role is missing. In this study, we show that conventional kinesin mediates microtubule-microtubule interactions in the model fungus Ustilago maydis. Live cell imaging and ultrastructural analysis of various mutants in Kin1 revealed that this kinesin-1 motor is required for efficient microtubule bundling and participates in microtubule bending in vivo. High levels of Kin1 led to increased microtubule bending, whereas a rigor-mutation in the motor head suppressed all microtubule motility and promoted strong microtubule bundling, indicating that kinesin can form cross-bridges between microtubules in living cells. This effect required a conserved region in the C terminus of Kin1, which was shown to bind microtubules in vitro. In addition, a fusion protein of yellow fluorescent protein and the Kin1tail localized to microtubule bundles, further supporting the idea that a conserved microtubule binding activity in the tail of conventional kinesins mediates microtubule-microtubule interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Straube
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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6
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Lakämper S, Meyhöfer E. The E-hook of tubulin interacts with kinesin's head to increase processivity and speed. Biophys J 2005; 89:3223-34. [PMID: 16100283 PMCID: PMC1366818 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.057505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are dimeric motor proteins that move processively along microtubules. It has been proposed that the processivity of conventional kinesins is increased by electrostatic interactions between the positively charged neck of the motor and the negatively charged C-terminus of tubulin (E-hook). In this report we challenge this anchoring hypothesis by studying the motility of a fast fungal kinesin from Neurospora crassa (NcKin). NcKin is highly processive despite lacking the positive charges in the neck. We present a detailed analysis of how proteolytic removal of the E-hook affects truncated monomeric and dimeric constructs of NcKin. Upon digestion we observe a strong reduction of the processivity and speed of dimeric motor constructs. Monomeric motors with truncated or no neck display the same reduction of microtubule gliding speed as dimeric constructs, suggesting that the E-hook interacts with the head only. The E-hook has no effect on the strongly bound states of NcKin as microtubule digestion does not alter the stall forces produced by single dimeric motors, suggesting that the E-hook affects the interaction site of the kinesin.ADP-head and the microtubule. In fact, kinetic and binding experiments indicate that removal of the E-hook shifts the binding equilibrium of the weakly attached kinesin.ADP-head toward a more strongly bound state, which may explain reduced processivity and speed on digested microtubules.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Diphosphate/chemistry
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry
- Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Biophysics/methods
- Biotinylation
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- Cattle
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dimerization
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Guanosine Triphosphate/chemistry
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Ions
- Kinesins/chemistry
- Kinetics
- Lasers
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microtubules/chemistry
- Models, Biological
- Movement
- Neurospora crassa/metabolism
- Potassium/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Static Electricity
- Tubulin/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lakämper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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7
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Abstract
We isolated several related but distinct cDNA clones encoding novel structure proteins (NSP) when screening a cDNA library. Analysis revealed that these cDNAs and several similar ESTs in the public databases are derived from a single gene of 17 exons that span a minimum of 227-kb region. This gene is located at chromosome 17p11.2, a region frequently amplified in human gliomas and osteosarcomas, and involved in Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, a tumor-prone syndrome. The major coding sequences shared by all isolated transcripts are predicted to encode SMC (structural maintenance of chromosome)/SbcC ATPase motifs and coiled-coil domains commonly seen in motor or structure proteins. Two 5'-end and two 3'-end variants (type 5alpha/beta and 3alpha/beta, respectively) were identified, making a total of four possible transcripts. Both 5alpha and 5beta variants were detected in human testis mRNA, but only type 5alpha was detectable in RNA samples extracted from HeLa cells. The unique carboxyl-terminus of 3beta contains a Ca(2+)-dependent actin-binding domain. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that NSPs were mostly localized to nuclei. Northern blot analysis demonstrated two major bands and the expression levels are tremendously high in testis while barely detectable in other normal tissues examined. Interestingly, NSP5alpha3alpha is highly expressed in some tumor cell lines. These results suggest that NSPs represent a new family of structure proteins with a possible role in nuclear dynamics during cell division, and that NSP5alpha3alpha may serve as a tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianli Sang
- Program of Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; USA
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Donna M Fath
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Program of Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; USA
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology Temple University, Philadelphia PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence:A Giordano, Temple University, Bio Life Science Bldg., 1900 N. 12th Street, Suite #333, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA;
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8
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Klopfenstein DR, Holleran EA, Vale RD. Kinesin motors and microtubule-based organelle transport in Dictyostelium discoideum. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2003; 23:631-8. [PMID: 12952062 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024403006680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Movement of membrane cargoes and chromosomes is driven by kinesin and dynein motors in most eukaryotic cells. In this review, we describe the known kinesin and dynein genes in Dictyostelium. Dictyostelium primarily utilizes two conventional kinesins, an Unc104/KIF1 kinesin, and cytoplasmic dynein to transport membrane organelles within its cytoplasm. We describe how the biological functions of these motors has been dissected through a combination of biochemical to genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter R Klopfenstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
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9
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Schoch CL, Aist JR, Yoder OC, Gillian Turgeon B. A complete inventory of fungal kinesins in representative filamentous ascomycetes. Fungal Genet Biol 2003; 39:1-15. [PMID: 12742059 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(03)00022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complete inventories of kinesins from three pathogenic filamentous ascomycetes, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and Gibberella moniliformis, are described. These protein sequences were compared with those of the filamentous saprophyte, Neurospora crassa and the two yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Data mining and phylogenetic analysis of the motor domain yielded a constant set of 10 kinesins in the filamentous fungal species, compared with a smaller set in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. The filamentous fungal kinesins fell into nine subfamilies when compared with well-characterized kinesins from other eukaryotes. A few putative kinesins (one in B. fuckeliana and two in C. heterostrophus) could not be defined as functional, due to unorthodox organization and lack of experimental data. The broad representation of filamentous fungal kinesins across most of the known subfamilies and the ease of gene manipulation make fungi ideal models for functional and evolutionary investigation of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad L Schoch
- Department of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Deluca D, Woehlke G, Moroder L. Synthesis and conformational characterization of peptides related to the neck domain of a fungal kinesin. J Pept Sci 2003; 9:203-11. [PMID: 12725241 DOI: 10.1002/psc.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Y362K mutation in the neck domain of conventional kinesin from Neurospora crassa provokes a significant reduction of the rate of movement along microtubules. Since the alpha-helical coiled-coil structure of the neck region is implicated in the mechanism of the processive movement of kinesins, a series of peptides related to the heptad region 338-379 of the wild-type and the variant fungal kinesinswere synthesized as monomers and as N-terminal disulfide dimers, crosslinked to favour self-association into coiled-coil structures entropically. A comparison of the dichroic properties of the peptides and the effects of trifluoroethanol and peptide concentration clearly confirmed the strong implication of the single point mutation in destabilizing the intrinsic propensity of the peptides to fold into the supercoiled conformation. That there is a correlation between the stability of the coiled-coil and rate of movement of the kinesin is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominga Deluca
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Lakämper S, Kallipolitou A, Woehlke G, Schliwa M, Meyhöfer E. Single fungal kinesin motor molecules move processively along microtubules. Biophys J 2003; 84:1833-43. [PMID: 12609885 PMCID: PMC1302752 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional kinesins are two-headed molecular motors that move as single molecules micrometer-long distances on microtubules by using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. The presence of two heads is a prerequisite for this processive motility, but other interacting domains, like the neck and K-loop, influence the processivity and are implicated in allowing some single-headed kinesins to move processively. Neurospora kinesin (NKin) is a phylogenetically distant, dimeric kinesin from Neurospora crassa with high gliding speed and an unusual neck domain. We quantified the processivity of NKin and compared it to human kinesin, HKin, using gliding and fluorescence-based processivity assays. Our data show that NKin is a processive motor. Single NKin molecules translocated microtubules in gliding assays on average 2.14 micro m (N = 46). When we tracked single, fluorescently labeled NKin motors, they moved on average 1.75 micro m (N = 182) before detaching from the microtubule, whereas HKin motors moved shorter distances (0.83 micro m, N = 229) under identical conditions. NKin is therefore at least twice as processive as HKin. These studies, together with biochemical work, provide a basis for experiments to dissect the molecular mechanisms of processive movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lakämper
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
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12
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Kallipolitou A, Deluca D, Majdic U, Lakämper S, Cross R, Meyhöfer E, Moroder L, Schliwa M, Woehlke G. Unusual properties of the fungal conventional kinesin neck domain from Neurospora crassa. EMBO J 2001; 20:6226-35. [PMID: 11707394 PMCID: PMC125726 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.22.6226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal conventional kinesins are unusually fast microtubule motor proteins. To compare the functional organization of fungal and animal conventional kinesins, a set of C-terminal deletion mutants of the Neurospora crassa conventional kinesin, NcKin, was investigated for its biochemical and biophysical properties. While the shortest, monomeric construct comprising the catalytic core and the neck-linker (NcKin343) displays very high steady-state ATPase (k(cat) = 260/s), constructs including both the full neck and adjacent hinge domains (NcKin400, NcKin433 and NcKin480) show wild-type behaviour: they are dimeric, show fast gliding and slower ATP turnover rates (k(cat) = 60-84/s), and are chemically processive. Unexpectedly, a construct (NcKin378, corresponding to Drosophila KHC381) that includes just the entire coiled-coil neck is a monomer. Its ATPase activity is slow (k(cat) = 27/s), and chemical processivity is abolished. Together with a structural analysis of synthetic neck peptides, our data demonstrate that the NcKin neck domain behaves differently from that of animal conventional kinesins and may be tuned to drive fast, processive motility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominga Deluca
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Cell Biology 1b, Universität München, Schillerstrasse 42, D-80336 Munich,
Max-Planck-Insitiute for Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and Molecular Motors Group, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Stefan Lakämper
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Cell Biology 1b, Universität München, Schillerstrasse 42, D-80336 Munich,
Max-Planck-Insitiute for Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and Molecular Motors Group, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Robert Cross
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Cell Biology 1b, Universität München, Schillerstrasse 42, D-80336 Munich,
Max-Planck-Insitiute for Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and Molecular Motors Group, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Edgar Meyhöfer
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Cell Biology 1b, Universität München, Schillerstrasse 42, D-80336 Munich,
Max-Planck-Insitiute for Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and Molecular Motors Group, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Luis Moroder
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Cell Biology 1b, Universität München, Schillerstrasse 42, D-80336 Munich,
Max-Planck-Insitiute for Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and Molecular Motors Group, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Günther Woehlke
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Cell Biology 1b, Universität München, Schillerstrasse 42, D-80336 Munich,
Max-Planck-Insitiute for Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and Molecular Motors Group, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
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13
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Requena N, Alberti-Segui C, Winzenburg E, Horn C, Schliwa M, Philippsen P, Liese R, Fischer R. Genetic evidence for a microtubule-destabilizing effect of conventional kinesin and analysis of its consequences for the control of nuclear distribution in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2001; 42:121-32. [PMID: 11679072 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Conventional kinesin is a microtubule-dependent motor protein believed to be involved in a variety of intracellular transport processes. In filamentous fungi, conventional kinesin has been implicated in different processes, such as vesicle migration, polarized growth, nuclear distribution, mitochondrial movement and vacuole formation. To gain further insights into the functions of this kinesin motor, we identified and characterized the conventional kinesin gene, kinA, of the established model organism Aspergillus nidulans. Disruption of the gene leads to a reduced growth rate and a nuclear positioning defect, resulting in nuclear cluster formation. These clusters are mobile and display a dynamic behaviour. The mutant phenotypes are pronounced at 37 degrees C, but rescued at 25 degrees C. The hyphal growth rate at 25 degrees C was even higher than that of the wild type at the same temperature. In addition, kinesin-deficient strains were less sensitive to the microtubule destabilizing drug benomyl, and disruption of conventional kinesin suppressed the cold sensitivity of an alpha-tubulin mutation (tubA4). These results suggest that conventional kinesin of A. nidulans plays a role in cytoskeletal dynamics, by destabilizing microtubules. This new role of conventional kinesin in microtubule stability could explain the various phenotypes observed in different fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Requena
- Department of Microbiology, University of Marburg and Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Goldstein LS, Philp AV. The road less traveled: emerging principles of kinesin motor utilization. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1999; 15:141-83. [PMID: 10611960 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the kinesin superfamily utilize a conserved catalytic motor domain to generate movements in a wide variety of cellular processes. In this review, we discuss the rapid expansion in our understanding of how eukaryotic cells take advantage of these proteins to generate force and movement in diverse functional contexts. We summarize several recent examples revealing that the simplest view of a kinesin motor protein binding to and translocating a cargo along a microtubule track is inadequate. In fact, this paradigm captures only a small subset of the many ways in which cells harness force production of the generation of intracellular movements and functions. We also highlight several situations where the catalytic kinesin motor domain may not be used to generate movement, but instead may be used in other biochemical and functional contexts. Finally, we review some recent ideas about kinesin motor regulation, redundancy, and cargo attachment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Goldstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0683, USA.
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15
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Sakowicz R, Farlow S, Goldstein LS. Cloning and expression of kinesins from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Protein Sci 1999; 8:2705-10. [PMID: 10631986 PMCID: PMC2144245 DOI: 10.1110/ps.8.12.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The motor domain regions of three novel members of the kinesin superfamily TLKIF1, TLKIFC, and TLBIMC were identified in a thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Based on sequence similarity, they were classified as members of the known kinesin families Unc104/KIF1, KAR3, and BIMC. TLKIF1 was subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli. The expression level was high, and the protein was mostly soluble, easy to purify, and enzymatically active. TLKIF1 is a monomeric kinesin motor, which in a gliding motility assay displays a robust plus-directed microtubule movement up to 2 microm/s. The discovery of TLKIF1 also demonstrates that a family of kinesin motors not previously found in fungi may in fact be used in this group of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sakowicz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0683, USA
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16
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Grummt M, Woehlke G, Henningsen U, Fuchs S, Schleicher M, Schliwa M. Importance of a flexible hinge near the motor domain in kinesin-driven motility. EMBO J 1998; 17:5536-42. [PMID: 9755154 PMCID: PMC1170882 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.19.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional kinesin is a molecular motor consisting of an N-terminal catalytic motor domain, an extended stalk and a small globular C-terminus. Whereas the structure and function of the catalytic motor domain has been investigated, little is known about the function of domains outside the globular head. A short coiled-coil region adjacent to the motor domain, termed the neck, is known to be important for dimerization and may be required for kinesin processivity. We now provide evidence that a helix-disrupting hinge region (hinge 1) that separates the neck from the first extended coiled-coil of the stalk plays an essential role in basic motor activity. A fast fungal kinesin from Syncephalastrum racemosum was used for these studies. Deletion, substitution by a coiled-coil and truncation of the hinge 1 region all reduce motor speed and uncouple ATP turnover from gliding velocity. Insertion of hinge 1 regions from two conventional kinesins, Nkin and DmKHC, fully restores motor activity, whereas insertion of putative flexible linkers of other proteins does not, suggesting that hinge 1 regions of conventional kinesins can functionally replace each other. We suggest that this region is essential for kinesin movement in its promotion of chemo-mechanical coupling of the two heads and therefore the functional motor domain should be redefined to include not only the catalytic head but also the adjacent neck and hinge 1 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grummt
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Zellbiologie, University of Munich, Schillerstrasse 42, 80336 Munich, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Polarized growth, secretion of exoenzymes, organelle inheritance, and organelle positioning require vectorial transport along cytoskeletal elements. The discovery of molecular motors and intensive studies on their biological function during the past 3 years confirmed a central role of these mechanoenzymes in morphogenesis and development of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Saccharomyces cerevisiae proved to be an excellent model system, in which the complete set of molecular motors is presumed to be known. Genetic studies combined with cell biological methods revealed unexpected functional relationships between these motors and has greatly improved our understanding of nuclear migration, exocytosis, and endocytosis in yeasts. Tip growth of elongated hyphae, compared to budding, however, does require vectorial transport over long distances. The identification of ubiquitous motors that are not present in yeast indicates that studies on filamentous fungi might be helpful to elucidate the role of motors in long-distance organelle transport within higher eukaryotic cells. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Steinberg
- Institute for Genetics and Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Maria-Ward-Strasse 1a, Munich, 80638, Germany
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