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Wright CS, Robling AG, Farach-Carson MC, Thompson WR. Skeletal Functions of Voltage Sensitive Calcium Channels. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:206-221. [PMID: 33721180 PMCID: PMC8216424 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) are ubiquitous multimeric protein complexes that are necessary for the regulation of numerous physiological processes. VSCCs regulate calcium influx and various intracellular processes including muscle contraction, neurotransmission, hormone secretion, and gene transcription, with function specificity defined by the channel's subunits and tissue location. The functions of VSCCs in bone are often overlooked since bone is not considered an electrically excitable tissue. However, skeletal homeostasis and adaptation relies heavily on VSCCs. Inhibition or deletion of VSCCs decreases osteogenesis, impairs skeletal structure, and impedes anabolic responses to mechanical loading. RECENT FINDINGS: While the functions of VSCCs in osteoclasts are less clear, VSCCs have distinct but complementary functions in osteoblasts and osteocytes. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review details the structure, function, and nomenclature of VSCCs, followed by a comprehensive description of the known functions of VSCCs in bone cells and their regulation of bone development, bone formation, and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - William R Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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2
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Maleckar MM, Martín-Vasallo P, Giles WR, Mobasheri A. Physiological Effects of the Electrogenic Current Generated by the Na +/K + Pump in Mammalian Articular Chondrocytes. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:258-268. [PMID: 34471850 PMCID: PMC8370340 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the chondrocyte is a nonexcitable cell, there is strong interest in gaining detailed knowledge of its ion pumps, channels, exchangers, and transporters. In combination, these transport mechanisms set the resting potential, regulate cell volume, and strongly modulate responses of the chondrocyte to endocrine agents and physicochemical alterations in the surrounding extracellular microenvironment. Materials and Methods: Mathematical modeling was used to assess the functional roles of energy-requiring active transport, the Na+/K+ pump, in chondrocytes. Results: Our findings illustrate plausible physiological roles for the Na+/K+ pump in regulating the resting membrane potential and suggest ways in which specific molecular components of pump can respond to the unique electrochemical environment of the chondrocyte. Conclusion: This analysis provides a basis for linking chondrocyte electrophysiology to metabolism and yields insights into novel ways of manipulating or regulating responsiveness to external stimuli both under baseline conditions and in chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- UD of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Wayne R Giles
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Martinac B, Nikolaev YA, Silvani G, Bavi N, Romanov V, Nakayama Y, Martinac AD, Rohde P, Bavi O, Cox CD. Cell membrane mechanics and mechanosensory transduction. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:83-141. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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4
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Automated Indirect Transportation of Biological Cells with Optical Tweezers and a 3D Printed Microtool. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9142883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical tweezers are widely used for noninvasive and precise micromanipulation of living cells to understand biological processes. By focusing laser beams on cells, direct cell manipulation with optical tweezers can achieve high precision and flexibility. However, direct exposure to the laser beam can lead to negative effects on the cells. These phenomena are also known as photobleaching and photodamage. In this study, we proposed a new indirect cell micromanipulation approach combined with a robot-aided holographic optical tweezer system and 3D nano-printed microtool. The microtool was designed with a V-shaped head and an optical handle part. The V-shaped head can push and trap different sizes of cells as the microtool moves forward by optical trapping of the handle part. In this way, cell exposure to the laser beam can be effectively reduced. The microtool was fabricated with a laser direct writing system by two-photon photopolymerization. A control strategy combined with an imaging processing algorithm was introduced for automated manipulation of the microtool and cells. Experiments were performed to verify the effectiveness of our approach. First, automated microtool transportation and rotation were demonstrated with high precision. Second, indirect optical transportations of cells, with and without an obstacle, were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Third, experiments of fluorescent cell manipulation were performed to confirm that, indicated by the photobleaching effect, indirect manipulation with the microtool could induce less laser exposure compared with direct optical manipulation. The proposed method could be useful in complex biomedical applications where precise cell manipulation and less laser exposure are required.
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5
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Scialla S, Palazzo B, Barca A, Carbone L, Fiore A, Monteduro AG, Maruccio G, Sannino A, Gervaso F. Simplified preparation and characterization of magnetic hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposites. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:1166-1174. [PMID: 28482482 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Authors aimed to provide a magnetic responsiveness to bone-mimicking nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA). For this purpose, dextran-grafted iron oxide nanoarchitectures (DM) were synthesized by a green-friendly and scalable alkaline co-precipitation method at room temperature and used to functionalize n-HA crystals. Different amounts of DM hybrid structures were added into the nanocomposites (DM/n-HA 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1weight ratio) which were investigated through extensive physicochemical (XRD, ICP, TGA and Zeta-potential), microstructural (TEM and DLS), magnetic (VSM) and biological analyses (MTT proliferation assay). X-ray diffraction patterns have confirmed the n-HA formation in the presence of DM as a co-reagent. Furthermore, the addition of DM during the synthesis does not affect the primary crystallite domains of DM/n-HA nanocomposites. DM/n-HAs have shown a rising of the magnetic moment values by increasing DM content up to 2:1 ratio. However, the magnetic moment value recorded in the DM/n-HA 3:1 do not further increase showing a saturation behaviour. The cytocompatibility of the DM/n-HA was evaluated with respect to the MG63 osteoblast-like cell line. Proliferation assays revealed that viability, carried out in the absence of external magnetic field, was not affected by the amount of DM employed. Interestingly, assays also suggested that the DM/n-HA nanocomposites exhibit a possible shielding effect with respect to the anti-proliferative activity induced by the DM particles alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Scialla
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Barbara Palazzo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy; Ghimas S.p.A., c/o Dhitech S.c.a.r.l., Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- General Physiology Laboratory, DiSTeBA Department, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Angela Fiore
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy; Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Grazia Monteduro
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis" Research Hospital, via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy; Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Gervaso
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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6
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Sapir-Lekhovitser Y, Rotenberg MY, Jopp J, Friedman G, Polyak B, Cohen S. Magnetically actuated tissue engineered scaffold: insights into mechanism of physical stimulation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3386-3399. [PMID: 26790538 PMCID: PMC4772769 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05500h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Providing the right stimulatory conditions resulting in efficient tissue promoting microenvironment in vitro and in vivo is one of the ultimate goals in tissue development for regenerative medicine. It has been shown that in addition to molecular signals (e.g. growth factors) physical cues are also required for generation of functional cell constructs. These cues are particularly relevant to engineering of biological tissues, within which mechanical stress activates mechano-sensitive receptors, initiating biochemical pathways which lead to the production of functionally mature tissue. Uniform magnetic fields coupled with magnetizable nanoparticles embedded within three dimensional (3D) scaffold structures remotely create transient physical forces that can be transferrable to cells present in close proximity to the nanoparticles. This study investigated the hypothesis that magnetically responsive alginate scaffold can undergo reversible shape deformation due to alignment of scaffold's walls in a uniform magnetic field. Using custom made Helmholtz coil setup adapted to an Atomic Force Microscope we monitored changes in matrix dimensions in situ as a function of applied magnetic field, concentration of magnetic particles within the scaffold wall structure and rigidity of the matrix. Our results show that magnetically responsive scaffolds exposed to an externally applied time-varying uniform magnetic field undergo a reversible shape deformation. This indicates on possibility of generating bending/stretching forces that may exert a mechanical effect on cells due to alternating pattern of scaffold wall alignment and relaxation. We suggest that the matrix structure deformation is produced by immobilized magnetic nanoparticles within the matrix walls resulting in a collective alignment of scaffold walls upon magnetization. The estimated mechanical force that can be imparted on cells grown on the scaffold wall at experimental conditions is in the order of 1 pN, which correlates well with reported threshold to induce mechanotransduction effects on cellular level. This work is our next step in understanding of how to accurately create proper stimulatory microenvironment for promotion of cellular organization to form mature tissue engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Sapir-Lekhovitser
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Menahem Y. Rotenberg
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Juergen Jopp
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19102, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Boris Polyak
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19102, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Smadar Cohen
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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7
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Hu B, Dobson J, El Haj AJ. Control of smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) up-regulation in HBMSCs using remote magnetic particle mechano-activation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Abstract
We overview the latest developments of polymeric/ceramic scaffolds and hydrogels that contain magnetic particles for the improvement of tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gil
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials
- Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory
- Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials
- Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory
- Guimarães, Portugal
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9
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Cytoskeletal strains in modeled optohydrodynamically stressed healthy and diseased biological cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHYSICS 2012; 2012:830741. [PMID: 23304139 PMCID: PMC3523158 DOI: 10.1155/2012/830741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Controlled external chemomechanical stimuli have been shown to influence cellular and tissue regeneration/degeneration, especially with regards to distinct disease sequelae or health maintenance. Recently, a unique three-dimensional stress state was mathematically derived to describe the experimental stresses applied to isolated living cells suspended in an optohydrodynamic trap (optical tweezers combined with microfluidics). These formulae were previously developed in two and three dimensions from the fundamental equations describing creeping flows past a suspended sphere. The objective of the current study is to determine the full-field cellular strain response due to the applied three-dimensional stress environment through a multiphysics computational simulation. In this investigation, the multiscale cytoskeletal structures are modeled as homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. The resulting computational biophysics can be directly compared with experimental strain measurements, other modeling interpretations of cellular mechanics including the liquid drop theory, and biokinetic models of biomolecule dynamics. The described multiphysics computational framework will facilitate more realistic cytoskeletal model interpretations, whose intracellular structures can be distinctly defined, including the cellular membrane substructures, nucleus, and organelles.
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10
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Zheng C, Chen G, Pang Y, Huang Y. An integrated microfluidic device for long-term culture of isolated single mammalian cells. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Kohles SS, Liang Y, Saha AK. Volumetric stress-strain analysis of optohydrodynamically suspended biological cells. J Biomech Eng 2011; 133:011004. [PMID: 21186894 DOI: 10.1115/1.4002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing investigations are exploring the biomechanical properties of isolated and suspended biological cells in pursuit of understanding single-cell mechanobiology. An optical tweezer with minimal applied laser power has positioned biologic cells at the geometric center of a microfluidic cross-junction, creating a novel optohydrodynamic trap. The resulting fluid flow environment facilitates unique multiaxial loading of single cells with site-specific normal and shear stresses resulting in a physical albeit extensional state. A recent two-dimensional analysis has explored the cytoskeletal strain response due to these fluid-induced stresses [Wilson and Kohles, 2010, "Two-Dimensional Modeling of Nanomechanical Stresses-Strains in Healthy and Diseased Single-Cells During Microfluidic Manipulation," J Nanotechnol Eng Med, 1(2), p. 021005]. Results described a microfluidic environment having controlled nanometer and piconewton resolution. In this present study, computational fluid dynamics combined with multiphysics modeling has further characterized the applied fluid stress environment and the solid cellular strain response in three dimensions to accompany experimental cell stimulation. A volumetric stress-strain analysis was applied to representative living cell biomechanical data. The presented normal and shear stress surface maps will guide future microfluidic experiments as well as provide a framework for characterizing cytoskeletal structure influencing the stress to strain response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Kohles
- Reparative Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA.
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12
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Kelly GM, Kilpatrick JI, van Es MH, Weafer PP, Prendergast PJ, Jarvis SP. Bone cell elasticity and morphology changes during the cell cycle. J Biomech 2011; 44:1484-90. [PMID: 21481877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells are reported to be regulated by a range of factors including interactions with the extracellular environment and other cells, differentiation status, the onset of pathological states, as well as the intracellular factors, for example, the cytoskeleton. The cell cycle is considered to be a well-ordered sequence of biochemical events. A number of processes reported to occur during its progression are inherently mechanical and, as such, require mechanical regulation. In spite of this, few attempts have been made to investigate the putative regulatory role of the cell cycle in mechanobiology. In the present study, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was employed to investigate the elastic modulus of synchronised osteoblasts. The data obtained confirm that osteoblast elasticity is regulated by cell cycle phase; specifically, cells in S phase were found to have a modulus approximately 1.7 times that of G1 phase cells. Confocal microscopy studies revealed that aspects of osteoblast morphology, namely F-actin expression, were also modulated by the cell cycle, and tended to increase with phase progression from G0 onwards. The data obtained in this study are likely to have implications for the fields of tissue- and bio-engineering, where prior knowledge of cell mechanobiology is essential for the effective replacement and repair of tissue. Furthermore, studies focused on biomechanics and the biophysical properties of cells are important in the understanding of the onset and progression of disease states, for example cancer at the cellular level. Our study demonstrates the importance of the combined use of traditional and relatively novel microscopy techniques in understanding mechanical regulation by crucial cellular processes, such as the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M Kelly
- Nanoscale Function Group, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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13
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Kohles SS, Nève N, Zimmerman JD, Tretheway DC. Mechanical stress analysis of microfluidic environments designed for isolated biological cell investigations. J Biomech Eng 2010; 131:121006. [PMID: 20524729 DOI: 10.1115/1.4000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in technologies for assessing biomechanics at the cellular level have led to discoveries in mechanotransduction and the investigation of cell mechanics as a biomarker for disease. With the recent development of an integrated optical tweezer with micron resolution particle image velocimetry, the opportunity to apply controlled multiaxial stresses to suspended single cells is available (Neve, N., Lingwood, J. K., Zimmerman, J., Kohles, S. S., and Tretheway, D. C., 2008, "The muPIVOT: An Integrated Particle Image Velocimetry and Optical Tweezers Instrument for Microenvironment Investigations," Meas. Sci. Technol., 19(9), pp. 095403). A stress analysis was applied to experimental and theoretical flow velocity gradients of suspended cell-sized polystyrene microspheres demonstrating the relevant geometry of nonadhered spherical cells, as observed for osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts. Three flow conditions were assessed: a uniform flow field generated by moving the fluid sample with an automated translation stage, a gravity driven flow through a straight microchannel, and a gravity driven flow through a microchannel cross junction. The analysis showed that fluid-induced stresses on suspended cells (hydrodynamic shear, normal, and principal stresses in the range of 0.02-0.04 Pa) are generally at least an order of magnitude lower than adhered single cell studies for uniform and straight microchannel flows (0.5-1.0 Pa). In addition, hydrostatic pressures dominate (1-100 Pa) over hydrodynamic stresses. However, in a cross junction configuration, orders of magnitude larger hydrodynamic stresses are possible without the influence of physical contact and with minimal laser trapping power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Kohles
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Engineering bone tissue for use in orthopaedics poses multiple challenges. Providing the appropriate growth environment that will allow complex tissues such as bone to grow is one of these challenges. There are multiple design factors that must be considered in order to generate a functional tissue in vitro for replacement surgery in the clinic. Complex bioreactors have been designed that allow different stress regimes such as compressive, shear, and rotational forces to be applied to three-dimensional (3D) engineered constructs. This review addresses these considerations and outlines the types of bioreactor that have been developed and are currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - S H Cartmell
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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15
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Wilson ZD, Kohles SS. Two-Dimensional Modeling of Nanomechanical Strains in Healthy and Diseased Single-Cells During Microfluidic Stress Applications. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2010; 1:21005. [PMID: 20930944 PMCID: PMC2949970 DOI: 10.1115/1.4001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Investigations in cellular and molecular engineering have explored the impact of nanotechnology and the potential for monitoring and control of human diseases. In a recent analysis, the dynamic fluid-induced stresses were characterized during microfluidic applications of an instrument with nanometer and picoNewton resolution as developed for single-cell biomechanics (Kohles, S. S., Nève, N., Zimmerman, J. D., and Tretheway, D. C., 2009, "Stress Analysis of Microfluidic Environments Designed for Isolated Biological Cell Investigations," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 131(12), p. 121006). The results described the limited stress levels available in laminar, creeping-flow environments, as well as the qualitative cellular strain response to such stress applications. In this study, we present a two-dimensional computational model exploring the physical application of normal and shear stress profiles (with 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 Pa peak amplitudes) potentially available within uniform and extensional flow states. The corresponding cellular strains and strain patterns were determined within cells modeled with healthy and diseased mechanical properties (5.0-0.1 kPa moduli, respectively). Strain energy density results integrated over the volume of the planar section indicated a strong mechanical sensitivity involving cells with disease-like properties. In addition, ex vivo microfluidic environments creating in vivo stress states would require freestream flow velocities of 2-7 mm/s. Knowledge of the nanomechanical stresses-strains necessary to illicit a biologic response in the cytoskeleton and cellular membrane will ultimately lead to refined mechanotransduction relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Wilson
- Reparative Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207
| | - Sean S. Kohles
- Reparative Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207; Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239,
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16
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Dobson J, Bowtell R, Garcia-Prieto A, Pankhurst Q. Safety implications of high-field MRI: actuation of endogenous magnetic iron oxides in the human body. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5431. [PMID: 19412550 PMCID: PMC2673027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanners have become ubiquitous in hospitals and high-field systems (greater than 3 Tesla) are becoming increasingly common. In light of recent European Union moves to limit high-field exposure for those working with MRI scanners, we have evaluated the potential for detrimental cellular effects via nanomagnetic actuation of endogenous iron oxides in the body. Methodology Theoretical models and experimental data on the composition and magnetic properties of endogenous iron oxides in human tissue were used to analyze the forces on iron oxide particles. Principal Finding and Conclusions Results show that, even at 9.4 Tesla, forces on these particles are unlikely to disrupt normal cellular function via nanomagnetic actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Dobson
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
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17
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Zhang H, Liu KK. Optical tweezers for single cells. J R Soc Interface 2008; 5:671-90. [PMID: 18381254 PMCID: PMC2408388 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tweezers (OT) have emerged as an essential tool for manipulating single biological cells and performing sophisticated biophysical/biomechanical characterizations. Distinct advantages of using tweezers for these characterizations include non-contact force for cell manipulation, force resolution as accurate as 100aN and amiability to liquid medium environments. Their wide range of applications, such as transporting foreign materials into single cells, delivering cells to specific locations and sorting cells in microfluidic systems, are reviewed in this article. Recent developments of OT for nanomechanical characterization of various biological cells are discussed in terms of both their theoretical and experimental advancements. The future trends of employing OT in single cells, especially in stem cell delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, are prospected. More importantly, current limitations and future challenges of OT for these new paradigms are also highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuo-Kang Liu
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele UniversityStoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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18
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Scott A, Khan KM, Duronio V, Hart DA. Mechanotransduction in human bone: in vitro cellular physiology that underpins bone changes with exercise. Sports Med 2008; 38:139-60. [PMID: 18201116 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone has a remarkable ability to adjust its mass and architecture in response to a wide range of loads, from low-level gravitational forces to high-level impacts. A variety of types and magnitudes of mechanical stimuli have been shown to influence human bone cell metabolism in vitro, including fluid shear, tensile and compressive strain, altered gravity and vibration. Therefore, the current article aims to synthesize in vitro data regarding the cellular mechanisms underlying the response of human bone cells to mechanical loading. Current data demonstrate commonalities in response to different types of mechanical stimuli on the one hand, along with differential activation of intracellular signalling on the other. A major unanswered question is, how do bone cells sense and distinguish between different types of load? The studies included in the present article suggest that the type and magnitude of loading may be discriminated by overlapping mechanosensory mechanisms including (i) ion channels; (ii) integrins; (iii) G-proteins; and (iv) the cytoskeleton. The downstream signalling pathways identified to date appear to overlap with known growth factor and hormone signals, providing a mechanism of interaction between systemic influences and the local mechanical environment. Finally, the data suggest that exercise should emphasize the amount of load rather than the number of repetitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Scott
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Dobson J. Remote control of cellular behaviour with magnetic nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:139-43. [PMID: 18654485 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
By binding magnetic nanoparticles to the surface of cells, it is possible to manipulate and control cell function with an external magnetic field. The technique of activating cells with magnetic nanoparticles offers a means to isolate and explore cellular mechanics and ion channel activation to gain better understanding of these processes. Here, we go beyond using this technique as an investigative tool and focus on its potential to actively control cellular functions and processes with an eye towards biological and clinical applications. In particular, we focus on applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Dobson
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Harsthill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
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Bioreactors for Connective Tissue Engineering: Design and Monitoring Innovations. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
We present the first known implementation of a passive, scalable architecture for trapping, imaging, and sorting individual microparticles, including cells, using a positive dielectrophoretic (p-DEP) trapping array. Our array-based technology enables "active coverslips" where, when scaled, many individually held cells can be sorted based upon imaged spatial or temporally variant characteristics. Our design incorporates a unique "ring-dot" p-DEP trap geometry organized in a row/column array format. This trap design, implemented in a two-level metal process, provides strong and highly spatially localized holding fields enabling single-cell capture for all traps in the array. We release individual trapped microparticles during sorting using a passive transistor-independent approach where we electrically ground the row and column electrodes associated with specific traps in the array. The demand for chip-to-world electrical connections in our arrays scales proportionally with the square root of the number of traps in a given array, delivering a substantial improvement over prior designs. We demonstrate capture, holding, and release operations with both beads and cells in small arrays of this new architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Taff
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 36-854, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Dobson J, Cartmell SH, Keramane A, El Haj AJ. Principles and Design of a Novel Magnetic Force Mechanical Conditioning Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering, Stem Cell Conditioning, and Dynamic In Vitro Screening. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2006; 5:173-7. [PMID: 16999242 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2006.880823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical conditioning of cells and tissue constructs in bioreactors is an important factor in determining the properties of tissue being produced. Mechanical conditioning within a bioreactor environment, however, has proven difficult. This paper presents the theoretical basis, design, and initial results of a mechanical conditioning system for cell and tissue culture which is based on biocompatible magnetic micro- and nanoparticles acting as a remote stress mechanism without invasion of the sterile bioreactor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Dobson
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
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Hughes S, El Haj AJ, Dobson J. Magnetic micro- and nanoparticle mediated activation of mechanosensitive ion channels. Med Eng Phys 2005; 27:754-62. [PMID: 15985383 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most cells are known to respond to mechanical cues, which initiate biochemical signalling pathways and play a role in cell membrane electrodynamics. These cues can be transduced either via direct activation of mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels or through deformation of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton. Investigation of the function and role of these ion channels is a fertile area of research and studies aimed at characterizing and understanding the mechanoactive regions of these channels and how they interact with the cytoskeleton are fundamental to discovering the specific role that mechanical cues play in cells. In this review, we will focus on novel techniques, which use magnetic micro- and nanoparticles coupled to external applied magnetic fields for activating and investigating MS ion channels and cytoskeletal mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hughes
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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Mullender M, El Haj AJ, Yang Y, van Duin MA, Burger EH, Klein-Nulend J. Mechanotransduction of bone cellsin vitro: Mechanobiology of bone tissue. Med Biol Eng Comput 2004; 42:14-21. [PMID: 14977218 DOI: 10.1007/bf02351006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force plays an important role in the regulation of bone remodelling in intact bone and bone repair. In vitro, bone cells demonstrate a high responsiveness to mechanical stimuli. Much debate exists regarding the critical components in the load profile and whether different components, such as fluid shear, tension or compression, can influence cells in differing ways. During dynamic loading of intact bone, fluid is pressed through the osteocyte canaliculi, and it has been demonstrated that fluid shear stress stimulates osteocytes to produce signalling molecules. It is less clear how mechanical loads act on mature osteoblasts present on the surface of cancellous or trabecular bone. Although tissue strain and fluid shear stress both cause cell deformation, these stimuli could excite different signalling pathways. This is confirmed by our experimental findings, in human bone cells, that strain applied through the substrate and fluid flow stimulate the release of signalling molecules to varying extents. Nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 values increased by between two- and nine-fold after treatment with pulsating fluid flow (0.6 +/- 0.3 Pa). Cyclic strain (1000 microstrain) stimulated the release of nitric oxide two-fold, but had no effect on prostaglandin E2. Furthermore, substrate strains enhanced the bone matrix protein collagen I two-fold, whereas fluid shear caused a 50% reduction in collagen I. The relevance of these variations is discussed in relation to bone growth and remodelling. In applications such as tissue engineering, both stimuli offer possibilities for enhancing bone cell growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mullender
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam, ACTA-Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Gross
- Departments of Developmental and Cell Biology, and Physics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Dobson J, Stewart Z, Martinac B. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR WEAK MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS ON MECHANOSENSITIVE ION CHANNEL SUBCONDUCTING STATES INESCHERICHIA COLI. Electromagn Biol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/jbc-120003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Yang Y, Magnay JL, Cooling L, El HAJ. Development of a 'mechano-active' scaffold for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2002; 23:2119-26. [PMID: 11962652 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study. we investigate the potential for manipulating bone cell mechanotransducers in tissue engineering. Membrane ion channels such as voltage operated calcium channels (VOCC) have been shown to be a critical component of the bone cell transduction pathway with agonists and inhibitors of this pathway having profound effects on the load signal. By encapsulating a calcium channel agonist with slow release within a poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) scaffold, we can generate a 'mechano-active' scaffold for use in skeletal tissue engineering. PLLA scaffolds with and without a calcium channel agonist, BAY K8644, were seeded with primary human bone cells or the human MG63 bone cell line and cultured for 13 weeks followed by mechanical stimulation with a four-point bending model. Our results show that addition of the agonist for slow release is sufficient to enhance the load-related responses in bone cells within the scaffolds. Specifically, collagen type I expression and the ratio of alkaline phosphatase to protein are elevated in response to cyclical mechanical stimulation of approximately 1000 microstr which is then further enhanced in the mechano-active' scaffolds. As the agonists only act when the calcium channels are open by attenuating the calcium flux, the stimulation is specifically targeted to scaffolds subjected to load either in vitro or ultimately in vivo. Our results suggest that manipulating the VOCC and attenuating the opening of the calcium channels may be an effective technique to amplify matrix production via mechanical stimulation which may be applied to bone tissue engineering and potentially engineering of other load-bearing connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Centre for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
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Gu Y, Preston MR, Magnay J, El Haj AJ, Publicover SJ. Hormonally-regulated expression of voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels in osteocytic (MLO-Y4) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282:536-42. [PMID: 11401493 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Voltage operated calcium channels (VOCCs) are important in stimulus-response coupling in osteoblasts. We have investigated the expression of VOCCs in the mouse osteocyte cell line, MLO-Y4. Using the whole-cell patch clamp technique we were unable to detect any VOCC currents (n = 436) even in the presence of the L-type VOCC agonist Bay K 8644 (n = 350). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using primers to detect alpha(1C), alpha(1D), and alpha(1G) VOCC subunits (all of which are expressed in primary osteoblasts), did not generate detectable products with mRNA from MLO-Y4 cells. However, after treatment with physiological levels of hormones, VOCC alpha(1) subunit mRNAs were detected in MLO-Y4 cells. PTH, 17beta-estradiol, and dexamethasone-treatment induced expression of L-type (alpha(1C), alpha(1D)) subunit transcripts. ATP-treatment induced expression of T-type (alpha(1G)) transcripts. Using whole-cell patch clamp we detected VOCC currents in 5-10% of cells after treatment. Current characteristics (L- or T-type) were consistent with the transcript expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gu
- School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Peake MA, Cooling LM, Magnay JL, Thomas PB, El Haj AJ. Selected contribution: regulatory pathways involved in mechanical induction of c-fos gene expression in bone cells. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 89:2498-507. [PMID: 11090608 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory pathways involved in the rapid response of the AP-1 transcription factor, c-fos, to mechanical load in human primary osteoblast-like (HOB) cells and the human MG-63 bone cell line were investigated using a four-point bending model. HOB and MG-63 cells showed upregulation of c-fos expression on fibronectin and collagen type I substrates; however, MG-63 cells did not respond on laminin YIGSR substrates. Addition of cytochalasin D and Arg-Gly-Asp peptides during loading did not inhibit the response, whereas addition of beta(1)-integrin antibodies inhibited the load response. The role of Ca(2+) signaling has been demonstrated by blocking upregulation with addition of 2 mM EGTA, which chelates extracellular Ca(2+), and gadolinium (10 microM), which inhibits stretch-activated channels. Addition of the Ca(2+) ionophore A-23187 induced upregulation without loading; however, addition of nifedipine (10 microM), the L-type channel blocker, failed to prevent the load response. Inhibitors of downstream pathways indicated the involvement of protein kinase C. Our results demonstrate a key involvement of Ca(2+) signaling pathways and integrin binding in the c-fos response to mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Peake
- Centre for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine, Keele University, North Staffordshire Hospital, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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Walker LM, Publicover SJ, Preston MR, Said Ahmed MA, El Haj AJ. Calcium-channel activation and matrix protein upregulation in bone cells in response to mechanical strain. J Cell Biochem 2000; 79:648-61. [PMID: 10996855 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20001215)79:4<648::aid-jcb130>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Femur-derived osteoblasts cultured from rat femora were loaded with Fluo-3 using the AM ester. A quantifiable stretch was applied and [Ca(2+)]i levels monitored by analysis of fluorescent images obtained using an inverted microscope and laser scanning confocal imaging system. Application of a single pulse of tensile strain via an expandable membrane resulted in immediate increase in [Ca(2+)]i in a proportion of the cells, followed by a slow and steady decrease to prestimulation levels. Application of parathyroid hormone (10(-6) M) prior to mechanical stimulation potentiated the load-induced elevation of [Ca(2+)]i. Mechanically stimulating osteoblasts in Ca(2+)-free media or in the presence of either nifedipine (10 microM; L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker) or thapsigargin (1 microM; depletes intracellular Ca(2+) stores) reduced strain-induced increases in [Ca(2+) ]i. Furthermore, strain-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]i were enhanced in the presence of Bayer K 8644 (500 nm), an agonist of L-type calcium channels. The effects of mechanical strain with and without inhibitors and agonists are described on the total cell population and on single cell responses. Application of strain and strain in the presence of the calcium-channel agonist Bay K 8644 to periosteal-derived osteoblasts increased levels of the extracellular matrix proteins osteopontin and osteocalcin within 24 h postload. This mechanically induced increase in osteopontin and osteocalcin was inhibited by the addition of the calcium-channel antagonist, nifedipine. Our results suggest an important role for L-type calcium channels and a thapsigargin-sensitive component in early mechanical strain transduction pathways in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Walker
- Centre for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke on Trent, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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