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Bastos IM, Rebelo S, Silva VLM. A comprehensive review on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and its inhibitors bearing pyrazole or indazole core for cancer therapy. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 398:111073. [PMID: 38823538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and multifaceted group of diseases with a high mortality rate characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells. Dysregulation of normal signalling pathways in cancer contributes to the different hallmarks of this disease. The signalling pathway of which phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a part is not an exception. In fact, dysregulated activation of PI3K signalling pathways can result in unbridled cellular proliferation and enhanced cell survival, thereby fostering the onset and advancement of cancer. Therefore, there is substantial interest in developing targeted therapies specifically aimed at inhibiting the PI3K enzyme and its associated pathways. Also, the therapeutic interest on pyrazoles and indazoles has been growing due to their various medicinal properties, namely, anticancer activity. Derivatives of these compounds have been studied as PI3K inhibitors, and they showed promising results. There are already some PI3K inhibitors approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as Idelalisib (Zydelig®) and Alpelisib (Piqray®). In this context, this review aims to address the importance of PI3K in cellular processes and its role in cancer. Additionally, it aims to report a comprehensive literature review of PI3K inhibitors, containing the pyrazole and indazole scaffolds, published in the last fifteen years, focusing on structure-activity relationship aspects, thus providing important insights for the design of novel and more effective PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Bastos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vera L M Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Alliouachene S, Bilanges B, Chaussade C, Pearce W, Foukas LC, Scudamore CL, Moniz LS, Vanhaesebroeck B. Inactivation of class II PI3K-C2α induces leptin resistance, age-dependent insulin resistance and obesity in male mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1503-1512. [PMID: 27138914 PMCID: PMC4901096 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS While the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are well-documented positive regulators of metabolism, the involvement of class II PI3K isoforms (PI3K-C2α, -C2β and -C2γ) in metabolic regulation is just emerging. Organismal inactivation of PI3K-C2β increases insulin signalling and sensitivity, whereas PI3K-C2γ inactivation has a negative metabolic impact. In contrast, the role of PI3K-C2α in organismal metabolism remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated whether kinase inactivation of PI3K-C2α affects glucose metabolism in mice. METHODS We have generated and characterised a mouse line with a constitutive inactivating knock-in (KI) mutation in the kinase domain of the gene encoding PI3K-C2α (Pik3c2a). RESULTS While homozygosity for kinase-dead PI3K-C2α was embryonic lethal, heterozygous PI3K-C2α KI mice were viable and fertile, with no significant histopathological findings. However, male heterozygous mice showed early onset leptin resistance, with a defect in leptin signalling in the hypothalamus, correlating with a mild, age-dependent obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Insulin signalling was unaffected in insulin target tissues of PI3K-C2α KI mice, in contrast to previous reports in which downregulation of PI3K-C2α in cell lines was shown to dampen insulin signalling. Interestingly, no metabolic phenotypes were detected in female PI3K-C2α KI mice at any age. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data uncover a sex-dependent role for PI3K-C2α in the modulation of hypothalamic leptin action and systemic glucose homeostasis. ACCESS TO RESEARCH MATERIALS All reagents are available upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Alliouachene
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Benoit Bilanges
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Claire Chaussade
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Galderma R&D, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Wayne Pearce
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Lazaros C Foukas
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Larissa S Moniz
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
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3
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Alliouachene S, Bilanges B, Chicanne G, Anderson KE, Pearce W, Ali K, Valet C, Posor Y, Low PC, Chaussade C, Scudamore CL, Salamon RS, Backer JM, Stephens L, Hawkins PT, Payrastre B, Vanhaesebroeck B. Inactivation of the Class II PI3K-C2β Potentiates Insulin Signaling and Sensitivity. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1881-94. [PMID: 26655903 PMCID: PMC4675724 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), the organismal roles of the kinase activity of the class II PI3Ks are less clear. Here, we report that class II PI3K-C2β kinase-dead mice are viable and healthy but display an unanticipated enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, as well as protection against high-fat-diet-induced liver steatosis. Despite having a broad tissue distribution, systemic PI3K-C2β inhibition selectively enhances insulin signaling only in metabolic tissues. In a primary hepatocyte model, basal PI3P lipid levels are reduced by 60% upon PI3K-C2β inhibition. This results in an expansion of the very early APPL1-positive endosomal compartment and altered insulin receptor trafficking, correlating with an amplification of insulin-induced, class I PI3K-dependent Akt signaling, without impacting MAPK activity. These data reveal PI3K-C2β as a critical regulator of endosomal trafficking, specifically in insulin signaling, and identify PI3K-C2β as a potential drug target for insulin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Alliouachene
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Benoit Bilanges
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Gaëtan Chicanne
- Inserm/UPS UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Karen E Anderson
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Wayne Pearce
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Khaled Ali
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Colin Valet
- Inserm/UPS UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - York Posor
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Pei Ching Low
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Claire Chaussade
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Rachel S Salamon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Len Stephens
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Phill T Hawkins
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Inserm/UPS UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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4
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Zhang T, Chen C, Breslin MB, Song K, Lan MS. Extra-nuclear activity of INSM1 transcription factor enhances insulin receptor signaling pathway and Nkx6.1 expression through RACK1 interaction. Cell Signal 2014; 26:740-7. [PMID: 24407176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INSM1 is an islet transcription factor essential for pancreas development. INSM1 functions as a transcriptional repressor of NeuroD/β2 and insulin gene in the pancreas. INSM1 also possesses extra-nuclear activities through binding to multiple cellular regulators such as cyclin D1 and RACK1. In this study, we report that the interaction of INSM1 and RACK1 is essential to enhance the insulin receptor (InR)-mediated signaling pathway. A proline-rich region in the N-terminus of INSM1 is required for RACK1 binding, which interrupts RACK1-InR interaction and enhances InR signal activation. Binding of INSM1 to RACK1 increases AKT phosphorylation. The INSM1-enhanced AKT phosphorylation can be inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. When INSM1 induces AR42J cell trans-differentiation, the Nkx6.1 gene is activated through the InR-mediated signaling pathway and an elevation of the acetyl-H4 modification on the Nkx6.1 gene promoter/enhancer is observed. The PI3K inhibitor interrupts Nkx6.1 and insulin gene expression. Therefore, we conclude that the extra-nuclear activity of INSM1 by enhancing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is important for pancreatic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Chiachen Chen
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mary B Breslin
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kejing Song
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Michael S Lan
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Class II isoforms of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) are still the least investigated and characterized of all PI3Ks. In the last few years, an increased interest in these enzymes has improved our understanding of their cellular functions. However, several questions still remain unanswered on their mechanisms of activation, their specific downstream effectors and their contribution to physiological processes and pathological conditions. Emerging evidence suggests that distinct PI3Ks activate different signalling pathways, indicating that their functional roles are probably not redundant. In the present review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of mammalian class II PI3Ks and the evidence suggesting their involvement in human diseases.
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Leibiger B, Moede T, Uhles S, Barker CJ, Creveaux M, Domin J, Berggren PO, Leibiger IB. Insulin-feedback via PI3K-C2alpha activated PKBalpha/Akt1 is required for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. FASEB J 2010; 24:1824-37. [PMID: 20061534 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-148072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play central roles in insulin signal transduction. While the contribution of class Ia PI3K members has been extensively studied, the role of class II members remains poorly understood. The diverse actions of class II PI3K-C2alpha have been attributed to its lipid product PI(3)P. By applying pharmacological inhibitors, transient overexpression and small-interfering RNA-based knockdown of PI3K and PKB/Akt isoforms, together with PI-lipid profiling and live-cell confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we now demonstrate that in response to insulin, PI3K-C2alpha generates PI(3,4)P(2), which allows the selective activation of PKBalpha/Akt1. Knockdown of PI3K-C2alpha expression and subsequent reduction of PKBalpha/Akt1 activity in the pancreatic beta-cell impaired glucose-stimulated insulin release, at least in part, due to reduced glucokinase expression and increased AS160 activity. Hence, our results identify signal transduction via PI3K-C2alpha as a novel pathway whereby insulin activates PKB/Akt and thus discloses PI3K-C2alpha as a potential drugable target in type 2 diabetes. The high degree of codistribution of PI3K-C2alpha and PKBalpha/Akt1 with insulin receptor B type, but not A type, in the same plasma membrane microdomains lends further support to the concept that selectivity in insulin signaling is achieved by the spatial segregation of signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Leibiger
- Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Jiang BH, Liu LZ. PI3K/PTEN signaling in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1784:150-8. [PMID: 17964232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) can be activated by a variety of extracellular signals and involved in a number of cellular processes including cell proliferation, survival, protein synthesis, and tumor growth. Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is an antagonist of PI3K. The alterations of PI3K pathway such as activation of oncogenes, gene amplification, and inactivation of tumor suppressors, commonly occur in many human cancers. Angiogenesis is required for tumor growth and metastasis when the tumor reaches more than 1 mm in diameter. Recent studies have shown that PI3K and Akt play an important role in regulating tumor growth and angiogenesis through VEGF and HIF-1 expression. PI3K regulates the expression of these two proteins through HDM2 and p70S6K1 in human cancer cells. The frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/PTEN pathway in human cancer demonstrates that this pathway is an appropriate target for cancer therapeutics. In this review, we describe the recent advances in understanding the PI3K/PTEN pathway, the role and mechanism of PI3K in regulating tumor growth and angiogenesis, and the potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting this pathway for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hua Jiang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Muller D, Huang GC, Amiel S, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. Identification of insulin signaling elements in human beta-cells: autocrine regulation of insulin gene expression. Diabetes 2006; 55:2835-42. [PMID: 17003350 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies using rodent islets and insulinoma cell lines have been performed to determine the role of insulin in the regulation of islet function, the autocrine effect of insulin on insulin gene expression is still controversial, and no consensus has yet been achieved. Because very little is known about the insulin signaling pathway in human islets, we used single-cell RT-PCR to profile the expression of genes potentially involved in the insulin signaling cascade in human beta-cells. The detection of mRNAs for insulin receptor (IR)A and IRB; insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2; phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunits p110alpha, p110beta, PI3KC2alpha, and PI3KC2gamma; phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1; protein kinase B (PKB)alpha, PKBbeta, and PKBgamma in the beta-cell population suggests the presence of a functional insulin signaling cascade in human beta-cells. Small interfering RNA-induced reductions in IR expression in human islets completely suppressed glucose-stimulated insulin gene expression, suggesting that insulin regulates its own gene expression in human beta-cells. Defects in this regulation may accentuate the metabolic dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Muller
- Beta Cell Development & Function Group, Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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9
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Kong AM, Horan KA, Sriratana A, Bailey CG, Collyer LJ, Nandurkar HH, Shisheva A, Layton MJ, Rasko JEJ, Rowe T, Mitchell CA. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns3P] is generated at the plasma membrane by an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase: endogenous PtdIns3P can promote GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:6065-81. [PMID: 16880518 PMCID: PMC1592800 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00203-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous delivery of carrier-linked phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] to adipocytes promotes the trafficking, but not the insertion, of the glucose transporter GLUT4 into the plasma membrane. However, it is yet to be demonstrated if endogenous PtdIns(3)P regulates GLUT4 trafficking and, in addition, the metabolic pathways mediating plasma membrane PtdIns(3)P synthesis are uncharacterized. In unstimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, conditions under which PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 was not synthesized, ectopic expression of wild-type, but not catalytically inactive 72-kDa inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (72-5ptase), generated PtdIns(3)P at the plasma membrane. Immunoprecipitated 72-5ptase from adipocytes hydrolyzed PtdIns(3,5)P2, forming PtdIns(3)P. Overexpression of the 72-5ptase was used to functionally dissect the role of endogenous PtdIns(3)P in GLUT4 translocation and/or plasma membrane insertion. In unstimulated adipocytes wild type, but not catalytically inactive, 72-5ptase, promoted GLUT4 translocation and insertion into the plasma membrane but not glucose uptake. Overexpression of FLAG-2xFYVE/Hrs, which binds and sequesters PtdIns(3)P, blocked 72-5ptase-induced GLUT4 translocation. Actin monomer binding, using latrunculin A treatment, also blocked 72-5ptase-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. 72-5ptase expression promoted GLUT4 trafficking via a Rab11-dependent pathway but not by Rab5-mediated endocytosis. Therefore, endogenous PtdIns(3)P at the plasma membrane promotes GLUT4 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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10
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Liu L, Song X, He D, Komma C, Kita A, Virbasius JV, Huang G, Bellamy HD, Miki K, Czech MP, Zhou GW. Crystal structure of the C2 domain of class II phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase C2alpha. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:4254-60. [PMID: 16338929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510791200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositide (PtdIns) 3-kinase catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to the 3'-position of phosphatidyl inositol. Accumulated evidence shows that PtdIns 3-kinase can provide a critical signal for cell proliferation, cell survival, membrane trafficking, glucose transport, and membrane ruffling. Mammalian PtdIns 3-kinases are divided into three classes based on structure and substrate specificity. A unique characteristic of class II PtdIns 3-kinases is the presence of both a phox homolog domain and a C2 domain at the C terminus. The biological function of the C2 domain of the class II PtdIns 3-kinases remains to be determined. We have determined the crystal structure of the mCPK-C2 domain, which is the first three-dimensional structural model of a C2 domain of class II PtdIns 3-kinases. Structural studies reveal that the mCPK-C2 domain has a typical anti-parallel beta-sandwich fold. Scrutiny of the surface of this C2 domain has identified three small, shallow sulfate-binding sites. On the basis of the structural features of these sulfate-binding sites, we have studied the lipid binding properties of the mCPK-C2 domain by site-directed mutagenesis. Our results show that this C2 domain binds specifically to PtdIns(3,4)P(2) and PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and that three lysine residues at SBS I site, Lys-1420, Lys-1432, and Lys-1434, are responsible for the phospholipid binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
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11
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Shepherd PR. Mechanisms regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in insulin-sensitive tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 183:3-12. [PMID: 15654916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of evidence has accumulated indicating that the activity of PI 3-kinase is necessary, and in some cases sufficient, for a wide range of insulin's actions in the cell. Most biochemical, genetic and pharmacological studies have focused on identifying potential roles for the class-Ia PI 3-kinases which are rapidly activated following insulin stimulation. However, recent evidence indicates the alpha isoform of class-II PI 3-kinase (PI3K-C2alpha) may also play a role as insulin causes a very rapid activation of this as well. The basic mechanisms by which insulin activates the various members of the PI 3-kinase family are increasingly well understood and these studies reveal multiple mechanisms for modulating the activity and functionality of PI 3-kinase and for down regulating the signals they generate. These include inhibitory phosphorylation events, lipid phosphatases such as PTEN and SHIP2 and inhibitor proteins of the suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family. The current review will focus on these mechanisms and how defects in these might contribute to the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Shepherd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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12
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Jones DR, Pañeda C, Villar AV, Alonso A, Goñi FM, Bütikofer P, Brodbeck U, Shepherd PR, Varela-Nieto I. Phosphorylation of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase changes its properties as a substrate for phospholipases. FEBS Lett 2004; 579:59-65. [PMID: 15620691 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) phosphorylate the 3-position of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate. It is not clear whether PI3K can phosphorylate the inositol group in other biomolecules. We sought to determine whether PI3K was able to use glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) as a substrate. This phospholipid may exist either in free form (GPIfree) or forming a lipid anchor (GPIanchor) for the attachment of extracellular proteins to the plasma membrane. We demonstrate the specific PI3K-mediated phosphorylation of the inositol 3-hydroxyl group within both types of GPI by incubating this phospholipid with immunoprecipitated PI3K. The phosphorylated product behaves in HPLC as a derivative of a PI3K lipid product. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that PI3K uses lipid substrates other than phosphoinositides. Further, we show that this has potential functional consequences. When GPIfree is phosphorylated, it becomes a poorer substrate for GPI-specific phospholipase D, but a better substrate for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. These phosphorylation events may constitute the basis of a previously undescribed signal transduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Jones
- Department of Cell Signalling, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Hamel FG, Fawcett J, Andersen CI, Berhanu P, Bennett RG, Duckworth WC. Insulin inhibition of protein degradation in cells expressing wild-type and mutant insulin receptors. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26:1088-94. [PMID: 15008246 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which insulin decreases protein degradation is unknown. We examined insulin binding and degradation (125I[A14]insulin) and protein degradation (3H-leucine labeling) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with wild-type (WI) and mutant human insulin receptors. The deltaExon-16 mutant is missing the juxtamembrane domain that mediates endocytosis. The delta343 mutant receptor lacks the tyrosine kinase structural domain but retains the juxtamembrane internalization domain. The mutant deltaNPEY lacks the single NPEY sequence located 16 residues after the end of the transmembrane domain. Null transfected cells (NEO) not expressing human receptors were studied as controls. The WT and deltaNPEY cells equivalently internalized and degraded insulin; delta343 cells internalized and degraded insulin, but at a reduced rate; deltaExon-16 cells internalized and degraded significantly less insulin than the other mutants; NEO cells showed essentially no internalization and degradation. In contrast, all cell types showed the same efficacy at inhibition of protein degradation, albeit at different potencies. These results suggest insulin actions are mediated by multiple and redundant effector systems, but that receptor tyrosine kinase activity is not required for inhibition of protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Hamel
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, USA.
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14
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Fukao T, Terauchi Y, Kadowaki T, Koyasu S. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in mast cells: new insights from knockout mouse studies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2003; 81:524-35. [PMID: 12928787 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-003-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2002] [Accepted: 07/10/2003] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases essential for diverse physiological reactions. In recent years a series of gene-targeted mice lacking different types of PI3Ks and related molecules have been generated which enable us to understand the role of PI3K pathways, particularly class I members, in vivo. Analyses of such gene-targeted mice have led to major discoveries in the physiological roles of PI3K signaling in mast cell biology. In particular the role of PI3Ks has been extensively studied in signaling through the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI), since mast cells are the main effector cells in type I allergic reaction associated with IgE-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, the knockout mice have provided significant information concerning the role of PI3K signals in mast cell differentiation. This review presents several new insights into mast cell biology, which have been elucidated by the analyses of these knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Fukao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Paulhe F, Perret B, Chap H, Iberg N, Morand O, Racaud-Sultan C. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha is activated upon smooth muscle cell migration and regulated by alpha(v)beta(3) integrin engagement. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:261-6. [PMID: 12237112 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha in vascular smooth muscle cell migration was investigated. Products of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bis-phosphate were increased upon smooth muscle cell migration but their synthesis was affected only partially by phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY-294002. Using specific antibody, we showed that the wortmannin/LY-294002 poorly sensitive phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha is expressed in smooth muscle cells. Measurement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha activity in vitro, after immunoprecipitation, clearly demonstrated its activation upon smooth muscle cell migration. Moreover, for the first time, phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha was found to be differentially regulated by alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrin engagement. Finally, we have identified two new potential phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha-binding proteins, p70 and p110, which both may be tyrosine phosphorylated. Thus, phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha might represent a new regulatory pathway of cell migration downstream of integrin engagement.
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MESH Headings
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromones/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- Integrins/metabolism
- Isoenzymes
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Vitronectin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Swine
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Wortmannin
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Paulhe
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche Claude de Préval, INSERM, Unité 563, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse Cedex F31059, France
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16
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Kiely PA, Sant A, O'Connor R. RACK1 is an insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor-interacting protein that can regulate IGF-1-mediated Akt activation and protection from cell death. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:22581-9. [PMID: 11964397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201758200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), activated by their ligands, control metabolism, cell survival, and proliferation. Although the signaling pathways activated by these receptors are well characterized, regulation of their activity is poorly understood. To identify regulatory proteins we undertook a two-hybrid screen using the IGF-1R beta-chain as bait. This screen identified Receptor for Activated C Kinases (RACK1) as an IGF-1R-interacting protein. RACK1 also interacted with the IGF-1R in fibroblasts and MCF-7 cells and with endogenous insulin receptor in COS cells. Interaction with the IGF-1R did not require tyrosine kinase activity or receptor autophosphorylation but did require serine 1248 in the C terminus. Overexpression of RACK1 in either R+ fibroblasts or MCF-7 cells inhibited IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of Akt, whereas it enhanced phosphorylation of Erks and Jnks. Src, the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and SHP-2 were all associated with RACK1 in these cells. Interestingly, the proliferation of MCF-7 cells was enhanced by overexpression of RACK1, whereas IGF-1-mediated protection from etoposide killing was greatly reduced. Altogether the data indicate that RACK1 is an IGF-1R-interacting protein that can modulate receptor signaling and suggest that RACK1 has a particular role in regulating Akt activation and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Kiely
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Lee Maltings Cork, Ireland
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17
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Katso R, Okkenhaug K, Ahmadi K, White S, Timms J, Waterfield MD. Cellular function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases: implications for development, homeostasis, and cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2002; 17:615-75. [PMID: 11687500 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 925] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family of enzymes is recruited upon growth factor receptor activation and produces 3' phosphoinositide lipids. The lipid products of PI3K act as second messengers by binding to and activating diverse cellular target proteins. These events constitute the start of a complex signaling cascade, which ultimately results in the mediation of cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, survival, trafficking, and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, PI3Ks play a central role in many cellular functions. The factors that determine which cellular function is mediated are complex and may be partly attributed to the diversity that exists at each level of the PI3K signaling cascade, such as the type of stimulus, the isoform of PI3K, or the nature of the second messenger lipids. Numerous studies have helped to elucidate some of the key factors that determine cell fate in the context of PI3K signaling. For example, the past two years has seen the publication of many transgenic and knockout mouse studies where either PI3K or its signaling components are deregulated. These models have helped to build a picture of the role of PI3K in physiology and indeed there have been a number of surprises. This review uses such models as a framework to build a profile of PI3K function within both the cell and the organism and focuses, in particular, on the role of PI3K in cell regulation, immunity, and development. The evidence for the role of deregulated PI3K signaling in diseases such as cancer and diabetes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Katso
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 91 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7BS, England.
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18
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Soos MA, Jensen J, Brown RA, O'Rahilly S, Shepherd PR, Whitehead JP. Class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase is activated by insulin but not by contraction in skeletal muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 396:244-8. [PMID: 11747303 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While the role of the class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) in insulin signaling is well established, little is known about the role of the class II PI 3-kinases. We show that insulin stimulation of intact rat soleus and epitrochlearis muscles causes a 3- to 4-fold increase in the activity of the wortmannin-resistant alpha isoform of the class II PI 3-kinase (PI3K-C2alpha). This activation is rapid and parallels the insulin-induced activation of the class IA PI 3-kinase associated with IRS-1 in these muscles. However, while contraction activated p38 Map kinase, it did not stimulate the activity of the class II PI 3-kinase. Therefore, activation of class II PI 3-kinase is unlikely to provide a mechanism that explains the fact that exercise-induced activation of glucose uptake is not blocked by wortmannin. However, the results suggest that activation of class II PI 3-kinase is likely to play a role in insulin signaling pathways in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Soos
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Tirosh A, Rudich A, Potashnik R, Bashan N. Oxidative stress impairs insulin but not platelet-derived growth factor signalling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem J 2001; 355:757-63. [PMID: 11311139 PMCID: PMC1221792 DOI: 10.1042/bj3550757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is a common event in both insulin and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signalling, but only insulin activates this enzyme in the high-speed pellet (HSP), and induces GLUT4 translocation. Recently, we have demonstrated that exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to oxidative stress impairs insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport, associated with impaired PI 3-kinase translocation and activation in the HSP [Tirosh, Potashnik, Bashan and Rudich (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 10595-10602]. In this study the effect of a 2 h exposure to approximately 30 microM H(2)O(2) on insulin versus PDGF-BB signalling and metabolic effects was compared. PDGF-stimulated p85-associated PI 3-kinase activity in total cell lysates, as well as co-precipitation of the PDGF receptor, were unaffected by oxidative stress. Additionally, the increase in p85 association with the plasma-membrane lawns by PDGF remained intact following oxidation, whereas the insulin effect was decreased. PDGF significantly increased protein kinase B (PKB) activity in early differentiated cells, and that of p70 S6-kinase in both early and fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Following oxidation the effect of PDGF on PKB and p70 S6-kinase activation remained intact, whereas significant inhibition of insulin-stimulated activation of those enzymes was observed. In accordance, in both early and fully differentiated cells, oxidative stress completely blunted insulin- but not PDGF-stimulated protein synthesis. In conclusion, oxidative stress impairs insulin, but not PDGF, signalling and metabolic actions in both early and fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This emphasizes compartment-specific activation of PI 3-kinase as an oxidation-sensitive step specifically leading to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tirosh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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20
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Ursø B, Niesler CU, O'Rahilly S, Siddle K. Comparison of anti-apoptotic signalling by the insulin receptor and IGF-I receptor in preadipocytes and adipocytes. Cell Signal 2001; 13:279-85. [PMID: 11306245 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(01)00130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effectiveness of insulin receptor (IR) and type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor (IGFR) cytoplasmic domains in mediating anti-apoptotic effects in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. We used TrkC/IR and TrkC/IGFR chimeras, stably expressed in these cells and stimulated with neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), so as to avoid interference from endogenous receptors. After 24-h serum deprivation, 10% of preadipocytes and 2% of adipocytes appeared apoptotic as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of cells stained with propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V. When NT-3 was added, the two chimeras inhibited apoptosis to the same extent by 80% in preadipocytes and 50% in adipocytes. Mutation of juxtamembrane tyrosines (IR Y960F, IGFR Y950F) abrogated these anti-apoptotic effects. Qualitatively similar results were obtained by determination of viable rather than apoptotic cells. We conclude that IR and IGFR have equal potential to inhibit apoptosis in cell backgrounds, which are normally responsive to either IGF-I or insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ursø
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, CB2 2QR, Cambridge, UK
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21
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van Sluijters DA, Dubbelhuis PF, Blommaart EF, Meijer AJ. Amino-acid-dependent signal transduction. Biochem J 2000; 351 Pt 3:545-50. [PMID: 11042107 PMCID: PMC1221392 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3510545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent research carried out in several laboratories has indicated that, in addition to their role as intermediates in many metabolic pathways, amino acids can interact with insulin-dependent signal transduction. In this short review, the current state of this rapidly expanding field is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A van Sluijters
- Department of Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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