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Koelfat KV, Schaap FG, van Mierlo KM, Leníček M, Sauer I, van der Kroft G, Röth AA, Bednarsch J, Amygdalos I, Lurje G, Dewulf MJ, Lang SA, Neumann UP, Olde Damink SW. Partial liver resection alters the bile salt-FGF19 axis in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: Implications for liver regeneration. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0445. [PMID: 38836805 PMCID: PMC11155560 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended liver resection is the only treatment option for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA). Bile salts and the gut hormone FGF19, both promoters of liver regeneration (LR), have not been investigated in patients undergoing resection for pCCA. We aimed to evaluate the bile salt-FGF19 axis perioperatively in pCCA and study its effects on LR. METHODS Plasma bile salts, FGF19, and C4 (bile salt synthesis marker) were assessed in patients with pCCA and controls (colorectal liver metastases), before and after resection on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 7. Hepatic bile salts were determined in intraoperative liver biopsies. RESULTS Partial liver resection in pCCA elicited a sharp decline in bile salt and FGF19 plasma levels on POD 1 and remained low thereafter, unlike in controls, where bile salts rose gradually. Preoperatively, suppressed C4 in pCCA normalized postoperatively to levels similar to those in the controls. The remnant liver volume and postoperative bilirubin levels were negatively associated with postoperative C4 levels. Furthermore, patients who developed postoperative liver failure had nearly undetectable C4 levels on POD 7. Hepatic bile salts strongly predicted hyperbilirubinemia on POD 7 in both groups. Finally, postoperative bile salt levels on day 7 were an independent predictor of LR. CONCLUSIONS Partial liver resection alters the bile salt-FGF19 axis, but its derailment is unrelated to LR in pCCA. Postoperative monitoring of circulating bile salts and their production may be useful for monitoring LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V.K. Koelfat
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. Schaap
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M.C. van Mierlo
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Leníček
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilka Sauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregory van der Kroft
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anjali A.J. Röth
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iakovos Amygdalos
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maxime J.L. Dewulf
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sven A. Lang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P. Neumann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W.M. Olde Damink
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Zhang W, Wu H, Luo S, Lu X, Tan X, Wen L, Ma X, Efferth T. Molecular insights into experimental models and therapeutics for cholestasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116594. [PMID: 38615607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a range of conditions caused by the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) or disruptions in bile flow, which can harm the liver and bile ducts. To investigate its pathogenesis and treatment, it is essential to establish and assess experimental models of cholestasis, which have significant clinical value. However, owing to the complex pathogenesis of cholestasis, a single modelling method can merely reflect one or a few pathological mechanisms, and each method has its adaptability and limitations. We summarize the existing experimental models of cholestasis, including animal models, gene-knockout models, cell models, and organoid models. We also describe the main types of cholestatic disease simulated clinically. This review provides an overview of targeted therapy used for treating cholestasis based on the current research status of cholestasis models. In addition, we discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of different models of cholestasis to help establish experimental models that resemble clinical disease conditions. In sum, this review not only outlines the current research with cholestasis models but also projects prospects for clinical treatment, thereby bridging basic research and practical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiman Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiyue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Perez Ruiz de Garibay A, Kortgen A, Leonhardt J, Zipprich A, Bauer M. Critical care hepatology: definitions, incidence, prognosis and role of liver failure in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2022; 26:289. [PMID: 36163253 PMCID: PMC9511746 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractOrgan dysfunction or overt failure is a commonplace event in the critically ill affecting up to 70% of patients during their stay in the ICU. The outcome depends on the resolution of impaired organ function, while a domino-like deterioration of organs other than the primarily affected ones paves the way for increased mortality. “Acute Liver Failure” was defined in the 1970s as a rare and potentially reversible severe liver injury in the absence of prior liver disease with hepatic encephalopathy occurring within 8 weeks. Dysfunction of the liver in general reflects a critical event in “Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome” due to immunologic, regulatory and metabolic functions of liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. Dysregulation of the inflammatory response, persistent microcirculatory (hypoxic) impairment or drug-induced liver injury are leading problems that result in “secondary liver failure,” i.e., acquired liver injury without underlying liver disease or deterioration of preexisting (chronic) liver disease (“Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure”). Conventional laboratory markers, such as transaminases or bilirubin, are limited to provide insight into the complex facets of metabolic and immunologic liver dysfunction. Furthermore, inhomogeneous definitions of these entities lead to widely ranging estimates of incidence. In the present work, we review the different definitions to improve the understanding of liver dysfunction as a perpetrator (and therapeutic target) of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critical care.
Graphic Abstract
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Alaei Faradonbeh F, Lastuvkova H, Cermanova J, Hroch M, Nova Z, Uher M, Hirsova P, Pavek P, Micuda S. Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 Deficiency Aggravates Estrogen-Induced Impairment of Bile Acid Metabolomics in Rats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:859294. [PMID: 35388287 PMCID: PMC8979289 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.859294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) mediates biliary secretion of anionic endobiotics and xenobiotics. Genetic alteration of Mrp2 leads to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and predisposes to the development of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), characterized by increased plasma bile acids (BAs) due to mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize BA metabolomics during experimental Mrp2 deficiency and ICP. ICP was modeled by ethinylestradiol (EE) administration to Mrp2-deficient (TR) rats and their wild-type (WT) controls. Spectra of BAs were analyzed in plasma, bile, and stool using an advanced liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method. Changes in BA-related genes and proteins were analyzed in the liver and intestine. Vehicle-administered TR rats demonstrated higher plasma BA concentrations consistent with reduced BA biliary secretion and increased BA efflux from hepatocytes to blood via upregulated multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (Mrp4) transporters. TR rats also showed a decrease in intestinal BA reabsorption due to reduced ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter (Asbt) expression. Analysis of regulatory mechanisms indicated that activation of the hepatic constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway by accumulating bilirubin may be responsible for changes in BA metabolomics in TR rats. Ethinylestradiol administration to TR rats further increased plasma BA concentrations as a result of reduced BA uptake and increased efflux via reduced Slco1a1 and upregulated Mrp4 transporters. These results demonstrate that Mrp2-deficient organism is more sensitive to estrogen-induced cholestasis. Inherited deficiency in Mrp2 is associated with activation of Mrp3 and Mrp4 proteins, which is further accentuated by increased estrogen. Bile acid monitoring is therefore highly desirable in pregnant women with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia for early detection of intrahepatic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Alaei Faradonbeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Hana Lastuvkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jolana Cermanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Milos Hroch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Nova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Martin Uher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Stanislav Micuda,
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Sun S, Wang J, Yao J, Guo H, Dai J. Transcriptome analysis of 3D primary mouse liver spheroids shows that long-term exposure to hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid disrupts hepatic bile acid metabolism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151509. [PMID: 34762948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA), an alternative to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has been detected in various environmental and human matrices. However, information regarding its toxicity remains limited. Here, we established a three-dimensional (3D) primary mouse liver spheroid model to compare the hepatotoxicity of HFPO-TA and PFOA. The 3D spheroids were repeatedly exposed to 25-, 50-, or 100-μM HFPO-TA and PFOA for 28 d. Compared with the PFOA groups, the HFPO-TA groups showed higher bioaccumulation potential, higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP), albumin, and urea secretion. Transcriptome analysis identified 1603 and 772 differentially expressed genes in the 100-μM HFPO-TA- and PFOA-treated groups, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that cholesterol metabolism, bile acid metabolism, and inflammatory response were significantly altered. Exposure to 100-μM HFPO-TA increased triglyceride content but decreased total cholesterol content, while no changes were observed in the 100-μM PFOA-treated group. Total bile acids in the re-polarized 3D spheroids increased significantly after 100-μM HFPO-TA and PFOA treatment, which did not affect bile acid synthesis but inhibited the expression levels of Bsep and Mrp2 related to bile acid transport. Thus, HFPO-TA exhibited more serious hepatotoxicity than PFOA in 3D primary liver spheroids and may not be a safe alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingzhi Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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6
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Chen W, Zhang Q, Ding M, Yao J, Guo Y, Yan W, Yu S, Shen Q, Huang M, Zheng Y, Lin Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Lu L. Alcohol triggered bile acid disequilibrium by suppressing BSEP to sustain hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 356:109847. [PMID: 35149083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs), the most important components of bile, attribute predominately to maintain metabolic homeostasis. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, the BAs homeostasis was seriously disturbed, especially in those patients with alcohol-intake history. However, whether alcohol consumption could promote HCC progression via influencing BAs homeostasis and the precise mechanism underlying are still unclear. In our study, by collecting HCC specimens from both alcohol-drinkers (n = 15) and non-alcohol drinkers (n = 22), we found that compared to non-alcohol intake HCC patients, BAs homeostasis was disturbed in HCC patients who drank alcohol. Furthermore, ethanol treatment was also found to promote HCC progression by markedly activating oncogenes (RAS, MYC, MET, and HER2), while remarkably suppressing tumor suppressor genes (BRCA2 and APC). We evaluated 14 key functional genes that maintain the homeostasis of BAs and found that either in alcohol-intake HCC patients (n = 15), or in ethanol-treated mice, BSEP, rate-limiting transporter governing excreting BAs from liver into bile duct, was remarkably decreased when exposed to alcohol. Moreover, by screening for changes in the epigenetic landscape of liver cancer cells exposed to alcohol, we strikingly found that histone methyltransferases (RBBP-5, Suv39h1, ASH2L, and SET7/9) were increased, and KMT3B, KMT4, and KMT7 gene expression was also elevated, while histone demethyltransferases (JARID1a, JARID1b, JARID1c) were decreased. In summary, we found that alcohol could trigger BAs disequilibrium to initiate and promote HCC progression. Our study provided a novel and supplementary mechanism to determine the important role of alcohol-intake in HCC development regarding from the perspective of BAs homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qisong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Medical College of Guangxi University, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Ming Ding
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yajuan Guo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Wenxin Yan
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Shaofang Yu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qinghong Shen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yaqiu Zheng
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yuefang Lin
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China.
| | - Linlin Lu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China.
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Zu Y, Yang J, Zhang C, Liu D. The Pathological Mechanisms of Estrogen-Induced Cholestasis: Current Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:761255. [PMID: 34819862 PMCID: PMC8606790 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.761255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are steroid hormones with a wide range of biological activities. The excess of estrogens can lead to decreased bile flow, toxic bile acid (BA) accumulation, subsequently causing intrahepatic cholestasis. Estrogen-induced cholestasis (EIC) may have increased incidence during pregnancy, and within women taking oral contraception and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, and result in liver injury, preterm birth, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and intrauterine fetal death in pregnant women. The main pathogenic mechanisms of EIC may include deregulation of BA synthetic or metabolic enzymes, and BA transporters. In addition, impaired cell membrane fluidity, inflammatory responses and change of hepatocyte tight junctions are also involved in the pathogenesis of EIC. In this article, we review the role of estrogens in intrahepatic cholestasis, and outlined the mechanisms of EIC, providing a greater understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Balasubramaniyan N, Devereaux MW, Orlicky DJ, Sokol RJ, Suchy FJ. miR-199a-5p inhibits the Expression of ABCB11 in Obstructive Cholestasis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101400. [PMID: 34774795 PMCID: PMC8665360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B member 11 (ABCB11) is an efflux transporter for bile acids on the liver canalicular membrane. The expression of this transporter is reduced in cholestasis; however, the mechanisms contributing to this reduction are unclear. In this study, we sought to determine whether miR-199a-5p contributes to the depletion of ABCB11/Abcb11 in cholestasis in mice. In a microRNA (miRNA) screen of mouse liver after common bile duct ligation (CBDL), we found that miR-199a-5p was significantly upregulated by approximately fourfold. In silico analysis predicted that miR-199a-5p would target the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of ABCB11/Abcb11 mRNA. The expression of ABCB11-3′-UTR luciferase construct in Huh-7 cells was markedly inhibited by cotransfection of a miRNA-199a-5p mimic, which was reversed by an miRNA-199a-5p mimic inhibitor. We also show treatment of mice after CBDL with the potent nuclear receptor FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) significantly increased Abcb11 mRNA and protein and decreased miR-199a-5p expression. Computational mapping revealed a well-conserved FXR-binding site (FXRE) in the promoter of the gene encoding miR-199a-5, termed miR199a-2. Electromobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and miR199a-2 promoter-luciferase assays confirmed that this binding site was functional. Finally, CBDL in mice led to depletion of nuclear repressor NcoR1 binding at the miR199a-2 promoter, which facilitates transcription of miR199a-2. In CBDL mice treated with OCA, NcoR1 recruitment to the miR199a-2 FXRE was maintained at levels found in sham-operated mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate that miR-199a-5p is involved in regulating ABCB11/Abcb11 expression, is aberrantly upregulated in obstructive cholestasis, and is downregulated by the FXR agonist OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael W Devereaux
- Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Ronald J Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado
| | - Frederick J Suchy
- Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado.
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9
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Simbrunner B, Trauner M, Reiberger T. Review article: therapeutic aspects of bile acid signalling in the gut-liver axis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:1243-1262. [PMID: 34555862 PMCID: PMC9290708 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids are important endocrine modulators of intestinal and hepatic signalling cascades orchestrating critical pathophysiological processes in various liver diseases. Increasing knowledge on bile acid signalling has stimulated the development of synthetic ligands of nuclear bile acid receptors and other bile acid analogues. AIM This review summarises important aspects of bile acid-mediated crosstalk between the gut and the liver ("gut-liver axis") as well as recent findings from experimental and clinical studies. METHODS We performed a literature review on bile acid signalling, and therapeutic applications in chronic liver disease. RESULTS Intestinal and hepatic bile acid signalling pathways maintain bile acid homeostasis. Perturbations of bile acid-mediated gut-liver crosstalk dysregulate transcriptional networks involved in inflammation, fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction. Bile acids induce enterohepatic feedback signalling by the release of intestinal hormones, and regulate enterohepatic circulation. Importantly, bile acid signalling plays a central role in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and antibacterial defense, which is particularly relevant in cirrhosis, where bacterial translocation has a profound impact on disease progression. The nuclear bile acid farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a central intersection in bile acid signalling and has emerged as a relevant therapeutic target. CONCLUSIONS Experimental evidence suggests that bile acid signalling improves the intestinal barrier and protects against bacterial translocation in cirrhosis. FXR agonists have displayed efficacy for the treatment of cholestatic and metabolic liver disease in randomised controlled clinical trials. However, similar effects remain to be shown in advanced liver disease, particularly in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Simbrunner
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic LabMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Christian‐Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver FibrosisMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic LabMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Christian‐Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver FibrosisMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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10
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Yang F, Takeuchi T, Tsuneyama K, Yokoi T, Oda S. Experimental Evidence of Liver Injury by BSEP-Inhibiting Drugs With a Bile Salt Supplementation in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:95-108. [PMID: 30985903 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) mediates bile acid efflux from hepatocytes into bile. Although the inhibition of BSEP has been implicated as an important mechanism of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), liver injury caused by BSEP-inhibiting drugs is rarely reproduced in experimental animals, probably due to species differences in bile acid composition between humans and rodents. In this study, we tested whether supplementation with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) sodium, a hydrophobic bile salt, could sensitize rats to liver injury caused by a BSEP-inhibiting drug. A potent BSEP inhibitor, ketoconazole (KTZ), which is associated with clinical DILI, was intragastrically administered simultaneously with CDCA at a nontoxic dose once a day for 3 days. Plasma transaminase levels significantly increased in rats receiving CDCA+KTZ, whereas neither treatment with CDCA alone, KTZ alone nor a combination of CDCA and miconazole, a safe analog to KTZ, induced liver injury. In CDCA+KTZ-treated rats, most bile acid species in the liver significantly increased compared with treatment with vehicle or CDCA alone, suggesting that KTZ administration inhibited bile acid excretion. Furthermore, hepatic mRNA expression levels of a bile acid synthesis enzyme, Cyp7a1, and a basolateral bile salt influx transporter, Ntcp, decreased, whereas a canalicular phosphatidylcholine flippase, Mdr2, increased in the CDCA+KTZ group to compensate for hepatic bile acid accumulation. In conclusion, we found that oral CDCA supplementation predisposed rats to KTZ-induced liver injury due to the hepatic accumulation of bile acids. This method may be useful for assessing the potential of BSEP-inhibiting drugs inducing liver injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Yang
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taiki Takeuchi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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11
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Phelps T, Snyder E, Rodriguez E, Child H, Harvey P. The influence of biological sex and sex hormones on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 31775872 PMCID: PMC6880483 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and elevated serum lipids are associated with a threefold increase in the risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition that underlies stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Strategies that aim to reduce serum cholesterol through modulation of liver enzymes have been successful in decreasing the risk of developing atherosclerosis and reducing mortality. Statins, which inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver, are considered among the most successful compounds developed for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, recent debate surrounding their effectiveness and safety prompts consideration of alternative cholesterol-lowering therapies, including increasing cholesterol catabolism through bile acid (BA) synthesis. Targeting the enzymes that convert cholesterol to BAs represents a promising alternative to other cholesterol-lowering approaches that treat atherosclerosis as well as fatty liver diseases and diabetes mellitus. Compounds that modify the activity of these pathways have been developed; however, there remains a lack of consideration of biological sex. This is necessary in light of strong evidence for sexual dimorphisms not only in the incidence and progression of the diseases they influence but also in the expression and activity of the proteins affected and in the manner in which men and women respond to drugs that modify lipid handling in the liver. A thorough understanding of the enzymes involved in cholesterol catabolism and modulation by biological sex is necessary to maximize their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Phelps
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Erin Snyder
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Erin Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hailey Child
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Pamela Harvey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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12
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Anticholestatic mechanisms of ursodeoxycholic acid in lipopolysaccharide-induced cholestasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Ghanem CI, Manautou JE. Modulation of Hepatic MRP3/ABCC3 by Xenobiotics and Pathophysiological Conditions: Role in Drug Pharmacokinetics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1185-1223. [PMID: 29473496 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180221142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver transporters play an important role in the pharmacokinetics and disposition of pharmaceuticals, environmental contaminants, and endogenous compounds. Among them, the family of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters is the most important due to its role in the transport of endo- and xenobiotics. The ABCC sub-family is the largest one, consisting of 13 members that include the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7); the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/ABCC8 and SUR2/ABCC9) and the multidrug resistanceassociated proteins (MRPs). The MRP-related proteins can collectively confer resistance to natural, synthetic drugs and their conjugated metabolites, including platinum-containing compounds, folate anti-metabolites, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, among others. MRPs can be also catalogued into "long" (MRP1/ABCC1, -2/C2, -3/C3, -6/C6, and -7/C10) and "short" (MRP4/C4, -5/C5, -8/C11, -9/C12, and -10/C13) categories. While MRP2/ABCC2 is expressed in the canalicular pole of hepatocytes, all others are located in the basolateral membrane. In this review, we summarize information from studies examining the changes in expression and regulation of the basolateral hepatic transporter MPR3/ABCC3 by xenobiotics and during various pathophysiological conditions. We also focus, primarily, on the consequences of such changes in the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and/or toxicity of different drugs of clinical use transported by MRP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Ghanem
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacologicas (ININFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. CONICET. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Catedra de Fisiopatologia. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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14
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Roma MG, Barosso IR, Miszczuk GS, Crocenzi FA, Pozzi EJS. Dynamic Localization of Hepatocellular Transporters: Role in Biliary Excretion and Impairment in Cholestasis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1113-1154. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171205153204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bile flow generation is driven by the vectorial transfer of osmotically active compounds from sinusoidal blood into a confined space, the bile canaliculus. Hence, localization of hepatocellular transporters relevant to bile formation is crucial for bile secretion. Hepatocellular transporters are localized either in the plasma membrane or in recycling endosomes, from where they can be relocated to the plasma membrane on demand, or endocytosed when the demand decreases. The balance between endocytic internalization/ exocytic targeting to/from this recycling compartment is therefore the main determinant of the hepatic capability to generate bile, and to dispose endo- and xenobiotics. Furthermore, the exacerbated endocytic internalization is a common pathomechanisms in both experimental and human cholestasis; this results in bile secretory failure and, eventually, posttranslational transporter downregulation by increased degradation. This review summarizes the proposed structural mechanisms accounting for this pathological condition (e.g., alteration of function, localization or expression of F-actin or F-actin/transporter cross-linking proteins, and switch to membrane microdomains where they can be readily endocytosed), and the mediators implicated (e.g., triggering of “cholestatic” signaling transduction pathways). Lastly, we discussed the efficacy to counteract the cholestatic failure induced by transporter internalization of a number of therapeutic experimental approaches based upon the use of compounds that trigger exocytic targetting of canalicular transporters (e.g., cAMP, tauroursodeoxycholate). This therapeutics may complement treatments aimed to transcriptionally improve transporter expression, by affording proper localization and membrane stability to the de novo synthesized transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G. Roma
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ismael R. Barosso
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gisel S. Miszczuk
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando A. Crocenzi
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Enrique J. Sánchez Pozzi
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (IFISE) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas (CONICET - U.N.R.), S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
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15
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Miszczuk GS, Banales JM, Zucchetti AE, Pisani GB, Boaglio AC, Saez E, Medina JF, Roma MG, Crocenzi FA. Adaptive downregulation of Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity in rat hepatocytes under experimental obstructive cholestasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212215. [PMID: 30789925 PMCID: PMC6383990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In obstructive cholestasis, there is an integral adaptive response aimed to diminish the bile flow and minimize the injury of bile ducts caused by increased intraluminal pressure and harmful levels of bile salts and bilirrubin. Canalicular bicarbonate secretion, driven by the anion exchanger 2 (AE2), is an influential determinant of the canalicular bile salt-independent bile flow. In this work, we ascertained whether AE2 expression and/or activity is reduced in hepatocytes from rats with common bile duct ligation (BDL), as part of the adaptive response to cholestasis. After 4 days of BDL, we found that neither AE2 mRNA expression (measured by quantitative real-time PCR) nor total levels of AE2 protein (assessed by western blot) were modified in freshly isolated hepatocytes. However, BDL led to a decrease in the expression of AE2 protein in plasma membrane fraction as compared with SHAM control. Additionally, AE2 activity (JOH-, mmol/L/min), measured in primary cultured hepatocytes from BDL and SHAM rats, was decreased in the BDL group versus the control group (1.9 ± 0.3 vs. 3.1 ± 0.2, p<0.005). cAMP-stimulated AE2 activity, however, was not different between SHAM and BDL groups (3.7 ± 0.3 vs. 3.5 ± 0.3), suggesting that cAMP stimulated insertion into the canalicular membrane of AE2-containing intracellular vesicles, that had remained abnormally internalized after BDL. In conclusion, our results point to the existence of a novel adaptive mechanism in cholestasis aimed to reduce biliary pressure, in which AE2 internalization in hepatocytes might result in decreased canalicular HCO3- output and decreased bile flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisel S. Miszczuk
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Andrés E. Zucchetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gerardo B. Pisani
- Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andrea C. Boaglio
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena Saez
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan F. Medina
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcelo G. Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando A. Crocenzi
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas–Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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16
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Zhang F, Xi L, Duan Y, Qin H, Wei M, Wu Y, Li B, Zhou Y, Wu X. The ileum-liver Farnesoid X Receptor signaling axis mediates the compensatory mechanism of 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis via increasing hepatic biosynthesis of chenodeoxycholic acids in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:404-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Brandl K, Hartmann P, Jih LJ, Pizzo DP, Argemi J, Ventura-Cots M, Coulter S, Liddle C, Ling L, Rossi SJ, DePaoli AM, Loomba R, Mehal WZ, Fouts DE, Lucey MR, Bosques-Padilla F, Mathurin P, Louvet A, Garcia-Tsao G, Verna EC, Abraldes JG, Brown RS, Vargas V, Altamirano J, Caballería J, Shawcross D, Stärkel P, Ho SB, Bataller R, Schnabl B. Dysregulation of serum bile acids and FGF19 in alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:396-405. [PMID: 29654817 PMCID: PMC6054564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The degree of cholestasis is an important disease driver in alcoholic hepatitis, a severe clinical condition that needs new biomarkers and targeted therapies. We aimed to identify the largely unknown mechanisms and biomarkers linked to cholestasis in alcoholic hepatitis. METHODS Herein, we analyzed a well characterized cohort of patients with alcoholic hepatitis and correlated clinical and histological parameters and outcomes with serum bile acids and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a major regulator of bile acid synthesis. RESULTS We found that total and conjugated bile acids were significantly increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis compared with controls. Serum FGF19 levels were strongly increased and gene expression of FGF19 was induced in biliary epithelial cells and ductular cells of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. De novo bile acid synthesis (CYP7A1 gene expression and C4 serum levels) was significantly decreased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Importantly, total and conjugated bile acids correlated positively with FGF19 and with disease severity (model for end-stage liver disease score). FGF19 correlated best with conjugated cholic acid, and model for end-stage liver disease score best with taurine-conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid. Univariate analysis demonstrated significant associations between FGF19 and bilirubin as well as gamma glutamyl transferase, and negative correlations between FGF19 and fibrosis stage as well as polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, in all patients with alcoholic hepatitis. CONCLUSION Serum FGF19 and bile acids are significantly increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, while de novo bile acid synthesis is suppressed. Modulation of bile acid metabolism or signaling could represent a promising target for treatment of alcoholic hepatitis in humans. LAY SUMMARY Understanding the underlying mechanisms that drive alcoholic hepatitis is important for the development of new biomarkers and targeted therapies. Herein, we describe a molecule that is increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Modulating the molecular pathway of this molecule might lead to promising targets for the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego
| | - Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lily J. Jih
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Pathology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald P. Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meritxell Ventura-Cots
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Lei Ling
- NGM Bio, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wajahat Z. Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, and Section of Digestive Diseases, VA-CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Michael R. Lucey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WI, USA
| | - Francisco Bosques-Padilla
- Hospital Universitario, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, México
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Service des Maladies de L’appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Alexander Louvet
- Service des Maladies de L’appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, and Section of Digestive Diseases, VA-CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Verna
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan G. Abraldes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert S. Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Altamirano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Caballería
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Debbie Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College Hospital, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St. Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel B. Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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De Novo Endotoxin-Induced Production of Antibodies against the Bile Salt Export Pump Associated with Bacterial Infection following Major Hepatectomy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6197152. [PMID: 29850541 PMCID: PMC5937615 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6197152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Clinically severe infection-related inflammation after major liver resection may cause hyperbilirubinemia. This study aims to clarify the impact of bacterial infection and endotoxins on the hepatobiliary transporter system and to explore possible mechanisms of endotoxin-related postoperative hyperbilirubinemia. Method Mice that underwent major hepatectomy with removal of at least 70% of liver volume were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at different dosages. Subsequently, hepatobiliary transporter compounds related to bile salt excretion were further investigated. Results The expression of genes related to hepatobiliary transporter compounds was not significantly different in the liver tissue of mice after major hepatectomy and LPS exposure. However, bile salt export pump (BSEP) protein expression within the liver tissue of mice treated with LPS after major hepatectomy was relatively weaker and was even further reduced in the high-dose LPS group. The formation of antibodies against the BSEP in response to endotoxin exposure was also detected. Conclusion This study illustrates a possible mechanism whereby the dysfunction of hepatobiliary transporter systems caused by endotoxin-induced autoantibodies may be involved in the development of postoperative jaundice associated with bacterial infection after major hepatectomy.
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19
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Miszczuk GS, Barosso IR, Larocca MC, Marrone J, Marinelli RA, Boaglio AC, Sánchez Pozzi EJ, Roma MG, Crocenzi FA. Mechanisms of canalicular transporter endocytosis in the cholestatic rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1072-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Liu J, Hou LL, Zhao CY. Effect of YHHJ on the expression of the hepatocellular bile acid transporters multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and bile salt export pump in ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3699-3704. [PMID: 29563980 PMCID: PMC5858118 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The herbal medicine Yin Huang Mixture (YHHJ; patent no. 200910031240.7) is an aqueous extract composed from various herbs, including Artemisia capillaries Thunb, Hypericum japonicum Thunb, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, Rheum officinale Baill, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Poria cocos Wolf and Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Previous studies have indicated that YHHJ treatment has a beneficial effect on ameliorating itching and reducing serum bile acid levels in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). However, the molecular mechanisms of action of YHHJ in ICP have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated an experimental hepatocellular cholestasis model to explore the regulatory role of YHHJ on the expression of the bile acid carriers, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and the bile salt export pump (BSEP). Initially, 5 mg/kg/day 17-α ethinylestradiol (EE) was used to induce cholestasis in rats and primary isolated rat hepatocytes. Subsequently, 9 or 36 g/kg/day YHHJ water extract was administrated. Blood samples were collected and serum biochemical parameters of total bile acids (TBA), total bilirubin (TBil), alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were determined. Rat livers and primary isolated rat hepatocytes were obtained and the protein and mRNA expression levels of MRP2 and BSEP were analyzed by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results revealed that EE-induced hepatocellular cholestasis was associated with a significant increase in serum TBA and TBil levels, whereas, YHHJ treatment significantly reversed this effect (P<0.01). Further experiments on the molecular mechanism revealed that EE significantly decreased the expression of MRP2 and BSEP compared with the control group, whereas YHHJ treatment significantly upregulated MRP2 and BSEP expression in vivo and in vitro compared with no YHHJ treatment (P<0.01). In addition, to establish whether upregulation of MRP2 and BSEP protein expression levels resulted from increased expression of their respective mRNA, the mRNA expression levels were determined. Results indicated that YHHJ treatment significantly increased MRP2 and BSEP mRNA expression levels in EE-induced hepatocellular cholestasis compared with no YHHJ treatment (P<0.01). In conclusion, the present findings suggest that YHHJ effects EE-induced cholestasis and this process may be mediated through regulating hepatobiliary transporters, MRP2 and BSEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Hou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Ying Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
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21
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Di Guida F, Pirozzi C, Magliocca S, Santoro A, Lama A, Russo R, Nieddu M, Burrai L, Boatto G, Mollica MP, Sodano F, Lazzarato L, Chegaev K, Meli R, Raso GM, Rimoli MG. Galactosylated Pro-Drug of Ursodeoxycholic Acid: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Pharmacological Effects in a Rat Model of Estrogen-Induced Cholestasis. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:21-30. [PMID: 29140706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is considered the first-choice therapy for cholestatic disorders. To enhance solubility and exploit specific transporters in liver, we synthesized a new galactosyl pro-drug of UDCA (UDCAgal). Ethinylestradiol (EE)-induced cholestasis was used to study and compare the effects of UDCAgal with UDCA on bile flow, hepatic canalicular efflux transporter expression, and inflammation. UDCAgal resulted quite stable both at pH 7.4 and 1.2 and regenerated the parent drug after incubation in human plasma. Its solubility, higher than UDCA, was pH- and temperature-independent. UDCAgal displayed a higher cell permeation compared to UDCA in liver HepG2 cells. Moreover, in cholestatic rats, UDCAgal showed a higher potency compared to UDCA in reducing serum biomarkers (AST, ALT, and ALP) and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β). The higher effect of UDCAgal on the increase in bile salt export pump and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 transcription indicated an improved spillover of bile acids from the liver. UDCAgal showed a reduction in CCL2, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, and cyclooxygeanse-2 mRNAs, indicating a reduction in hepatic neutrophil accumulation and inflammation. Moreover, UDCAgal, similarly to UDCA, heightens bile flow and modulates biliary acids secretion. These results indicate that UDCAgal has a potential in the treatment of cholestatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Guida
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magliocca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Anna Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Lucia Burrai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Federica Sodano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Konstantin Chegaev
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
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Marrone J, Danielli M, Gaspari CI, Marinelli RA. Adenovirus-mediated human aquaporin-1 expression in hepatocytes improves lipopolysaccharide-induced cholestasis. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:978-984. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Marrone
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Mauro Danielli
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Santa Fe Argentina
| | - César I. Gaspari
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Raúl A. Marinelli
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Santa Fe Argentina
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Zhao DS, Jiang LL, Fan YX, Dong LC, Ma J, Dong X, Xu XJ, Li P, Li HJ. Identification of urine tauro-β-muricholic acid as a promising biomarker in Polygoni Multiflori Radix-induced hepatotoxicity by targeted metabolomics of bile acids. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:532-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Prediction of hepatotoxicity for drugs using human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:51-64. [PMID: 28382404 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity is a main reason for withdrawals of new drugs in late clinical phases and post-launch of the drugs. Thus, hepatotoxicity screening of drug candidates in pre-clinical stage is important for reducing drug attrition rates during the clinical development process. Here, we show commercially available hepatocytes that could be used for early toxicity evaluation of drug candidates. From our hepatic differentiation technology, we obtained highly pure (≥98%) hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) having mature phenotypes and similar gene expression profiles with those of primary human tissues. Furthermore, we optimized 96-well culture condition of hESC-derived hepatocytes suitable for toxicity tests in vitro. To this end, we demonstrated the efficacy of our optimized hepatocyte model for predicting hepatotoxicity against the Chinese herbal medicines and showed that toxicity patterns from our hepatocyte model was similar to those of human primary cultured hepatocytes. We conclude that toxicity test using our hepatocyte model could be a good alternative cell source for pre-clinical study to predict potential hepatotoxicity in drug discovery industries.
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25
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Yu L, Liu X, Li X, Yuan Z, Yang H, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Protective effects of SRT1720 via the HNF1α/FXR signalling pathway and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in mice with estrogen-induced cholestatic liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2016; 264:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Wu T, Zhang Q, Li J, Chen H, Wu J, Song H. Up-regulation of BSEP and MRP2 by Calculus Bovis administration in 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis: Involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:22-32. [PMID: 27237619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Calculus Bovis, also known as Niuhuang, is a rare traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used in China for 2000 years in pharmacology for sedation, anti-spasm, relieving fever, diminishing inflammation and recovering gallbladder functions. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the choleretic potential and molecular responses in rats to Calculus Bovis (CB) administration after 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE)-induced cholestasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS CB (50 and 100mg/kg per day) was intragastrically (i. g.) given to experimental rats for five consecutive days in coadministration with EE (5mg/kg daily for five days, s.c.). The levels of serum biomarkers were determined biochemically. The histopathology of the liver tissue was evaluated. Expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) were studied by western blot and immunohistochemical assay. The expression of Akt and phospho-Akt (pAkt) were also measured by western blot. RESULTS In response to EE, CB treatment significantly prevented an increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and total bilirubin (TBIL). CB treatment also repaired tissue lesions caused by EE. Western blots showed that EE significantly decreased the protein expression of BSEP and MRP2. EE also dramatically increased levels of pAkt and decreased levels of Akt. Compared to the EE group, CB treatment increased levels of hepatic BSEP and MRP2 while pAkt levels decreased and Akt levels increased. Immunohistochemistry also indicated that EE decreased the expression of BSEP and MRP2. LY294002 is a selective PI3K inhibitor and showed similar beneficial effects as CB. Decreased expression of BSEP and MRP2 caused by EE were also prevented by LY294002 treatment. CONCLUSION Calculus Bovis administration can alleviate liver injury and up-regulate the expression of BSEP and MRP2 in 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis by a mechanism that may involve inhibiting the activated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qianrui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuha 430022, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Hospital of Huangshi City, Huangshi 435005, China
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Medicine, City College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430083, China
| | - Hongping Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Marrone J, Soria LR, Danielli M, Lehmann GL, Larocca MC, Marinelli RA. Hepatic gene transfer of human aquaporin-1 improves bile salt secretory failure in rats with estrogen-induced cholestasis. Hepatology 2016; 64:535-48. [PMID: 26999313 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The adenoviral gene transfer of human aquaporin-1 (hAQP1) water channels to the liver of 17α-ethinylestradiol-induced cholestatic rats improves bile flow, in part by enhancing canalicular hAQP1-mediated osmotic water secretion. To gain insight into the mechanisms of 17α-ethinylestradiol cholestasis improvement, we studied the biliary output of bile salts (BS) and the functional expression of the canalicular BS export pump (BSEP; ABCB11). Adenovector encoding hAQP1 (AdhAQP1) or control vector was administered by retrograde intrabiliary infusion. AdhAQP1-transduced cholestatic rats increased the biliary output of major endogenous BS (50%-80%, P < 0.05) as well as that of taurocholate administered in choleretic or trace radiolabel amounts (around 60%, P < 0.05). Moreover, liver transduction with AdhAQP1 normalized serum BS levels, otherwise markedly elevated in cholestatic animals. AdhAQP1 treatment was unable to improve BSEP protein expression in cholestasis; however, its transport activity, assessed by adenosine triphosphate-dependent taurocholate transport in canalicular membrane vesicles, was induced by 90% (P < 0.05). AdhAQP1 administration in noncholestatic rats induced no significant changes in either biliary BS output or BSEP activity. Canalicular BSEP, mostly present in raft (high cholesterol) microdomains in control rats, was largely found in nonraft (low cholesterol) microdomains in cholestasis. Considering that BSEP activity directly depends on canalicular membrane cholesterol content, decreased BSEP presence in rafts may contribute to BSEP activity decline in 17α-ethinylestradiol cholestasis. In AdhAQP1-transduced cholestatic rats, BSEP showed a canalicular microdomain distribution similar to that of control rats, which provides an explanation for the improved BSEP activity. CONCLUSION Hepatocyte canalicular expression of hAQP1 through adenoviral gene transfer promotes biliary BS output by modulating BSEP activity in estrogen-induced cholestasis, a novel finding that might help us to better understand and treat cholestatic disorders. (Hepatology 2016;64:535-548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Marrone
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Leandro R Soria
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mauro Danielli
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Guillermo L Lehmann
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maria Cecilia Larocca
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Raúl A Marinelli
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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28
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Yuan ZQ, Li KW. Role of farnesoid X receptor in cholestasis. J Dig Dis 2016; 17:501-509. [PMID: 27383832 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in physiological bile acid synthesis, secretion and transport. Defects of FXR regulation in these processes can cause cholestasis and subsequent pathological changes. FXR regulates the synthesis and uptake of bile acid via enzymes. It also increases bile acid solubility and elimination by promoting conjugation reactions and exports pump expression in cholestasis. The changes in bile acid transporters are involved in cholestasis, which can result from the mutations of transporter genes or acquired dysfunction of transport systems, such as inflammation-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. The modulation function of FXR in extrahepatic cholestasis is not identical to that in intrahepatic cholestasis, but the discrepancy may be reduced over time. In extrahepatic cholestasis, increasing biliary pressure can induce bile duct proliferation and bile infarcts, but the absence of FXR may ameliorate them. This review provides an update on the function of FXR in the regulation of bile acid metabolism, its role in the pathophysiological process of cholestasis and the therapeutic use of FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qing Yuan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Wei Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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29
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Physiological and pathophysiological factors affecting the expression and activity of the drug transporter MRP2 in intestine. Impact on its function as membrane barrier. Pharmacol Res 2016; 109:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Cholestasis in preterm infants has a multifactorial etiology. Risk factors include degree of prematurity, lack of enteral feeding, intestinal injury, prolonged use of parenteral nutrition (PN), and sepsis. Soy-based parenteral lipid emulsions have been implicated in the pathophysiology of PN-associated liver injury. Inflammation plays an important role. Medical therapies are used; however, their effects have not consistently proven effective. Evaluation of cholestasis involves laboratory work; direct bilirubin levels are used for diagnosis and trending. Adverse outcomes include risk for hepatobiliary dysfunction, irreversible liver failure, and death. Early enteral feedings as tolerated is the best way to prevent and manage cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Satrom
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, 6th Floor, East Building, Delivery Code: 8952A, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
| | - Glenn Gourley
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, 6th Floor, East Building, 8952A, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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31
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Wu Y, Ren J, Zhou B, Ding C, Chen J, Wang G, Gu G, Wu X, Liu S, Hu D, Li J. Gene silencing of non-obese diabetic receptor family (NLRP3) protects against the sepsis-induced hyper-bile acidaemia in a rat model. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:277-93. [PMID: 25228381 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of NOD-like receptor family (NLRP3) has been confirmed in various inflammatory diseases. The association between NLRP3 and hyper-bileacidaemia during the sepsis remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether NLRP3 silencing protects against the sepsis-induced hyper-bileacidaemia. Sepsis was induced by caecum ligation and puncture (CLP). Gene silencing of NLRP3 was performed by injecting rats with NLRP3 short hairpin RNA plasmids (NLRP3 shRNA) 48 h before surgery. Rats were divided into four groups: group 1: sham; group 2: sepsis; group 3: NLRP3 shRNA + sepsis (called the 'NLRP3 shRNA' group); and group 4: scrambled shRNA + sepsis (called the 'scrambled shRNA' group). The serum levels of bile acids, hepatic expression of hepatocyte membrane transporters, hepatic cytokine levels and behaviours of immune cells were compared among the groups. Hepatic NLRP3 expression was increased dramatically during the sepsis, but was suppressed by pretreatment with NLRP3 shRNA. Compared with rats in the sepsis and the scrambled shRNA groups, rats in the NLRP3 shRNA group exhibited significantly decreased serum levels of glycine and taurine conjugated-bile acids, with rehabilitated expression of hepatocyte transporters, suppressed hepatic cytokine levels, decreased hepatic neutrophils infiltration and attenuated macrophages pyroptosis. Gene silencing of NLRP3 ameliorates sepsis-induced hyper-bileacidaemia by rehabilitating hepatocyte transporter expression, reducing hepatic cytokine levels, neutrophil infiltration and macrophages pyroptosis. NLRP3 may be a pivotal target for sepsis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Al Rajabi A, Castro GSF, da Silva RP, Nelson RC, Thiesen A, Vannucchi H, Vine DF, Proctor SD, Field CJ, Curtis JM, Jacobs RL. Choline supplementation protects against liver damage by normalizing cholesterol metabolism in Pemt/Ldlr knockout mice fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr 2014; 144:252-7. [PMID: 24368431 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.185389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary choline is required for proper structure and dynamics of cell membranes, lipoprotein synthesis, and methyl-group metabolism. In mammals, choline is synthesized via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (Pemt), which converts phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. Pemt(-/-) mice have impaired VLDL secretion and developed fatty liver when fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Because of the reduction in plasma lipids, Pemt(-/-)/low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr(-/-)) mice are protected from atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to investigate the importance of dietary choline in the metabolic phenotype of Pemt(-/-)/Ldlr(-/-) male mice. At 10-12 wk of age, Pemt(+/+)/Ldlr(-/-) (HF(+/+)) and half of the Pemt(-/-)/Ldlr(-/-) (HF(-/-)) mice were fed an HF diet with normal (1.3 g/kg) choline. The remaining Pemt(-/-)/Ldlr(-/-) mice were fed an HF diet supplemented (5 g/kg) with choline (HFCS(-/-) mice). The HF diet contained 60% of calories from fat and 1% cholesterol, and the mice were fed for 16 d. HF(-/-) mice lost weight and developed hepatomegaly, steatohepatitis, and liver damage. Hepatic concentrations of free cholesterol, cholesterol-esters, and triglyceride (TG) were elevated by 30%, 1.1-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively, in HF(-/-) compared with HF(+/+) mice. Choline supplementation normalized hepatic cholesterol, but not TG, and dramatically improved liver function. The expression of genes involved in cholesterol transport and esterification increased by 50% to 5.6-fold in HF(-/-) mice when compared with HF(+/+) mice. Markers of macrophages, oxidative stress, and fibrosis were elevated in the HF(-/-) mice. Choline supplementation normalized the expression of these genes. In conclusion, HF(-/-) mice develop liver failure associated with altered cholesterol metabolism when fed an HF/normal choline diet. Choline supplementation normalized cholesterol metabolism, which was sufficient to prevent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis development and improve liver function. Our data suggest that choline can promote liver health by maintaining cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Al Rajabi
- Departments of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, and
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33
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Srivastava B, Gimson A. Hepatic changes in systemic infection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:485-95. [PMID: 24090937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver is an integral part of the host-defense mechanism and facilitates clearance of pathogenic organisms in systemic infection by modulating the immunological response. It undergoes several cellular and molecular changes resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which regulate various metabolic and immunological signalling pathways. Some of these changes are pathogen-specific and essential in determining the host response to systemic infection. However, alterations in the immunological homeostasis can adversely affect the liver and lead to hepatic dysfunction. This article focuses on these molecular and immunological changes that occur within the liver in response to extra-hepatic systemic infection and its consequences.
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Hewitt M, Enoch SJ, Madden JC, Przybylak KR, Cronin MTD. Hepatotoxicity: A scheme for generating chemical categories for read-across, structural alerts and insights into mechanism(s) of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:537-58. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.811215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Marine sponge steroids as nuclear receptor ligands. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:591-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Ruiz ML, Rigalli JP, Arias A, Villanueva S, Banchio C, Vore M, Mottino AD, Catania VA. Induction of hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 by ethynylestradiol is independent of cholestasis and mediated by estrogen receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:275-80. [PMID: 23077105 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.047357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3; Abcc3) expression and activity are up-regulated in rat liver after in vivo repeated administration of ethynylestradiol (EE), a cholestatic synthetic estrogen, whereas multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) is down-regulated. This study was undertaken to determine whether Mrp3 induction results from a direct effect of EE, independent of accumulation of any endogenous common Mrp2/Mrp3 substrates resulting from cholestasis and the potential mediation of estrogen receptor (ER). In in vivo studies, male rats were given a single, noncholestatic dose of EE (5 mg/kg s.c.), and basal bile flow and the biliary excretion rate of bile salts and glutathione were measured 5 hours later. This treatment increased Mrp3 mRNA by 4-fold, detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction, despite the absence of cholestasis. Primary culture of rat hepatocytes incubated with EE (1-10 µM) for 5 hours exhibited a 3-fold increase in Mrp3 mRNA (10 µM), consistent with in vivo findings. The increase in Mrp3 mRNA by EE was prevented by actinomycin D, indicating transcriptional regulation. When hepatocytes were incubated with an ER antagonist [7α,17β-[9-[(4,4,5,5,5-Pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl]nonyl]estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (ICI182/780), 1 µM], in addition to EE, induction of Mrp3 mRNA was abolished, implicating ER as a key mediator. EE induced an increase in ER-α phosphorylation at 30 minutes and expression of c-Jun, a well-known ER target gene, at 60 minutes, as detected by Western blotting of nuclear extracts. These increases were prevented by ICI182/780. In summary, EE increased the expression of hepatic Mrp3 transcriptionally and independently of any cholestatic manifestation and required participation of an ER, most likely ER-α, through its phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Ruiz
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (UNR), Suipacha 570, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
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37
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Kruglov EA, Gautam S, Guerra MT, Nathanson MH. Type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor modulates bile salt export pump activity in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 2011; 54:1790-9. [PMID: 21748767 PMCID: PMC3205211 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile salt secretion is mediated primarily by the bile salt export pump (Bsep), a transporter on the canalicular membrane of the hepatocyte. However, little is known about the short-term regulation of Bsep activity. Ca(2+) regulates targeting and insertion of transporters in many cell systems, and Ca(2+) release near the canalicular membrane is mediated by the type II inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R2), so we investigated the possible role of InsP3R2 in modulating Bsep activity. The kinetics of Bsep activity were monitored by following secretion of the fluorescent Bsep substrate cholylglycylamido-fluorescein (CGamF) in rat hepatocytes in collagen sandwich culture, an isolated cell system in which structural and functional polarity is preserved. CGamF secretion was nearly eliminated in cells treated with Bsep small interfering RNA (siRNA), demonstrating specificity of this substrate for Bsep. Secretion was also reduced after chelating intracellular calcium, inducing redistribution of InsP3R2 by depleting the cell membrane of cholesterol, or reducing InsP3R function by either knocking down InsP3R2 expression using siRNA or pharmacologic inhibition using xestospongin C. Confocal immunofluorescence showed that InsP3R2 and Bsep are in close proximity in the canalicular region, both in rat liver and in hepatocytes in sandwich culture. However, after knocking down InsP3R2 or inducing its dysfunction with cholesterol depletion, Bsep redistributed intracellularly. Finally, InsP3R2 was lost from the pericanalicular region in animal models of estrogen- and endotoxin-induced cholestasis. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that pericanalicular calcium signaling mediated by InsP3R2 plays an important role in maintaining bile salt secretion through posttranslational regulation of Bsep, and suggest that loss or redistribution of InsP3R2 may contribute to the pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael H. Nathanson
- Address for correspondence: Michael H. Nathanson, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TAC S241D, New Haven, CT. 06520-8019, Phone: (203) 785-7312. Fax: (203) 785-7273
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Ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis: linking action mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 121:523-44. [PMID: 21854363 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UDCA (ursodeoxycholic acid) is the therapeutic agent most widely used for the treatment of cholestatic hepatopathies. Its use has expanded to other kinds of hepatic diseases, and even to extrahepatic ones. Such versatility is the result of its multiple mechanisms of action. UDCA stabilizes plasma membranes against cytolysis by tensioactive bile acids accumulated in cholestasis. UDCA also halts apoptosis by preventing the formation of mitochondrial pores, membrane recruitment of death receptors and endoplasmic-reticulum stress. In addition, UDCA induces changes in the expression of metabolizing enzymes and transporters that reduce bile acid cytotoxicity and improve renal excretion. Its capability to positively modulate ductular bile flow helps to preserve the integrity of bile ducts. UDCA also prevents the endocytic internalization of canalicular transporters, a common feature in cholestasis. Finally, UDCA has immunomodulatory properties that limit the exacerbated immunological response occurring in autoimmune cholestatic diseases by counteracting the overexpression of MHC antigens and perhaps by limiting the production of cytokines by immunocompetent cells. Owing to this multi-functionality, it is difficult to envisage a substitute for UDCA that combines as many hepatoprotective effects with such efficacy. We predict a long-lasting use of UDCA as the therapeutic agent of choice in cholestasis.
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Pierron F, Normandeau E, Defo MA, Campbell PGC, Bernatchez L, Couture P. Effects of chronic metal exposure on wild fish populations revealed by high-throughput cDNA sequencing. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1388-1399. [PMID: 21557025 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the inherent variability of aquatic systems, predicting the in situ effects of contaminants on such ecosystems still represents a major challenge for ecotoxicology. In this context, transcriptomic tools can help identify and investigate the mechanisms of toxicity beyond the traditional morphometric, physiological and population-level endpoints. In this study, we used the 454 sequencing technology to examine the in situ effects of chronic metal (Cd, Cu) exposure on the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) transcriptome. Total hepatic mRNA from fish sampled along a polymetallic gradient was extracted, reverse transcribed, labeled with unique barcode sequences and sequenced. This approach allowed us to identify correlations between the transcription level of single genes and the hepatic concentrations of individual metals; 71% of the correlations established were negative. Chronic metal exposure was thus associated with a decrease in the transcription levels of numerous genes involved in protein biosynthesis, in the immune system, and in lipid and energy metabolism. Our results suggest that this marked decrease could result from an impairment of bile acid metabolism by Cd and energy restriction but also from the recruitment of several genes involved in epigenetic modifications of histones and DNA that lead to gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pierron
- Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Quebec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada
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Stieger B. The role of the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) in physiology and pathophysiology of bile formation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:205-59. [PMID: 21103971 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile formation is an important function of the liver. Bile salts are a major constituent of bile and are secreted by hepatocytes into bile and delivered into the small intestine, where they assist in fat digestion. In the small intestine, bile salts are almost quantitatively reclaimed and transported back via the portal circulation to the liver. In the liver, hepatocytes take up bile salts and secrete them again into bile for ongoing enterohepatic circulation. Uptake of bile salts into hepatocytes occurs largely in a sodium-dependent manner by the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide NTCP. The transport properties of NTCP have been extensively characterized. It is an electrogenic member of the solute carrier family of transporters (SLC10A1) and transports predominantly bile salts and sulfated compounds, but is also able to mediate transport of additional substrates, such as thyroid hormones, drugs and toxins. It is highly regulated under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Regulation of NTCP copes with changes of bile salt load to hepatocytes and prevents entry of cytotoxic bile salts during liver disease. Canalicular export of bile salts is mediated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter bile salt export pump BSEP (ABCB11). BSEP constitutes the rate limiting step of hepatocellular bile salt transport and drives enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. It is extensively regulated to keep intracellular bile salt levels low under normal and pathophysiologic situations. Mutations in the BSEP gene lead to severe progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. The substrates of BSEP are practically restricted to bile salts and their metabolites. It is, however, subject to inhibition by endogenous metabolites or by drugs. A sustained inhibition will lead to acquired cholestasis, which can end in liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Short- and medium-chain fatty acids enhance the cell surface expression and transport capacity of the bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:1005-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Swift B, Pfeifer ND, Brouwer KLR. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: an in vitro model to evaluate hepatobiliary transporter-based drug interactions and hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:446-71. [PMID: 20109035 PMCID: PMC3097390 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903491881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are a powerful in vitro tool that can be utilized to study hepatobiliary drug transport, species differences in drug transport, transport protein regulation, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the SCH model, including a brief history of, and introduction to, the use of SCH, as well as methodology to evaluate hepatobiliary drug disposition. A summary of the literature that has utilized this model to examine the interplay between drug-metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins, drug-drug interactions at the transport level, and hepatotoxicity as a result of altered hepatic transport also is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Swift
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7569, USA
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Klaassen CD, Aleksunes LM. Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:1-96. [PMID: 20103563 PMCID: PMC2835398 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters influence the disposition of chemicals within the body by participating in absorption, distribution, and elimination. Transporters of the solute carrier family (SLC) comprise a variety of proteins, including organic cation transporters (OCT) 1 to 3, organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN) 1 to 3, organic anion transporters (OAT) 1 to 7, various organic anion transporting polypeptide isoforms, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, peptide transporters (PEPT) 1 and 2, concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT) 1 to 3, equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 to 3, and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATE) 1 and 2, which mediate the uptake (except MATEs) of organic anions and cations as well as peptides and nucleosides. Efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), multidrug resistance proteins (MDR) 1 and 2, bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP) 1 to 9, breast cancer resistance protein, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G members 5 and 8, are responsible for the unidirectional export of endogenous and exogenous substances. Other efflux transporters [ATPase copper-transporting beta polypeptide (ATP7B) and ATPase class I type 8B member 1 (ATP8B1) as well as organic solute transporters (OST) alpha and beta] also play major roles in the transport of some endogenous chemicals across biological membranes. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of these transporters (both rodent and human) with regard to tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and substrate preferences. Because uptake and efflux transporters are expressed in multiple cell types, the roles of transporters in a variety of tissues, including the liver, kidneys, intestine, brain, heart, placenta, mammary glands, immune cells, and testes are discussed. Attention is also placed upon a variety of regulatory factors that influence transporter expression and function, including transcriptional activation and post-translational modifications as well as subcellular trafficking. Sex differences, ontogeny, and pharmacological and toxicological regulation of transporters are also addressed. Transporters are important transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular entry and exit of a wide range of substrates throughout the body and thereby play important roles in human physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA.
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Jahnel J, Fickert P, Langner C, Högenauer C, Silbert D, Gumhold J, Fuchsbichler A, Trauner M. Impact of experimental colitis on hepatobiliary transporter expression and bile duct injury in mice. Liver Int 2009; 29:1316-25. [PMID: 19558576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The pathogenetic link between ulcerative colitis and sclerosing cholangitis (SC) is unclear. We hypothesized that colitis induces changes in bile composition via inflammation-induced reduction of hepatobiliary transporter gene expression, ultimately resulting in cholestasis and bile duct injury. METHODS Alterations in transporter expression and bile secretion in acute dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis were compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice serving as positive control. Whether chronic DSS-colitis elicits cholangitis in genetically predisposed animals was studied in heterozygous multidrug resistance gene 2 knockout mice (Mdr2(+/-)). RESULTS LPS but not DSS-colitis changed major hepatobiliary transporters (Ntcp, Bsep, Mrp2-4, Ostalpha/beta, Abcg5/8, Oatp1-4, Mdr1b and Mdr2), enzymes (Cyp3a11 and Cyp7a1), nuclear receptors (RXRalpha, FXR, CAR and PXR) and proinflammatory mediators (tumour necrosis factor alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase). Formation of toxic bile reflected by an increased bile acid/phospholipid ratio was observed neither in acute nor in chronic colitis, although heterozygous Mdr2(+/-) mice developed mild portal inflammation after chronic colitis. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to LPS, DSS-colitis has a minor impact on hepatobiliary gene expression and bile secretion. Therefore, intestinal inflammation-associated changes of hepatobiliary transporter expression do not play a pathogenetic role in SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Jahnel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz, Austria
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Yang H, Plösch T, Lisman T, Gouw ASH, Porte RJ, Verkade HJ, Hulscher JBF. Inflammation mediated down-regulation of hepatobiliary transporters contributes to intrahepatic cholestasis and liver damage in murine biliary atresia. Pediatr Res 2009; 66:380-5. [PMID: 19581828 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181b454a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the hypothesis that during the development of biliary atresia, early changes in hepatobiliary transport are mainly related to the inflammatory process and lead to intrahepatic cholestasis and subsequent liver injury, livers from mice with rhesus rotavirus-induced biliary atresia were analyzed for mRNA expression of hepatobiliary transporters, nuclear receptors, and inflammatory cytokines. Seven days after inoculation, despite high bile acid concentrations in the liver, gene expression of canalicular and basolateral hepatobiliary transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors was down-regulated with concomitant increase in gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and rise in serum unconjugated bilirubin. At 14 d, hepatobiliary transporters and nuclear receptors remained down-regulated although the inflammatory response subsided. The percentage of conjugated bilirubin started to increase as extrahepatic biliary obstruction occurred. At 18 d, expression of hepatobiliary transporters remained low, expression of nuclear receptors returned to normal, while expression of inflammatory cytokines decreased further. Moreover, histology demonstrated progressive inflammation, bile duct damage, ductular proliferation, and hepatocyte necrosis. In conclusion, intrahepatic cholestasis due to inflammation-related down-regulation of basolateral and canalicular hepatobiliary transporters is an early event in the development of biliary atresia. Intrahepatic cholestasis contributes to the development of jaundice and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Yang
- Department of Surgery, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Recent progress in basic research has enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of normal bile secretion and their alterations in cholestasis. Genetic transporter variants contribute to an entire spectrum of cholestatic liver diseases and can cause hereditary cholestatic syndromes or determine susceptibility and disease progression in acquired cholestatic disorders. Cholestasis is associated with complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional alterations of hepatobiliary transporters and enzymes participating in bile formation. Ligand-activated nuclear receptors for bile acids and other biliary compounds play a key role in the regulation of genes required for bile formation. Pharmacological interventions in cholestasis may aim at modulating such novel regulatory pathways. This review will summarize the principles of molecular alterations in cholestasis and will give an overview of potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wagner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Cadoret A, Rey C, Wendum D, Elriz K, Tronche F, Holzenberger M, Housset C. IGF-1R contributes to stress-induced hepatocellular damage in experimental cholestasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:627-35. [PMID: 19628767 PMCID: PMC2716962 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) controls aging and cellular stress, both of which play major roles in liver disease. Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor signaling can generate cell death in vitro. Here, we tested whether IGF-1R contributes to stress insult in the liver. Cholestatic liver injury was induced by bile duct ligation in control and liver-specific IGF-1R knockout (LIGFREKO) mice. LIGFREKO mice displayed less bile duct ligation-induced hepatocyte damage than controls, while no differences in bile acid serum levels or better adaptation to cholestasis by efflux transporters were found. We therefore tested whether stress pathways contributed to this phenomenon; oxidative stress, ascertained by both malondialdehyde content and heme oxygenase-1 expression, was similar in knockout and control animals. However, together with a lower level of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha phosphorylation, the endoplasmic reticulum stress protein CHOP and its downstream pro-apoptotic target Bax were induced to lesser extents in LIGFREKO mice than in controls. Expression levels of cytokeratin 19, transforming growth factor-beta1, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and collagen alpha1(I) in LIGFREKO mice were all lower than in controls, indicating reduced ductular and fibrogenic responses and increased cholestasis tolerance in these mutants. This stress resistance phenotype was also evidenced by longer post-bile duct ligation survival in mutants than controls. These results indicate that IGF-1R contributes to cholestatic liver injury, and suggests the involvement of both CHOP and Bax in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Cadoret
- Inserm UMR_S 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
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Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily. FXR is a bile sensor and is part of a complex network of nuclear receptors that includes also the constitutive androstane receptor and the pregnane X receptor. These receptors act coordinately to regulate essential steps of bile acids and xenobiotics uptake, metabolism and excretion in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and kidney cells. Preclinical models indicate that FXR agonists are effective in reducing liver injury in nonobstructive models of cholestasis. FXR ligands are currently under investigation for treating patients with early stage primary biliary cirrhosis. Although these ligands hold promise, evidence is growing that FXR activation could impair the expression/activity of basolateral transporters such as multidrug resistance protein 4 essential for basolateral secretion of bile constituents in the systemic circulation. Because FXR, pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor ligands interact with different target genes, it appear that a combination with pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor ligand/activator or both or ursodeoxycholic acid could prevent possible side-effects of FXR activation in severe cholestasis.
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Arias A, Villanueva SSM, Ruiz ML, Luquita MG, Veggi LM, Pellegrino JM, Vore M, Catania VA, Mottino AD. Regulation of Expression and Activity of Rat Intestinal Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 by Cholestatic Estrogens. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1277-85. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Shitara Y, Nagamatsu Y, Wada S, Sugiyama Y, Horie T. Long-lasting inhibition of the transporter-mediated hepatic uptake of sulfobromophthalein by cyclosporin a in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1172-8. [PMID: 19282398 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a well known inhibitor of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP/Oatp) family transporters, causing a large number of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions in clinical situations. In the present study, we examined the inhibitory effect of CsA on the hepatic uptake of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) in rats, focusing on a long-lasting inhibition. Twenty-one hours after the subcutaneous administration of CsA, the hepatic clearance of BSP was decreased. The liver uptake index study revealed that hepatic uptake of BSP was reduced in CsA-treated rats for at least 3 days. Comparison of uptake studies using isolated hepatocytes prepared from control and CsA-treated rats showed that hepatic uptake in CsA-treated rats was decreased. In primary cultured hepatocytes, after preincubation with CsA, the uptake of [(3)H]BSP was reduced even after removal of CsA from the incubation buffer although a preincubation time dependence was not observed. However, the expression of Oatp1a1 and Oatp1b2, which are involved in the hepatic uptake of BSP, and the amount of intrahepatic glutathione, a driving force of Oatp1a1, did not change in CsA-treated rats. Thus, we can conclude that CsA modulates the transporter function sustainably. It can cause a potent in vivo drug-drug interaction. The modulation of transporters is not caused by reduced expression or driving force of transporters. It may be affected by CsA accumulated in the liver or its metabolites. The inhibitory effect of CsA on the transporter-mediated uptake of BSP cannot be explained by a simple competitive mechanism and a novel mechanism should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Shitara
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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