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Fujita N, Yasuda I, Endo I, Isayama H, Iwashita T, Ueki T, Uemura K, Umezawa A, Katanuma A, Katayose Y, Suzuki Y, Shoda J, Tsuyuguchi T, Wakai T, Inui K, Unno M, Takeyama Y, Itoi T, Koike K, Mochida S. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2021. J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:801-833. [PMID: 37452855 PMCID: PMC10423145 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology first published evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis in 2010, followed by a revision in 2016. Currently, the revised third edition was published to reflect recent evidence on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cholelithiasis conforming to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Following this revision, the present English version of the guidelines was updated and published herein. The clinical questions (CQ) in the previous version were reviewed and rearranged into three newly divided categories: background questions (BQ) dealing with basic background knowledge, CQ, and future research questions (FRQ), which refer to issues that require further accumulation of evidence. Finally, 52 questions (29 BQs, 19 CQs, and 4 FRQs) were adopted to cover the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis. Based on a literature search using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases for the period between 1983 and August 2019, along with a manual search of new information reported over the past 5 years, the level of evidence was evaluated for each CQ. The strengths of recommendations were determined using the Delphi method by the committee members considering the body of evidence, including benefits and harms, patient preference, and cost-benefit balance. A comprehensive flowchart was prepared for the diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder stones, common bile duct stones, and intrahepatic stones, respectively. The current revised guidelines are expected to be of great assistance to gastroenterologists and general physicians in making decisions on contemporary clinical management for cholelithiasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Fujita
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan.
- Miyagi Medical Check-up Plaza, 1-6-9 Oroshi-machi, Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 984-0015, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Yasuda
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isayama
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwashita
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ueki
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Uemura
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Akiko Umezawa
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Akio Katanuma
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Yu Katayose
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Junichi Shoda
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Toshio Tsuyuguchi
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Wakai
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inui
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takeyama
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Takao Itoi
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mochida
- Guidelines Committee for Creating and Evaluating the "Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cholelithiasis'', The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 6F Shimbashi i-MARK Building, 2-6-2 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0004, Japan
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Lu Z, Zhao H. Preferable timing of intraductal ultrasonography during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography lithotomy: A prospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1042929. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1042929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AimIntraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is a highly sensitive and non-invasive detective method that can be used to detect complete calculus clearance during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In this study, we examined the preferable timing of IDUS during ERCP lithotomy.MethodsFrom 2017 to 2020, patients with choledocholithiasis were randomized into IDUS-BL (IDUS performed before lithotomy) group, IDUS-ALC (cholangiography and IDUS performed after lithotomy) group, and IDUS-AL group (IDUS performed after lithotomy) group. The influence of IDUS on the accuracy of prejudgment, the incidence of residual stones, the need for repeated lithotomy (RL), and fluoroscopy time were analyzed.ResultsA total of 184 patients were enrolled. No residual stones were found during follow-up in any of the three groups. There was no difference in prejudgment accuracy rate on size and number of stones between different groups (all P > 0.05). RL were performed in 5, 9, and 9 cases of IDUS-BL, IDUS-ALC, and IDUS-AL group, respectively (P > 0.05). IDUS-AL group had a shorter fluoroscopy time than the other two groups (1.5 ± 0.6 vs. 2.8 ± 1.2, 2.5 ± 1.0 min, P < 0.05). Incidence of RL was related to the location of calculus [middle or lower part of common bile duct (CBD)], lithotripsy, dilated CBD (2.12 ± 0.46 vs. 1.78 ± 0.40 cm, P < 0.01), and inaccuracy prejudgment.ConclusionIDUS performed after lithotomy is preferable for shorten fluoroscopy time during ERCP. IDUS is a reliable solution for the stone omission, which may be more valuable for patients with high-risk factors of RL.
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Sugiura R, Nakamura H, Horita S, Meguro T, Sasaki K, Kagaya H, Yoshida T, Aoki H, Morita T, Fujita M, Tamoto E, Fukushima M, Ashitate Y, Ueno T, Tsutaho A, Kuwatani M, Sakamoto N. Assessment of postoperative common bile duct stones after endoscopic extraction and subsequent cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:6535-6542. [PMID: 35041052 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common bile duct stones (CBDSs) occasionally cause serious diseases, and endoscopic extraction is the standard procedure for CBDS. To prevent biliary complications, cholecystectomy is recommended for patients who present with gallbladder (GB) stones after endoscopic CBDS extraction. However, CBDS can occasionally recur. To date, the occurrence of CBDS after endoscopic CBDS extraction and subsequent cholecystectomy is not fully understood. Hence, the current study aimed to evaluate the incidence of postoperative CBDSs. METHODS This retrospective observational study included consecutive patients who underwent postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography after endoscopic CBDS extraction and subsequent cholecystectomy between April 2012 and June 2021 at our institution. After endoscopic CBDS extraction, a biliary plastic stent was inserted to prevent obstructive cholangitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was performed to evaluate postoperative CBDSs after cholecystectomy until hospital discharge. The outcomes were the incidence of postoperative CBDSs and CBDSs/sludge. Moreover, the predictive factors for postoperative CBDSs were evaluated via univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Of eligible 204 patients, 52 patients (25.5%) presented with postoperative CBDSs. The incidence rate of CBDS/sludge was 36.8% (n = 75). Based on the univariate analysis, the significant predictive factors for postoperative CBDSs were ≥ 6 CBDSs, presence of cystic duct stones, and ≥ 10 GB stones (P < 0.05). Moreover, male sex and < 60-mm minor axis in GB might be predictive factors (P < 0.10). Based on the multivariate analysis, ≥ 6 CBDSs (odds ratio = 6.65, P < 0.01), presence of cystic duct stones (odds ratio = 4.39, P < 0.01), and ≥ 10 GB stones (odds ratio = 2.55, P = 0.01) were independent predictive factors for postoperative CBDSs. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of postoperative CBDS was relatively high. Hence, patients with predictive factors for postoperative CBDS must undergo imaging tests or additional endoscopic procedure after cholecystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sugiura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, 1-2-10, 1-jo Honcho, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, 1-2-10, 1-jo Honcho, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Horita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, 1-2-10, 1-jo Honcho, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Meguro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, 1-2-10, 1-jo Honcho, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, 1-2-10, 1-jo Honcho, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kagaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, 1-2-10, 1-jo Honcho, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, 1-2-10, 1-jo Honcho, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironori Aoki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, 1-2-10, 1-jo Honcho, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Morita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miyoshi Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiji Tamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fukushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Ashitate
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akio Tsutaho
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kuwatani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Dietrich CF, Bekkali NL, Burmeister S, Dong Y, Everett SM, Hocke M, Ignee A, On W, Hebbar S, Oppong K, Sun S, Jenssen C, Braden B. Controversies in ERCP: Technical aspects. Endosc Ultrasound 2021; 11:27-37. [PMID: 34677144 PMCID: PMC8887038 DOI: 10.4103/eus-d-21-00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the series of papers on controversies of biliopancreatic drainage procedures is to discuss pros and cons of the varying clinical practices and techniques in ERCP and EUS for drainage of biliary and pancreatic ducts. While the first part focuses on indications, clinical and imaging prerequisites prior to ERCP, sedation options, post-ERCP pancreatitis prophylaxis, and other related technical topics, the second part discusses specific procedural ERCP techniques including precut techniques and their timing as well as management algorithms. In addition, reviews on controversies in EUS-guided bile duct and pancreatic drainage procedures are under preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph F Dietrich
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Department of Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und Permanence, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Noor L Bekkali
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Burmeister
- Surgical Gastroenterology Unit, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Michael Hocke
- Medical Department, Helios Klinikum Meiningen, Germany
| | - Andre Ignee
- Medical Department 2, Caritas-Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr 7, D-97980 Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Wei On
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Srisha Hebbar
- University Hospitals of North Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Kofi Oppong
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Siyu Sun
- Endoscopy Center, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Christian Jenssen
- Krankenhaus Märkisch-Oderland, Department of Internal Medicine, Strausberg; Brandenburg Institute for Clinical Ultrasound (BICUS) at Medical University Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Barbara Braden
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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5
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Choi JH, Lee TY, Cheon YK. Effect of stent placement on stone recurrence and post-procedural cholangitis after endoscopic removal of common bile duct stones. Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:S27-S34. [PMID: 32829571 PMCID: PMC8009149 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS After endoscopic treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones, recurrence of choledocholithiasis due to small stone fragments and post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (post-ERCP) cholangitis can occur. We determined the effect of biliary stenting after removal of CBD stones on the recurrence of CBD stones and the incidence of post-ERCP cholangitis. METHODS We performed a retrospective single-center study involving 483 patients who underwent ERCP for the removal of CBD stones. The patients were classified into two groups according to their biliary stenting status. The primary outcome was the rate of CBD stone recurrence and the secondary outcome was the incidence of post-ERCP cholangitis. RESULTS Among the 483 patients, 219 and 264 did and did not receive a biliary stent after CBD stone removal, respectively. The incidence of stone recurrence was 15.5% and 7.6% in the non-stenting and stenting groups (p = 0.006), respectively, while the incidence of post-ERCP cholangitis was 4.6% and 2.7% (p = 0.256). In a multivariate analysis, biliary stenting significantly reduced the stone recurrence rate (odds ratio, 0.30; p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Biliary stenting after the removal of CBD stones reduces the stone recurrence rate and assisted recovery. For patients with large and multiple stones who undergo lithotripsy, preventive biliary stent insertion can reduce the rate of stone recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Young-Koog Cheon
- Correspondence to Young-Koog Cheon, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea Tel: + 82-2-2030-7490 Fax: + 82-2-2030-6190 E-mail:
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Endo R, Satoh A, Tanaka Y, Shimoda F, Suzuki K, Takahashi K, Okata H, Hiramoto K, Kimura O, Asonuma S, Umemura K, Shimosegawa T. Saline Solution Irrigation of the Bile Duct after Stone Removal Reduces the Recurrence of Common Bile Duct Stones. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2020; 250:173-179. [PMID: 32161251 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.250.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Common bile duct (CBD) stone is a relatively common but potentially life-threatening disease. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) has been performed as standard therapy for CBD stones, but the rate of recurrence of CBD stones is high. Risk factors have been poorly defined, and no effective means for the prevention of the recurrence of CBD stones have been established so far. We aimed to identify significant risk factors for the recurrence of bile duct stones. This study included 477 patients (231 women; mean age, 80.5 years) who underwent EST and cleared CBD stones on cholangiography. A retrospective analysis was performed for the consecutively collected data. During the follow-up period of 6-75 months, the recurrence of CBD stones was observed in 99 patients (20.8%). The median time to the recurrence was 19.0 months (range 4-72 months). Multivariate analysis identified the need for mechanical lithotripsy, which was used for stone fragmentation, as a risk factor. Mechanical lithotripsy caused cholangiography-negative small residua. Notably, saline solution irrigation of the bile duct reduced the recurrence of CBD stones. These results demonstrate that subsequent biliary irrigation after stone removal may prevent the recurrence of CBD stones by clearing small residual fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
| | - Akihiko Satoh
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
| | - Fumiko Shimoda
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
| | | | - Hideki Okata
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
| | | | - Osamu Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
| | - Sho Asonuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
| | - Ken Umemura
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center
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Fujita A, Nakahara K, Michikawa Y, Morita R, Suetani K, Sato J, Igarashi Y, Araki R, Ikeda H, Matsunaga K, Watanabe T, Itoh F. Pancreatic duct guidewire placement for biliary cannulation as a risk factor for stone residue after endoscopic transpapillary stone removal. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:285. [PMID: 32831030 PMCID: PMC7446213 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent improvements in stone extraction implements and apparatus have lessened the complexity of the endoscopic bile duct stone treatment. However, despite confirmation of complete removal, cases of residual stones have been reported, which can result in recurrent biliary symptoms, cholangitis, and pancreatitis and considerably increase cost given the need for repeat imaging and/or procedures. To date, risk factors for residual bile duct stones following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) extraction have not been thoroughly evaluated. This study retrospectively investigated the incidence and risk factors of residual bile duct stones following extraction via ERCP. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all ERCP cases that underwent endoscopic bile duct stone extraction between April 2014 and March 2019. A total of 505 patients were enrolled and evaluated for the incidence and risk factors of residual bile duct stones after ERCP. Results The rate of residual stones was 4.8% (24/505). Residual stones were detected by computed tomography (12/24) or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (12/24). In univariate analyses, a large number of stones (P = 0.01), long procedure time (P = 0.005), and performance of the pancreatic duct guidewire placement method (P-GW) for selective bile duct cannulation (P = 0.01) were the factors involved in residual stones. In multiple logistic regression analysis, performing P-GW was retained as the only independent factor of residual stones (adjusted odds ratio, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.19–9.88; P = 0.02). Conclusions When removing bile duct stones with a pancreatic guidewire in place, paying attention to residual stones is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akashi Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kazunari Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Michikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Ryo Morita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Keigo Suetani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Junya Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yosuke Igarashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Araki
- Community Health Science Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsunaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tsunamasa Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Fumio Itoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
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8
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The Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound-Guided Contrast Injection via the Endoscopic Nasobiliary Drainage Duct in Diagnosing Residual Common Bile Duct Stones. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3281241. [PMID: 32685467 PMCID: PMC7352124 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3281241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound- (CEUS-) guided contrast injection via an endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) tube on the evaluation for residual stones in common bile duct (CBD). Methods 116 patients with CBD stones were treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and duodenoscopic sphincterotomy incision surgery and ENBD. The US group consisted of 54 patients who underwent US-guided saline injection via the ENBD tube to evaluate for residual CBD stones. The CEUS group consisted of 62 patients who underwent CEUS-guided contrast injection via the ENBD tube to evaluate for residual CBD stones. The length and width of CBD and the detection rate of residual stones before and after NS injection were compared. Results In both the US group and the CEUS group, the rate of complete demonstration and the average length and width of CBD before and after injection of NS were all increased significantly. In the US group, 6 patients had verified residual stones, 1 of which was detected by conventional US (detection rate, 1/6), 5 of which were detected by saline injection ultrasound (detection rate, 5/6), and 4 of which were detected by ENBD cholangiography (detection rate, 4/6). There was 1 false positive result on saline injection US and 2 false positives on ENBD cholangiography. In the CEUS group, 6 patients had verified residual stones, none of which were detected by conventional US (detection rate, 0/6), all of which were detected by saline injection CEUS (detection rate, 6/6), and 4 of which were detected by ENBD cholangiography (detection rate, 4/6). There was 1 false positive result on ENBD cholangiography. Conclusions CEUS-guided contrast injection via an ENBD tube helps to provide clear observation of residual stones in the CBD after ERCP with EST and provides comprehensive information for follow-up.
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Yang JJ, Liu XC, Chen XQ, Zhang QY, Liu TR. Clinical value of DPOC for detecting and removing residual common bile duct stones (video). BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:135. [PMID: 31349795 PMCID: PMC6660680 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of detecting and removing residual common bile duct stones (CBDS) using direct peroralcholangioscopy (DPOC) after performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for stone retrieval. Methods From January 5, 2017 to December 27, 2017, a total of 164 cases of choledocholithiasis were treated by ERCP for stone retrieval. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the remaining 79 cases (39 males; mean age: 63.3 years old, range: 52–79 years old) were enrolled in the present study. The maximum transverse stone diameter was 6–15 mm (12.7 ± 4.2 mm), as determined by ERCP. Furthermore, there were 57 cases of multiple stones (number of stones: two in 41 cases, three in nine cases, and ≥ 4 in seven cases), 13 cases of post-mechanical lithotripsy, and nine cases of broken stones. Results The overall success rate of DPOC was 94.9% (75/79). Furthermore, 18.7%(14/75) of cases were directly inserted, 72%(54/75) of cases required guide wire assistance, and 9.3%(7/75) of cases were successfully inserted with overtube assistance. The average insertion time was 7–17 min (4.9 ± 2.9 min). Residual stones were detected in 19 cases (25.3%), and all of which were < 5 mm in diameter. Moreover, five cases of formed stones were removed by basket and balloon catheter, while the remaining cases were cleaned after irrigation and suction. There were no serious complications. Conclusion DPOC is safe and effective for both the detection and removal of residual CBDS after conventional ERCP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-019-1045-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou First People's Hospital, No. 1 of Wujiayuan west Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou City, 730050, China
| | - Xiong-Chang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou First People's Hospital, No. 1 of Wujiayuan west Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou City, 730050, China.
| | - Xiao-Qin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou First People's Hospital, No. 1 of Wujiayuan west Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou City, 730050, China
| | - Qi-Yong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou First People's Hospital, No. 1 of Wujiayuan west Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou City, 730050, China
| | - Tian-Rang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou First People's Hospital, No. 1 of Wujiayuan west Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou City, 730050, China
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Effects of Saline Irrigation of the Bile Duct to Reduce the Rate of Residual Common Bile Duct Stones: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:548-555. [PMID: 29610513 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2018.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In clinical practice, recurrent cholangitis due to residual common bile duct (CBD) stone occurs frequently even after endoscopic stone removal. This study aimed to determine whether preventive saline irrigation of the bile duct (PSIB) after endoscopic removal of CBD stones would decrease the residual CBD stones. METHODS In this multicenter, prospective, randomized study, patients who received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for removal of CBD stone were randomized to either receiving PSIB after stone removal (PSIB group) or not receiving PSIB (non-PSIB group). Patients were prospectively followed up and the presence of residual CBD stones was evaluated within 6 months after endoscopic stone removal. RESULTS A total of 148 patients were enrolled and completed follow-up (73 in PSIB group and 75 in non-PSIB group). The two groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics. Residual CBD stones were detected in 22 patients (14.9%). The incidences of residual CBD stones were 6.8% in PSIB group and 22.7% in non-PSIB group (P=0.010). Multivariate analysis revealed that the performance of PSIB and the presence of only a single-CBD stone were the significant factors for the decrease of the occurrence of the residual CBD stones. Although, procedure time was slightly longer in PSIB group (22.0 vs 19.2 min, P=0.037), no significant difference was observed in the procedure-related complications between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS PSIB could reduce the residual CBD stones without increasing complications. Considering the efficacy and safety, routine PSIB after endoscopic CBD stone removal seems to be preferred (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01425177).
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Varas Lorenzo MJ, Abad Belando R, Sánchez-Vizcaíno Mengual E. Miniprobe Endoscopic Sonography for Gastrointestinal Tract Assessment: A Case Series of 1451 Procedures. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2018; 37:293-303. [PMID: 28748539 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional endoscopic sonography has allowed precise diagnostics without disturbances, and miniprobes can be easily introduced through the biopsy channel of the endoscope. Miniprobe endoscopic sonography has many benefits compared with conventional endoscopic sonography. Although there are well-known indications for miniprobe endoscopic sonography in endoscopic digestive tract assessment, there is still a need for this method to be widely spread among physicians and commonly used by most endoscopists. The aim of this series was to describe a multicenter retrospective experience with 1451 procedures using miniprobes, presenting examples and the applicability and usefulness of this technology in the daily activities of an endoscopy department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesto J Varas Lorenzo
- Endoscopy Unit, Sanitas CIMA Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanitas CIMA Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Cataluny (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Abad Belando
- Endoscopy Unit, Sanitas CIMA Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanitas CIMA Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Planas Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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Kim HN, Park CH, Cho EA, Rew SJ, Park IH, Lim SU, Jun CH, Park SY, Kim HS, Choi SK. Role of Balloon-Sheathed Intraductal Ultrasonography for Patients with Extensive Pneumobilia. Gut Liver 2016; 9:561-5. [PMID: 26033684 PMCID: PMC4478002 DOI: 10.5009/gnl14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is one of the most useful diagnostic tools for various extrahepatic biliary diseases. However, conventional IDUS has some limitations in providing accurate cross-sectional imaging of the bile duct in patients with extensive pneumobilia. Using a balloon-sheathed catheter, the US system (balloon-sheathed IDUS) can overcome these limitations. Sixteen patients underwent balloon-sheathed IDUS during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. The balloon-sheathed IDUS was inserted via a transpapillary route when visualization of the bile duct with conventional IDUS was distorted by extensive pneumobilia. The patient group had a mean age of 65.5 years, and 56.3% (9/16) were male. The balloon-sheathed IDUS permitted successful visualization of the bile duct in all patients, regardless of the extent of pneumobilia. Using this system, remnant common bile duct stones were detected in five patients (31.3%), and cholangiocarcinoma was detected in one patient (6.3%). The balloon-sheath IDUS aided in stone sweeping. No significant complications, including bleeding, perforation, or pancreatitis, occurred in any of the patients. The balloon-sheathed catheter US system was useful and safe for biliary IDUS in patients with extensive pneumobilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Eun-Ae Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Rew
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gwangju Chritian Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - In-Hyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Sung-Uk Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Chung-Hwan Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Sung-Kyu Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
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Kim DC, Moon JH, Choi HJ, Chun AR, Lee YN, Lee MH, Lee TH, Cha SW, Kim SG, Kim YS, Cho YD, Park SH, Lee HK. Usefulness of intraductal ultrasonography in icteric patients with highly suspected choledocholithiasis showing normal endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1902-8. [PMID: 25008424 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choledocholithiasis is one of the causes of jaundice and may require urgent treatment. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been the primary management strategy for choledocholithiasis. However, small stones can be overlooked during ERCP. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) for detecting choledocholithiasis in icteric patients with highly suspected common bile duct (CBD) stones without definite stone diagnosis on ERCP. METHODS Ninety-five icteric (bilirubin ≥ 3 mg/dL) patients who underwent ERCP for highly suspected choledocholithiasis without definite filling defects on cholangiography were prospectively enrolled in the present study. We evaluated the bile duct using IDUS for the presence of stones or sludge. Reference standard for choledocholithiasis was endoscopic extraction of stone or sludge. RESULT Bile duct stones were detected with IDUS in 31 of 95 patients (32.6%). IDUS findings were confirmed by endoscopic stone extraction in all patients. The mean diameter of CBD stones detected by IDUS was 2.9 mm (range 1-7 mm). IDUS revealed biliary sludge in 24 patients (25.2%) which was confirmed by sludge extraction in 21 patients (87.5%). In dilated CBD, detection rate of bile duct stone/sludge based on IDUS was significantly higher than in non-dilated CBD (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION IDUS is useful for the detection of occult CBD stone on ERCP in icteric patients with highly suspected CBD stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Choon Kim
- Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon and Seoul, Korea
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Huang SW, Lin CH, Lee MS, Tsou YK, Sung KF. Residual common bile duct stones on direct peroral cholangioscopy using ultraslim endoscope. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4966-4972. [PMID: 23946602 PMCID: PMC3740427 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i30.4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect and manage residual common bile duct (CBD) stones using ultraslim endoscopic peroral cholangioscopy (POC) after a negative balloon-occluded cholangiography.
METHODS: From March 2011 to December 2011, a cohort of 22 patients with CBD stones who underwent both endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and direct POC were prospectively enrolled in this study. Those patients who were younger than 20 years of age, pregnant, critically ill, or unable to provide informed consent for direct POC, as well as those with concomitant gallbladder stones or CBD with diameters less than 10 mm were excluded. Direct POC using an ultraslim endoscope with an overtube balloon-assisted technique was carried out immediately after a negative balloon-occluded cholangiography was obtained.
RESULTS: The ultraslim endoscope was able to be advanced to the hepatic hilum or the intrahepatic bile duct (IHD) in 8 patients (36.4%), to the extrahepatic bile duct where the hilum could be visualized in 10 patients (45.5%), and to the distal CBD where the hilum could not be visualized in 4 patients (18.2%). The procedure time of the diagnostic POC was 8.2 ± 2.9 min (range, 5-18 min). Residual CBD stones were found in 5 (22.7%) of the patients. There was one residual stone each in 3 of the patients, three in 1 patient, and more than five in 1 patient. The diameter of the residual stones ranged from 2-5 mm. In 2 of the patients, the residual stones were successfully extracted using either a retrieval balloon catheter (n = 1) or a basket catheter (n = 1) under direct endoscopic control. In the remaining 3 patients, the residual stones were removed using an irrigation and suction method under direct endoscopic visualization. There were no serious procedure-related complications, such as bleeding, pancreatitis, biliary tract infection, or perforation, in this study.
CONCLUSION: Direct POC using an ultraslim endoscope appears to be a useful tool for both detecting and treating residual CBD stones after conventional ERC.
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Preventive saline irrigation of the bile duct after the endoscopic removal of common bile duct stones. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2353-60. [PMID: 23546698 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small stone fragments after an endoscopic stone extraction for choledocholithiasis may act as the nidus for recurrent choledocholithiasis. Therefore, efforts to eliminate the nidus might reduce the recurrence of choledocholithiasis and cholangitis related to choledocholithiasis. AIMS The purpose of this study was to determine whether an additional preventive saline irrigation of the bile duct after the endoscopic removal of common bile duct stones would decrease residual stones and the recurrence of cholangitis. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed for the consecutively collected data about the patients who underwent the complete endoscopic treatment for common bile duct stone. RESULTS Among 99 patients, 45 patients underwent saline irrigation. Residual stones were detected in 18 patients (18.2 %). The incidences of residual stones were 8.9 % (4 of 45 patients) in the irrigation group and 25.9 % (14 of 54 patients) in the non-irrigation group (P = 0.037). In multivariate analysis, preventive saline irrigation was found to be the only significant factor for the decrease of residual stones (HR = 0.258, P = 0.039). When analyzing the occurrence of recurrent cholangitis and the procedure related to complications, there were no significant differences according to the performance of preventive saline irrigation of the bile duct. CONCLUSIONS Preventive saline irrigation could reduce the residual common bile duct stones without complications.
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Diagnosis of distal cholangiocarcinoma after the removal of choledocholithiasis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:396869. [PMID: 23227039 PMCID: PMC3512266 DOI: 10.1155/2012/396869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim. Distal cholangiocarcinoma associated with choledocholithiasis has not been reported, and the causal relationship remains to be established. We evaluated diagnosis of distal cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed after the removal of choledocholithiasis. Patients and Methods. We assigned 9 cases of cholangiocarcinoma with choledocholithiasis to Group A. As a control group, 37 patients with cholangiocarcinoma without choledocholithiasis were assigned to Group B. Results. Abdominal pain at admission is the only significant difference between Group A and Group B (P = 0.001). All patients in Group A had gall bladder stones, compared with 7 patients (19%) in Group B (P < 0.01). Of the 9 patients in Group A, endoscopic retrade cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) detected normality in 2 patients (22%) and abnormalities in 7 patients (78%). Of the 32 patients in Group B, ERCP detected normality in 4 patients (13%) and abnormalities in 28 patients (88%) (P = 0.597). Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) detected a tumor in 8 patients in Group A, while in Group B, IDUS detected normality in 1 patient (3%) and tumors in 29 patients (97%) (P = 1.000). Conclusions. IDUS after stone removal may potentially help in the detection of unexpected tumors. Therefore, we believe that IDUS after stone removal will lead to improve outcome and prognosis.
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Noguchi C, Tamada K, Wada S, Ohashi A, Hatanaka H, Ushio J, Nakazawa K, Numao N, Sugano K. Successful lithotripsy under fluoroscopy without cholangiography and confirmation: absence of remnant stones using gadolinium chelate combined with intraductal ultrasound in a patient anaphylactic to iodine-based contrast agent. Dig Endosc 2012; 24:195-6. [PMID: 22507102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2011.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Itoi T, Sofuni A, Itokawa F, Kurihara T, Tsuchiya T, Ishii K, Ikeuchi N, Moriyasu F, Kasuya K, Tsuchida A, Kamisawa T, Baron TH. Diagnostic and therapeutic peroral direct cholangioscopy in patients with altered GI anatomy (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75:441-9. [PMID: 22154415 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Endo T, Ito K, Fujita N, Noda Y, Kobayashi G, Obana T, Horaguchi J, Koshita S, Kanno Y, Ogawa T. Intraductal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of bile duct stones: when and whom? Dig Endosc 2011; 23:173-5. [PMID: 21429024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2010.01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Biliary intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is highly sensitive in visualizing bile duct stones (BDS). Indications for IDUS, however, in cases of suspected BDS have not yet been established. The aim of the present study was to elucidate adequate indications for IDUS in cases that undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) due to suspected BDS. METHODS A total of 213 patients who were suspected of having BDS were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A in which BDS was visualized by ERCP; and Group B in which BDS was demonstrated only by IDUS. Comparison between the groups was carried out. RESULTS ERCP successfully visualized BDS in 166 patients. Forty-seven patients underwent IDUS, which revealed BDS and biliary sludge in 12 and eight patients, respectively. The diameter of the largest stone was 13 ± 6 mm in Group A and 5 ± 1 mm in Group B (P < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ERCP in the diagnosis of BDS were 93%, 100%, and 94%, respectively. The sensitivity was influenced by the size of BDS: 100% in cases of stones ≥ 8 mm in size, but 74% in those with stones < 8 mm. In cases with stones < 8 mm, the sensitivity was significantly affected by the bile duct diameter (≥ 12 mm vs < 12 mm, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION When ERCP fails to visualize stones in patients with suspected BDS, IDUS is recommended, especially in those with a bile duct ≥ 12 mm in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
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Itoi T, Sofuni A, Itokawa F, Shinohara Y, Moriyasu F, Tsuchida A. Evaluation of residual bile duct stones by peroral cholangioscopy in comparison with balloon-cholangiography. Dig Endosc 2010; 22 Suppl 1:S85-9. [PMID: 20590779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2010.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the usefulness of peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) for residual bile duct stones in patients with complete bile duct clearance confirmed by balloon-occluded cholangiography. A total of 108 patients with common bile duct stones who underwent POCS after extraction of stones via endoscopic sphincterotomy, resulting in complete bile duct extraction confirmed by balloon-occluded cholangiography, were retrospectively evaluated. For the treatment of difficult stones, stones were fragmented by mechanical lithotripsy (ML) or electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL). In 26 patients (24%), residual stones were detected with POCS in the lower bile duct. In patients with residual stones, large bile duct stones, juxtapapillary diverticulum, and use of ML or EHL were significantly related to residual stones (P < 0.05). Although a prospective study is necessary to clarify whether this procedure is appropriate in aspects of cost and benefits, POCS appears to be a useful diagnostic tool for confirming complete extraction of bile duct stones. POCS may be useful, particularly when lithotripsy using ML or EHL is performed and a large pneumobilia exists in the bile duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Noble H, Tranter S, Chesworth T, Norton S, Thompson M. A randomized, clinical trial to compare endoscopic sphincterotomy and subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with primary laparoscopic bile duct exploration during cholecystectomy in higher risk patients with choledocholithiasis. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2010; 19:713-20. [PMID: 19792866 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2008.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcomes after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) and subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) versus laparoscopic bile duct exploration (LBDE) during LC are comparable in fit patients with choledocholithiasis. This randomized, clinical trial aimed to determine the optimum treatment in patients with higher medical risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-one higher risk patients with evidence of bile duct stones were randomized to ES/LC (group A) or LBDE during LC (group B). The primary outcome measure was duct clearance. Secondary outcome measures were complications, number of procedures per patient, conversion, and postoperative hospital stay (POS). RESULTS Forty-seven patients were randomized to ES/LC and 44 to LBDE. The median age was 74.56 years. On an intention-to-treat basis, duct clearance was achieved in 29 of 47 of group A and 44 of 44 of Group B patients (P < 0.001). Clavien Grade II-V complications occurred in 8 of 47 and 8 of 44 patients (P = 0.884), the median number of procedures was 2 (2-3) and 1 (1-1) (P < 0.001), 2 of 47 and 4 of 44 patients required conversion (P = 0.676), and the median POS was 3 (2-7) and 5 (2-7) days (P = 0.825), respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference between approaches to duct clearance in terms of postoperative stay, complications, or conversion in higher risk patients, but the laparoscopic approach was more effective and efficient and avoided unnecessary procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Noble
- Department of Surgery, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, UK.
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Abstract
AIM To assess long-term outcome of endoscopic papillotomy alone without subsequent cholecystectomy in patients with choledocholithiasis and cholecystolithiasis. METHODS Retrospective review of clinical records of patients treated for choledocholithiasis and cholecystolithiasis from 1976 to 2006. Of 564 patients subjected to endoscopic papillotomy and endoscopic stone extraction, 522 patients (279 men, 243 women; mean age 66.2 years) were followed up and predisposing risk factors for late complications were analyzed. RESULTS The mean duration of follow up was 5.6 years. Cholecystitis and recurrent choledocholithiasis occurred in 39 (7.5%) and 60 (11.5%) patients, respectively. Cholecystitis, including one severe case, resolved with conservative treatment. Recurrent choledocholithiasis was successfully treated endoscopically except in one case. Pneumobilia was found to be a significant risk factor for cholecystitis (P = 0.019) and recurrent choledocholithiasis (P = 0.013). Biliary tract cancer occurred in 16 patients; gallbladder cancer in 13 and bile duct cancer in three. Gallbladder cancer developed within 2 years after endoscopic papillotomy in seven of the 13 patients (53.8%). CONCLUSION Pneumobilia was the only significant risk factor for cholecystitis and recurrent choledocholithiasis in our study population. As for the long-term outcome, it was unclear whether endoscopic papillotomy contributed to the occurrence of biliary tract cancer.
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Fujita N, Noda Y, Kobayashi G, Ito K, Horaguchi J, Koshita S, Kanno Y. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) for the diagnosis of biliopancreatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 23:729-42. [PMID: 19744636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is an imaging modality having unique characteristics and suitable for imaging of a narrow ductal cavity, its wall and the neighbouring structures. As IDUS uses high-frequency ultrasound (12-30MHz), its image quality is very high within approximately 2-cm range of radius. The bile duct and the pancreatic duct, therefore, are good targets for the assessment by IDUS. Biliopancreatic IDUS is mainly performed through the papilla of Vater in the same session as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Biliary IDUS is possible through the percutaneous transhepatic route as well. Not many comparative studies on biliopancreatic IDUS have been published. Gallbladder IDUS as well as most pancreatic IDUS are still at the level of clinical research. Constant delineation of Oddi's sphincter with the improvement of instruments will expand the use of IDUS for the assessment of the papilla of Vater lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai City Medical Center, Miyagi, Japan.
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Ang TL, Teo EK, Fock KM, Lyn Tan JY. Are there roles for intraductal US and saline solution irrigation in ensuring complete clearance of common bile duct stones? Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69:1276-81. [PMID: 19249039 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent small common bile duct (CBD) stones after endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and stone extraction may be a nidus for stone growth and could be detected by intraductal US (IDUS). CBD saline solution irrigation may flush out residual stones. OBJECTIVES Our purpose was to determine the frequency of residual CBD stones after EST and basket/balloon extraction by using IDUS and to assess the effectiveness of saline solution irrigation in clearing remnant CBD stones. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING General Hospital Singapore. PATIENTS Seventy patients (mean age 62 years, 51% male) were recruited. INTERVENTIONS In the presence of CBD stones, EST and stone extraction were performed, followed by IDUS. If residual stones were detected, a catheter was inserted into the proximal CBD, saline solution irrigation performed, and IDUS repeated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS (1) The frequency of residual stones detected by IDUS after EST and basket/balloon extraction and (2) the effect of saline solution irrigation in clearing residual CBD stones. RESULTS Cholangiogram showed CBD stones in 38 of 70 patients (median 1 [range 1-5], mean size 7.6 mm [range 3.0-12.0 mm]). IDUS showed CBD stones in 32 of 32 with normal cholangiogram (median 2 [range 1-8], mean size 2.6 mm [range 0.9-7.2 mm]). After EST and stone extraction, IDUS showed persistent stones in 28 of 70 (median: 2 [range 1-5], mean size 2.2 mm [range 1.1-4.6 mm]). The CBD was irrigated with a mean of 48 mL of saline solution. Repeat IDUS showed persistent CBD stones in 2 of 70, and these were flushed out by further saline solution irrigation. LIMITATIONS Single-center study. CONCLUSION IDUS detected small residual CBD stones that persisted after EST and basket/balloon extraction. Saline solution irrigation appeared useful in clearing residual small stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiing Leong Ang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
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Ohashi A, Tamada K, Wada S, Hatanaka H, Tomiyama T, Tano S, Nakazawa K, Sugano K. Risk factors for recurrent bile duct stones after endoscopic papillary balloon dilation: long-term follow-up study. Dig Endosc 2009; 21:73-7. [PMID: 19691777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2009.00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the long-term results of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) for bile duct stones. METHODS Between 1995 and 2000, 204 patients with bile duct stones successfully underwent EPBD and stone removal. Complete stone clearance was confirmed using balloon cholangiography and intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS). Long-term outcomes of EPBD were investigated retrospectively in the year 2007, and risk factors for stone recurrence were multivariately analyzed. RESULTS Long-term information was available in 182 cases (89.2%), with a mean overall follow-up duration of 9.3 years. Late biliary complications occurred in 22 patients (12.1%), stone recurrence in 13 (7.1%), cholangitis in 10 (5.5%), cholecystitis in four, and gallstone pancreatitis in one. In 11 of 13 patients (84.6%), stone recurrence developed within 3 years after EPBD. All recurrent stones were bilirubinate. Multivariate analysis identified three risk factors for stone recurrence: dilated bile duct (>15 mm), previous cholecystectomy, and no confirmation of clean duct using IDUS. CONCLUSION Approximately 7% of patients develop stone recurrence after EPBD; however, retreatment with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is effective. Careful follow up is necessary in patients with dilated bile duct or previous cholecystectomy. IDUS is useful for reducing stone recurrence after EPBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ohashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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Tsuchiya S, Tsuyuguchi T, Sakai Y, Sugiyama H, Miyagawa K, Fukuda Y, Ando T, Saisho H, Yokosuka O. Clinical utility of intraductal US to decrease early recurrence rate of common bile duct stones after endoscopic papillotomy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:1590-5. [PMID: 18554235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of the present study was to determine whether additional intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) to confirm complete stone clearance decreases the recurrence rate of common bile duct stones for a 3-year period after endoscopic papillotomy (EPT). METHODS IDUS was carried out with a thin-caliber ultrasonic probe (diameter 2.0 mm, frequency 20 MHz) via transpapillary route after stone extraction. If IDUS showed evidence of residual stones and/or sludge, endoscopic management was performed until IDUS examination was negative. A prospective study was conducted on 59 consecutive patients undergoing additional IDUS after stone extraction between January 1996 and May 2003 (IDUS group). The recurrence rate of common bile duct stones was compared with a historical control group (August 1988 to December 1995) consisting of cases that did not undergo IDUS (non-IDUS group). Potential risk factors for recurrence of common bile duct stones were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis on logistic regression. RESULTS In 14 of 59 patients (23.7%), IDUS detected small residual stones not seen on cholangiography. The recurrence rate was 13.2% (17 of 129 patients) in the non-IDUS group and 3.4% (two of 59 patients) in the IDUS group (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis subsequently identified non-IDUS status as an independent risk factor for recurrence (odds ratio 5.12, 95% CI 1.11-23.52, P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Additional IDUS to confirm complete stone clearance after EPT decreases the early recurrence rate of common bile duct stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Tsuchiya
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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Tsujino T, Kawabe T, Komatsu Y, Yoshida H, Isayama H, Sasaki T, Kogure H, Togawa O, Arizumi T, Matsubara S, Ito Y, Nakai Y, Yamamoto N, Sasahira N, Hirano K, Toda N, Tada M, Omata M. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for bile duct stone: immediate and long-term outcomes in 1000 patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:130-7. [PMID: 17234559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The long-term outcomes of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) for bile duct stone removal are not well known. METHODS A total of 1000 patients with bile duct stones were treated with EPBD. After assessing immediate outcomes, patients were followed up for late biliary complications. RESULTS Complete bile duct clearance was achieved with EPBD alone in 963 patients (96.3%) in a mean of 1.5 endoscopic sessions. Post-EPBD pancreatitis developed in 48 patients (4.8%), including 1 patient graded as severe. The long-term outcome was evaluated in 837 patients with a mean follow-up period of 4.4 years. Biliary complications were seen in 104 patients (12.4%), and they were less frequent in the cholecystectomy (CCx) after EPBD group than in the gallbladder (GB) left in situ with stones, GB left in situ without stones, and CCx before EPBD groups (2.8% vs 22.6%, 9.2%, and 13.5%, respectively). Stone recurrence was seen in 74 patients (8.8%)--2.4%, 15.6%, 5.9%, and 10.8% in the CCx after EPBD, GB left in situ with stones, GB left in situ without stones, and CCx before EPBD groups, respectively. Lithotripsy and gallbladder status were identified as risk factors for stone recurrence. Cholecystitis occurred in 13 patients (4.5%) in the GB left in situ with stones group. CONCLUSIONS EPBD was effective in treating bile duct stones that were not accompanied by an unacceptably high risk of pancreatitis. Patients with calculous gallbladder had the highest risk for late complications, and cholecystectomy is recommended after removal of their bile duct stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsujino
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Weinberg BM, Shindy W, Lo S. Endoscopic balloon sphincter dilation (sphincteroplasty) versus sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2006:CD004890. [PMID: 17054222 PMCID: PMC8855932 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004890.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic balloon dilation was introduced as an alternative to endoscopic sphincterotomy to preserve the sphincter of Oddi and avoid undesirable effects due to an incompetent sphincter. Endoscopic balloon dilation has been largely abandoned by USA endoscopists due to increased risks of pancreatitis noted in one multicentre trial, but is still practiced in parts of Asia and Europe. OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of endoscopic balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy in the management of common bile duct stones. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE until January 2004. We hand searched Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (1983-2002), read through bibliographies of all included randomised clinical trials, and contacted all primary authors regarding missed randomised trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised clinical trials comparing endoscopic balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy in removal of common bile duct stones irrespective of publication status, language, or blinding. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data collection was done by two independent authors for decisions on study inclusion, data abstraction, and quality assessment. When there was a non-resolvable discrepancy, the third author made the final decision. Analysis was run with RevMan Analysis. MAIN RESULTS Fifteen randomised trials met our inclusion criteria (1768 participants). Less than half of the trials reported adequate methods of randomisation and only two trials used blinded outcome assessment. Endoscopic balloon dilation is statistically less successful for stone removal (relative risk (RR) 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 0.97), requires higher rates of mechanical lithotripsy (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.66), and carries a higher risk of pancreatitis (RR 1.96, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.89). Conversely, endoscopic balloon dilation has statistically significant lower rates of bleeding. When a fixed-effect model is applied endoscopic balloon dilation leads to significantly less short-term infection and long-term infection. There was no statistically significant difference with regards to mortality, perforation, or total short-term complications. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic balloon dilation is slightly less successful than endoscopic sphincterotomy in stone extraction and more risky regarding pancreatitis. However, endoscopic balloon dilation seems to have a clinical role in patients who have coagulopathy, who are at risk for infection, and possibly in those who are older.
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Liu J, Carpenter S, Chuttani R, Croffie J, Disario J, Mergener K, Mishkin DS, Shah R, Somogyi L, Tierney W, Petersen BT. Endoscopic ultrasound probes. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63:751-4. [PMID: 16650532 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Disario JA, Freeman ML, Bjorkman DJ, Macmathuna P, Petersen BT, Jaffe PE, Morales TG, Hixson LJ, Sherman S, Lehman GA, Jamal MM, Al-Kawas FH, Khandelwal M, Moore JP, Derfus GA, Jamidar PA, Ramirez FC, Ryan ME, Woods KL, Carr-Locke DL, Alder SC. Endoscopic balloon dilation compared with sphincterotomy for extraction of bile duct stones. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:1291-9. [PMID: 15520997 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is commonly performed to remove bile duct stones. The aim of this study was to determine short-term outcomes of endoscopic balloon dilation of the sphincter of Oddi compared with sphincterotomy for stone extraction. METHODS A randomized, controlled multicenter study of 117 patients assigned to dilation and 120 to sphincterotomy was performed in a spectrum of clinical and academic practices. RESULTS Characteristics of the patients, procedures, and endoscopists were similar except that dilation patients were younger. Procedures were successful in 97.4% and 92.5% of the dilation and sphincterotomy patients, respectively. Overall morbidity occurred in 17.9% and 3.3% ( P < .001; difference, 14.6; 95% confidence interval, 7-22.3) and severe morbidity, including 2 deaths, in 6.8% and 0%( P < .004; difference, 6.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-11.4) for dilation and sphincterotomy, respectively. Complications for dilation and sphincterotomy, respectively, included: pancreatitis, 15.4% and .8% ( P < .001; difference, 14.6; 95% confidence interval, 7.8-21.3); cystic duct fistula, 1.7% and 0%; cholangitis, .9% and .8%; perforation, 0% and .8%; and cholecystitis, 0% and .8%. There were 2 deaths (1.7%) due to pancreatitis following dilation and none with sphincterotomy. The study was terminated at the first interim analysis. Dilation patients required significantly more invasive procedures, longer hospital stays, and longer time off from normal activities. CONCLUSIONS In a broad spectrum of patients and practices, endoscopic balloon dilation compared with sphincterotomy for biliary stone extraction is associated with increased short-term morbidity rates and death due to pancreatitis. Balloon dilation of the sphincter of Oddi for stone extraction should be avoided in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Disario
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Isenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44106-5066, USA
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Kitajima Y, Okayama Y, Ban T, Ueno K, Naito I, Hirai M, Hayashi K, Okamoto T, Akita S, Gotoh K, Nakazawa T, Ohara H, Joh T, Yokoyama Y, Itoh M. Usefulness of the Memory® 8-wire basket forceps for endoscopic extraction of common bile duct stones after endoscopic sphincterotomy. Dig Endosc 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2004.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Utsunomiya K, Tamada K, Tomiyama T, Wada S, Ohashi A, Ido K, Sugano K. Calcified bile duct stone not crushable by endotriptor or mechanical lithotriptor: case report. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2002; 12:184-6. [PMID: 12080261 DOI: 10.1097/00129689-200206000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When we remove bile duct stones in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, we sometimes encounter the complication of basket impaction. In most cases, bile duct stones can be crushed with a mechanical lithotriptor. An endotriptor also is commonly used to resolve the problem of basket impaction. An endotriptor is more powerful than a mechanical lithotriptor in crushing stones. We report a case of basket impaction that was not resolved by means of an endotriptor. When abdominal radiography shows apparent calcified bile duct stone, it should be cautioned that the stone is sometimes too hard to be crushed, even with use of the endotriptor as well as a mechanical lithotriptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Utsunomiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Byrne
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Higashizawa T, Tamada K, Tomiyama T, Wada S, Ohashi A, Satoh Y, Gotoh Y, Miyata T, Ido K, Sugano K. Biliary guidewire facilitates bile duct biopsy and endoscopic drainage. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17:332-6. [PMID: 11982705 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of a guidewire through bile duct strictures may facilitate transpapillary bile duct biopsy and subsequent biliary drainage. METHODS Endoscopic bile duct biopsy was attempted in 61 patients with bile duct strictures. After the introduction of a guidewire into the bile duct, biopsy forceps were inserted via the papilla. Both devices were inserted through the working channel (3.2 mm in diameter) of a conventional duodenoscope. After the procedure, an endoscopic naso-biliary drainage catheter was advanced along the guidewire. The success rate of inserting the biopsy forceps, the sensitivity of the biopsy, and the success rate of endoscopic biliary drainage after the biopsy were analyzed prospectively. RESULTS The final diagnosis was malignant strictures in 50 patients and benign strictures in 11. The success rate of inserting biopsy forceps without performing endoscopic papillary balloon dilation was 85%. The sensitivity of the biopsy for primary bile duct cancer (83%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of pancreatic cancer (47%). All patients had successful endoscopic biliary drainage after the procedure. CONCLUSION A previously placed guidewire facilitates insertion of biopsy forceps and endoscopic biliary drainage. The histological diagnosis of cancer is more likely with bile duct cancer than with pancreatic cancer.
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Abstract
The evaluation of hepatobiliary disease continues to change as new technologies are introduced. One of the more recent advances in hepatobiliary imaging has been the application of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, computed tomography, conventional ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging were previously the primary means of evaluating hepatobiliary disease. The role of EUS as both a substitute and a complement for these historical imaging modalities continues to evolve. This review examines the current literature on EUS in the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases, including choledocholithiasis, microlithiasis, biliary strictures, obstructive jaundice, cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder polyps, and liver lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tanaka M. PROBLEMS INHERENT TO BALLOON DILATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF COMMON BILE DUCT STONES IN COMPARISON WITH ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY. Dig Endosc 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1443-1661.2000.00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tseng LJ, Jao YT, Mo LR, Lin RC. Over-the-wire US catheter probe as an adjunct to ERCP in the detection of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54:720-3. [PMID: 11726847 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2001.119255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) as an adjunct to ERCP for detection of extrahepatic bile duct stones is technically easy, accurate, and safe. This prospective study evaluated IDUS with an "over-the-wire" catheter US probe as an adjunct to ERCP. METHODS Sixty-five patients, highly suspected to have choledocholithiasis, underwent IDUS during ERCP. The IDUS probe was inserted by means of the duodenoscope into the bile duct without performing a sphincterotomy. All stones identified by IDUS or retrograde cholangiography were removed with either a basket or retrieval balloon after endoscopic sphincterotomy. RESULTS The final diagnosis was choledocholithiasis in 59 patients. Bile duct diameter ranged from 0.6 to 2.3 cm and stone size from 2 mm to 2 cm. IDUS successfully identified all stones in these patients. IDUS resulted in 2 false-positive diagnoses in the remaining 6 patients without stones (overall accuracy 97%, sensitivity 100%, specificity 67%). Cholangiography detected stones in 55 of the patients with stones (accuracy 94%, sensitivity 93%, specificity 100%). CONCLUSION IDUS, a safe, technically easy procedure, is highly accurate in the detection of extrahepatic bile duct stones regardless of the diameter of the bile ducts. The "over-the-wire" technique preserves access to the cannulated duct. IDUS is an excellent adjunct to ERCP for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. IDUS differentiates stones from air bubbles and prevents unnecessary sphincterotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taiwan Municipal Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Das A, Isenberg G, Wong RC, Sivak MV, Chak A. Wire-guided intraductal US: an adjunct to ERCP in the management of bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54:31-6. [PMID: 11427838 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2001.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) may misdiagnose bile duct stones if air bubbles are introduced during contrast injection, and it may also fail to diagnose stones in the presence of bile duct dilation. METHODS Our aim was to determine whether intraductal US (IDUS) improves the accuracy of cholangiography and whether it is a useful adjunct in the management of bile duct stones. IDUS with a wire-guided US probe was performed after initial ERC in patients in whom bile duct stones were suspected. The diagnostic accuracy of ERC alone was compared with that of ERC plus IDUS. RESULTS ERC with IDUS was performed in 62 patients who were suspected to have bile duct stones. Both IDUS and ERC were performed by the same endoscopist, and ERC was performed with a C-arm fluoroscope. The presence of bile duct stones and/or sludge were confirmed after sphincterotomy and extraction in 34 patients. Overall, the accuracy of ERC combined with IDUS in the diagnosis of bile duct stone and/or sludge was higher than that of ERC alone (97% vs. 87%, p < 0.05). With dilated bile ducts, the diagnostic accuracy of ERC combined with IDUS was also higher than that of ERC alone (95.5% vs. 72.7%, p < 0.05). Additional diagnostic information provided by IDUS included identification of cystic duct stones in 5 patients, characterization of bile duct strictures in 2 patients, and choledochal varices in 1 patient. Performance of wire-guided IDUS required 5% of the total procedure time. CONCLUSIONS IDUS improves diagnostic accuracy of ERC and is a useful adjunct to ERC when bile duct stones are suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Wade Park VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Ohashi A, Tamada K, Tomiyama T, Wada S, Higashizawa T, Gotoh Y, Satoh Y, Miyata T, Tano S, Ido K, Sugano K. Epinephrine irrigation for the prevention of pancreatic damage after endoscopic balloon sphincteroplasty. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16:568-71. [PMID: 11350556 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Endoscopic balloon sphincteroplasty (EBS) is an alternative to sphincterotomy for the treatment of bile duct stones. The purpose of this study was to determine if epinephrine irrigation of the papilla can prevent the pancreatic damage associated with EBS. METHODS A total of 173 patients with bile duct stones were treated by EBS. After conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, EBS was performed by using a biliary dilatation catheter (balloon diameter: 8 mm). The duct was then cleared by using Dormia baskets or retrieval balloon catheters. Mechanical lithotripsy was performed before extraction when the stones were greater than 8 mm in diameter. In 81 patients, the dilated orifice was irrigated with 40-120 mL (50 +/- 37 mL) of 1:1,000,000 epinephrine (epinephrine group). In the remaining 92 patients, epinephrine irrigation was not performed (control group). Acute pancreatitis was defined by a serum amylase concentration fivefold greater than the upper limits of normal in association with abdominal pain. RESULTS After EBS, serum amylase concentrations were significantly increased in both groups. However, the degree of hyperamylasemia was less in the epinephrine group than in the control group (617 +/- 611 vs 1037 +/- 1491 IU/L, P < 0.05). The incidence of pancreatitis was lower in the epinephrine group than in the control group (1.2 vs 7.6%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Epinephrine irrigation is a simple and useful method to prevent post-EBS pancreatic damage and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ohashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical School, Yakushiji, Tochigi, Japan.
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Abstract
Although endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) represents a major advance in endoscopic imaging, endosonography using dedicated echoendoscopes has some serious drawbacks, including the diameter of the echoendoscope (12 to 13 mm), the lack of intraluminal examination of the pancreatobiliary duct system due to the size of the instrument, unsatisfactory image quality and resolution for small lesions, and the need for a second examination separate from the previous routine endoscopy. Recently developed ultrasonographic miniprobes (diameter, about 2 mm; frequency, 12 to 20 MHz) can be passed through the working channel of standard endoscopes to provide high-frequency ultrasound images. These miniprobes may overcome some of the noted drawbacks and add to the safety and convenience of patients. Moreover, in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreatobiliary ductal system, the diagnostic accuracy of miniprobe ultrasonography has been proven to be superior to that of EUS. Miniprobe ultrasonography is a promising tool that adds new capabilities to the armamentarium of gastroenterologic diagnostic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Menzel
- Department of Medicine B, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Tamada K, Ohashi A, Tomiyama T, Wada S, Satoh Y, Higashizawa T, Ido K, Sugano K. Comparison of intraductal ultrasonography with percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy for the identification of residual bile duct stones during lithotripsy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16:100-3. [PMID: 11206304 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An imaging modality that can be used to identity small stones after a biliary lithotripsy is required. Intraductal ultrasonography was evaluated by using percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy as the gold standard. METHODS Lithotripsy, under percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy guidance, was performed in 20 patients. A thin-caliber ultrasonic probe (2.0 mm in diameter and 20 MHz frequency) was inserted into the bile duct through the percutaneous tract after lithotripsy, and residual stones were identified. This was followed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy. RESULTS In the extrahepatic bile ducts, intraductal ultrasonography provided images of all the stones demonstrated on cholangioscopy (n = 11). The sensitivity was superior to that of cholangiography (P < 0.005). However, in the intrahepatic bile ducts, intraductal ultrasonography only visualized the stones located in the cannulated lobe. Extrahepatic stones smaller than 5.0 mm in diameter or in a common hepatic duct larger than 15.0 mm in diameter were missed by cholangiography, but were visualized by the use of intraductal ultrasonography (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intraductal ultrasonography is equivalent to cholangioscopy in the extrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangiography and intraductal ultrasonography should be used in combination to image intrahepatic and extrahepatic stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical School, Yakushiji, Tochigi, Japan.
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Tamada K, Higashizawa T, Tomiyama T, Wada S, Ohashi A, Satoh Y, Ido K, Sugano K. Ropeway-type bile duct biopsy forceps with a side slit for a guidewire. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53:89-92. [PMID: 11154498 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2001.112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transpapillary procurement of bile duct biopsy specimens is an effective diagnostic technique in cases of biliary structure. The utility of new ropeway-type bile duct biopsy forceps with a side slit for a guidewire was investigated in this study. METHODS The 12 patients in this study had bile duct cancer (n = 3), cancer of the head of the pancreas (n = 4), gallbladder cancer (n = 1), and benign bile duct stenosis (n = 4). After endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, a guidewire was placed in the bile duct across the stenosis. The new forceps (1.8-mm diameter clamshell-type biopsy forceps without needle) was then introduced through the intact papilla along the guidewire. RESULTS In all patients, sufficient tissue for histopathologic evaluation was obtained without complication. In one patient, biopsy specimens were selectively obtained of the left hepatic duct, which was impossible with conventional forceps. In another patient, histologic examination of specimens obtained by using this new forceps showed adenocarcinoma, whereas specimens obtained with a conventional forceps did not contain adenocarcinoma. However, in another patient, biopsy specimens obtained with a conventional forceps contained adenocarcinoma that was not evident in specimens obtained with the new forceps. Dislodgement of the guidewire during procurement of biopsy specimens occurred in 1 patient. In the other 11 patients, an endoscopic biliary drain was inserted over the guidewire. CONCLUSION The new ropeway-type biopsy forceps is useful for selectively obtaining biopsy specimens of the bile duct. With this system, access for subsequent endoscopic biliary drainage is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical School, Yakushiji, Tochigi, Japan
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Tamada K, Wada S, Ohashi A, Tomiyama T, Satoh Y, Miyata T, Ido K, Nakazawa M, Sugano K. Intraductal US in assessing the effects of radiation therapy and prediction of patency of metallic stents in extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51:405-11. [PMID: 10744810 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(00)70439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the local effects of radiation therapy using intraductal ultrasonography (US) to predict the subsequent patency of metallic stents in bile duct carcinoma. METHODS Data from 16 patients with extrahepatic-suprapancreatic bile duct carcinoma were prospectively analyzed. Thin-caliber US probes (2.0 mm diameter/20 MHz frequency and 2.8 mm diameter/10 MHz frequency) were inserted into the bile duct via a percutaneous transhepatic approach pre- and postradiation therapy to evaluate the effects of treatment. When intraductal US showed a reduction in bile duct wall thickness of 30% or greater or showed a lessening of vessel (portal vein or right hepatic artery) invasion, radiation therapy was judged to be effective. Noncovered metallic stents were then inserted, and their patency was evaluated over time. RESULTS When radiation therapy was effective (n = 7), the metallic stent was patent for 522 +/- 571 days. When radiation was ineffective (n = 9), the metallic stent was patent for only 188 +/- 159 days. When radiation therapy was ineffective, stent obstruction occurred in 6 of 9 (66.7%) patients during this period, significantly more frequently than when radiation therapy was effective (14.3%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Assessment of local radiation effects by intraductal US is useful for predicting patency of metallic stents in bile duct cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamada
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Radiology, Jichi Medical School, Yakushiji, Tochigi, Japan
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Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) represents a major advance in endoscopic imaging. The usefulness and effectiveness of EUS have been established during the past few years. However, endosonography using dedicated echoendoscopes (7.5/12 MHz) has some serious drawbacks, as follows: 1) Combining endoscopy and ultrasonography in one instrument increases the diameter of such echoendoscopes (12-13 mm); 2) Because of the large diameter, complete passage of severe strictures is often not possible and, for examination of the pancreatobiliary duct system, is not feasible at all; 3) Image quality and resolution for small lesions is not always satisfactory; and 4) Conventional endosonography requires a second examination separate from the previous routine endoscopy. Recently developed ultrasonographic miniprobes (diameters about 2 mm; frequencies 12-20 MHz) can be passed through the working channel of standard endoscopes to provide high frequency ultrasound images. These miniprobes might overcome some of the above-mentioned drawbacks and contribute to patients' security and convenience. Moreover, in various diseases of the GI tract and the pancreatobiliary duct system, diagnostic accuracy of miniprobe ultrasonography has been shown to be even superior to that of EUS. In summary, miniprobe ultrasonography seems to be a promising tool in the armamentarium of gastroenterological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Menzel
- Department of Medicine B, University of Münster, Germany
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Chak A, Isenberg G, Kobayashi K, Wong RC, Sivak MV. Prospective evaluation of an over-the-wire catheter US probe. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51:202-5. [PMID: 10650269 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(00)70419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary strictures identified at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be evaluated by intraductal ultrasonography (US). Two major difficulties are that sphincterotomy may be required and the stricture may not be traversable. We prospectively evaluated the ease and success of intraductal US using a new over-the-wire catheter US probe. METHODS Biliary or pancreatic strictures discovered at ERCP were imaged with the new probe. Intraductal US performance times, image clarity, imaging depth and technical ease were measured. RESULTS Twenty-one patients with a variety of inflammatory and malignant pancreaticobiliary lesions were studied. Thirteen of the 16 (81%) masses imaged by intraductal US were 10 mm or less in diameter. Sphincterotomy was not required. All strictures traversed by a guidewire were imaged. The sphincter of Oddi was successfully imaged in all patients with intact normal sphincters. Performance of intraductal US was rated as technically easy in all cases and image clarity was rated as good or very good in 15 of 21 (71%) cases. CONCLUSIONS The new over-the-wire catheter US probe facilitates intraductal US. Sphincterotomy is avoided and strictures are successfully traversed. This probe makes it possible to image the sphincter of Oddi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chak
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Cleveland VAMC, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-1736, USA
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Abstract
Endoscopic therapy improves the outcome of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Routine second-look procedures may not improve outcome. Patients who rebleed after endoscopic therapy for ulcer hemorrhage should be treated by further endoscopic therapy, rather than urgent surgery. Thinner endoscopes offer adequate visualization with improved patient tolerance, and new endoscopic therapeutic methods continue to be evaluated. Stigmata of recent hemorrhage and their endoscopic interpretation remain a topic for discussion. The Rockall scoring system is validated. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion may be possible without prior transillumination of the stomach. Routine use of antibiotics prior to insertion reduces wound infection. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding is well established, and follow-up studies confirm its value. Endoscopic ultrasound is a rapidly developing technique. Its uses and potential have evolved, resulting in wider applications in benign disease of the esophagus, biliary tree, and pancreas, in addition to its increasing role in the diagnosis and staging of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Church
- Western General Hospital, Gastrointestinal Unit, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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