Determination of Ginsenosides (Ginseng Saponins) in Dry Root Powder from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Selected Commercial Products by Liquid Chromatography: Interlaboratory Study

Twelve collaborating laboratories assayed 4 products, namely, Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and 2 ginseng products, for 6 ginsenosides: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, andRg1. Collaborators also received a negative control for the recovery study. Pure ginsenosides were provided as reference standards for the liquid chromatography (LC) analysis and the system suitability tests. The LC analyses were performed on the methanol extract using UV detection at 203 nm. For P. ginseng, individual ginsenosides were consistent in their means; repeatability standard deviations (RSDr)rangedfrom4.17to5.09% and reproducibility standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 7.27 to 11.3%. For P. quinquefolius, the Rb1 and Rb2 ginsenosides were higher and lower in concentration than P. ginseng, with RSDr values of 3.44 and 6.60% and RSDR values of 5.91 and 12.6% respectively, and other analytes at intermediate precisions. For ginseng commercial products, RSDr values ranged from 3.39 to 8.12%, andRSDR values ranged from 7.65 to 16.5%. A recovery study was also conducted for 3 ginsenosides: Rg1, Re, andRb1. The average recoveries were 99.9, 96.2, and 92.3%, respectively. The method is not applicable for the determination of Rg1 and Re in ginseng product at levels <300 mg/kg.

[Clinicopathologic features and prognostic analyses of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma patients after initial surgery]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinicopathologic features and potential prognostic predictors of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma patients after initial surgery.

METHODS

Authors retrospectively analyzed data extracted from 81 patients who were treated for postoperative locally recurrence of renal cell carcinoma from January 2006 to June 2016 in the Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital. Postoperative locally recurrence of renal cell carcinoma was defined as disease recurring in the remnant kidney, renal fossa, adjacent abdomen, ipsilateral adrenal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

RESULTS

In the study, 81 patients were finally included, of whom 43 were initially treated in our hospital and 38 were initially treat in other centers. Partial nephrectomy (PN) was performed for 38 cases (26 in our hospital and 12 in other hospitals) as initial treatment and radical nephrectomy (RN) was conducted for the remnant 43 cases (17 in our hospital and 26 in other hospitals). Overall median recurrence time was 26 months (range: 3-164 months), in which 26 months (range: 3-55 months) for PN cases and 30 months (range: 4-164 months) for RN cases (P=0.009). Sixty-nine patients had single site recurrence, including remnant kidney (n=29), renal fossa (n=20), abdomen (n=4), ipsilateral lymph nodes (n=5), ipsilateral adrenal (n=11), while 12 patients had multiple sites recurrence. Seventy-eight patients were managed by complete surgical resection, while three patients were managed by radiofrequency ablation. Postoperative pathological diagnoses included clear cell carcinoma (n=72), papillary renal cell carcinoma (n=8, 7 cases with type 1, 1 case with type 2) and Xp11 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion renal cell carcinoma (n=1). Complete pathologic information of the initial surgery could be extracted from 43 patients who were initially treated in our hospital. Seventeen patients with initial radical nephrectomy were staged as T1a (n=4), T1b (n=2), T2a (n=1), T3a (n=8), and T3b (n=2). Twenty-six patients with initial partial nephrectomy were staged as T1a (n=18), T1b (n=7), and T3a (n=1). For PN cohort, the patients with T1a stage disease had longer median recurrence time than those with beyond T1a stage disease, and the difference was significant (29 months vs. 18 months, P=0.041). At the end of the follow-up, 58 patients were alive, 4 died and 19 lost the follow-up. Overall, 3-year and 5-year disease free survival rates were 81.9%, and 53.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The present research reported a large-scale single central experience of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma. The recurrence time of the PN group is shorter than that of the RN group. For patients after PN surgery, median recurrence time is longer for patients with T1a stage tumor when compared with those with stage beyond T1a. Patients can obtain relative long-term survival after complete secondary surgery resection.

Over-the-wire US catheter probe as an adjunct to ERCP in the detection of choledocholithiasis

BACKGROUND

Intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) as an adjunct to ERCP for detection of extrahepatic bile duct stones is technically easy, accurate, and safe. This prospective study evaluated IDUS with an "over-the-wire" catheter US probe as an adjunct to ERCP.

METHODS

Sixty-five patients, highly suspected to have choledocholithiasis, underwent IDUS during ERCP. The IDUS probe was inserted by means of the duodenoscope into the bile duct without performing a sphincterotomy. All stones identified by IDUS or retrograde cholangiography were removed with either a basket or retrieval balloon after endoscopic sphincterotomy.

RESULTS

The final diagnosis was choledocholithiasis in 59 patients. Bile duct diameter ranged from 0.6 to 2.3 cm and stone size from 2 mm to 2 cm. IDUS successfully identified all stones in these patients. IDUS resulted in 2 false-positive diagnoses in the remaining 6 patients without stones (overall accuracy 97%, sensitivity 100%, specificity 67%). Cholangiography detected stones in 55 of the patients with stones (accuracy 94%, sensitivity 93%, specificity 100%).

CONCLUSION

IDUS, a safe, technically easy procedure, is highly accurate in the detection of extrahepatic bile duct stones regardless of the diameter of the bile ducts. The "over-the-wire" technique preserves access to the cannulated duct. IDUS is an excellent adjunct to ERCP for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. IDUS differentiates stones from air bubbles and prevents unnecessary sphincterotomy.

Influence of benzodiazepine binding site ligands on fear-conditioned contextual memory

Eight compounds that bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the gamma-amino butyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor were assessed for their influence on contextual memory, an aspect of memory affected in various cognitive disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Using a Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigm, each ligand was evaluated in C57Bl/6 mice in regards to its direct affect on contextual memory and whether the ligand could attenuate scopolamine-induced contextual memory impairment. Of the eight ligands tested, one impaired contextual memory (agonist), six attenuated scopolamine-induced contextual memory impairment (inverse agonists), and one antagonized the ability of an inverse agonist to attenuate scopolamine-induced contextual memory impairment. Hence, further demonstrating the bi-directional influence benzodiazepine binding site ligands are able to exert on memory modulation. This study serves as an initial starting point in the development of pharmacological tools to be used in deciphering how GABA(A) receptors influence contextual memory.

Topographic organization and neurochemical identity of dorsal raphe neurons that project to the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in the rat

The primary goals of this study were to: 1) examine the distribution of neurons within the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus that project to cortical and subcortical sites along the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in rat; 2) determine the extent to which different regions within this ascending sensory system receive collateral projections from the same DR neuron; and 3) identify the putative transmitters contained within these DR projection neurons. Long-Evans hooded rats received pressure injections of various combinations of retrograde fluorescent tracers; into the whisker-related regions of the primary somatosensory cortex (barrel field cortex [BC]), ventral posterior medial thalamus (VPM), and principal nucleus of the trigeminal complex (PrV). The distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons within the DR was examined by fluorescence microscopy. The major finding was that cortically projecting neurons were located within the midline regions of the rostral portion of the DR, whereas cells projecting to subcortical trigeminal somatosensory structures were distributed bilaterally in the lateral wing regions of the DR as well as in the midline portions of the nucleus. Single neurons that send axon collaterals to multiple cortical and subcortical trigeminal somatosensory targets were observed in the dorsomedian and ventromedian regions of the DR. DR neurons that projected to cortical and subcortical sites contained serotonin but not tyrosine hydroxylase, the marker enzyme for catecholamine transmitters. Taken together, these findings provide further evidence of neurochemical specificity and functional anatomical organization within the DR efferent projection system.

G-protein beta3 subunit gene splice variant in obesity and overweight

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the C825T polymorphism of the G-protein beta3 subunit gene (GNB3) is associated with overweight and obesity. This polymorphism leads to a splice variant (Gbeta3-s) with higher activity and very strong association with essential hypertension.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional case-control study.

SUBJECTS

The sets of affected and control British/European Caucasian subjects used were: (i) an obesity clinic group most of whom had "morbid obesity" (mean body mass index (BMI) for group=43+/-8 kg/m(2)) and non-obese controls (BMI< or =30); (ii) a group of overweight/obese healthy normotensive community volunteers (BMI>25; mean 29+/-5) and controls (BMI< or =25; mean 23+/-1); (iii) a group of overweight/obese hypertensive patients (BMI>25; mean 30+/-4) and lean hypertensive controls (BMI< or =25; mean=23+/-2).

MEASUREMENTS

BMI, blood pressure, serum lipids, alleles of GNB3 polymorphism.

RESULTS

Compared with control, frequency of the T allele in obese subjects was higher by 12% in (i), 17% in (ii) and 28% in (iii), but the differences were not statistically significant. Slight tracking of the T allele with elevation in BMI was, however, observed, in the obesity clinic group (P=0.018).

CONCLUSION

The C825T splice variant of GNB3 makes little if any contribution to obesity in the groups we tested.

Right thing at a wrong time? Adenosine A3 receptors and cerebroprotection in stroke

The involvement of adenosine A3 receptors in normal and pathologic functions of the brain remains to be defined. Previous studies have shown that chronic preischemic administration of the agonist [N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxoamidoadenosine or IB-MECA) results in a significant protection of neurons in selectively vulnerable brain regions and in an equally significant reduction of the subsequent mortality. Acute administration of the drug, on the other hand, resulted in a pronounced worsening of these parameters. We now report that the effect of administration of IB-MECA depends on the timing of treatment with respect to the onset of the focal insult, and provide the first data supporting speculation that treatment with adenosine A3 receptor agonists may decrease the infarct size following focal brain ischemia. Treatment with IB-MECA administered 20 min prior to transient middle cerebral ischemia (MCAOt = 30 min) resulted in a significant increase of the infarct size (p < 0.01), whereas administration 20 min after ischemia resulted in statistically significant decrease of the infarct volume. Postischemic treatment results in improved neuronal preservation, decreased intensity of reactive gliosis, and pronounced reduction of microglial infiltration. The data indicate that the effects of adenosine A3 receptor stimulation depend on the differential impact of these receptors on both neuronal and non-neuronal elements of the cerebral tissue, for example, astrocytes, microglia, and vasculature.

Rapid diagnosis of choledocholithiasis using biochemical tests in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The present study was designed to identify the biochemical tests which could detect the presence of common bile duct stones in patients with symptomatic gallstones, without other invasive investigations. The usefulness of biochemical tests may reduce the necessity of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

METHODOLOGY

3000 patients with symptomatic laparoscopic cholecystectomy scheduled for laparoscopic cholesystectomy were included in the study. 458 patients (201 men, 257 women; mean age, 57.7 +/- 14.6 yrs) were examined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected common bile duct stones. The serum tests for liver function, including a measurement of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase and albumin were obtained on admission prior to the ultrasonography, and the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

RESULTS

The six significant factors, including alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were identified by the univariate analysis and the multivariate logistic regression analysis which identified alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, as the two significant independent factors. A statistical model was developed with a formula of [formula: see text] A curve of receiver operating characteristics was constructed to identify an alkaline phosphatase level greater than 300 U/L or a gamma-glutamyltransferase level greater than 420 mU/mL which would have both higher sensitivity and specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

Biochemical tests can be a significant aid to the clinician's decision-making when predicting the presence of common bile duct stones in patients with gallstones.

Mechanisms of synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Chemical synaptic transmission serves as the main form of cell to cell communication in the nervous system. Neurotransmitter release occurs through the process of regulated exocytosis, in which a synaptic vesicle releases its contents in response to an increase in calcium. The use of genetic, biochemical, structural, and functional studies has led to the identification of factors important in the synaptic vesicle life cycle. Here we focus on the prominent role of SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor) proteins during membrane fusion and the regulation of SNARE function by Rab3a, nSec1, and NSF. Many of the proteins important for transmitter release have homologs involved in intracellular vesicle transport, and all forms of vesicle trafficking share common basic principles. Finally, modifications to the synaptic exocytosis pathway are very likely to underlie certain forms of synaptic plasticity and therefore contribute to learning and memory.

Antiviral amentoflavone from Selaginella sinensis

Amentoflavone and three other flavonoids were isolated from the ethanol extract of Selaginella sinensis. Amentoflavone showed potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), with an IC50 of 5.5 microg/ml. The contents of amentoflavone in nine species of Selaginella were determined by reversed-phase HPLC. S. sinensis showed a higher content of 1.13%.

Identification and characterization of Podophyllum emodi by API-LC/MS/MS

An API-LC/MS/MS method was developed for the identification of the medicinal herb Podophyllum emodi based on the profile of its aryltetrahydronapthalene and related lignan marker compounds. This was done by matching the structural information from the tandem mass spectrometric data with those lignan marker compounds already reported for the herb. The method could be employed in the absence of reference standards for the markers and was particularly useful in view of the scarcity of supply of these chemical standards. It has been used successfully to differentiate Podophyllum emodi from two commonly used medicinal herbs of a different genus but having similar appearance, Radix clematidis and Radix gentiana, as well as a closely related herb, Podophyllum peltatum.

Palliative percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage of gallbladder empyema before laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS

This study is conducted to evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of gallbladder empyema. We also determine the sonographic findings, causative organism, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory data, associated underlying medical disorders and the complications related to both cholecystostomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

METHODOLOGY

One hundred and forty-five cases of gallbladder empyema were included in this study which was composed of 80 males and 65 females, aged 22-94 years with a mean age of 71-years. All patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was carried out thereafter. We analyzed the clinical presentations (signs, symptoms, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings, concomitant medical disorders), causative organisms and the complications related to percutaneous cholecystostomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

RESULTS

Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage was performed successfully in all patients within 48 hours after clinical diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Complications related to percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage were bile leakage after tract dilatation noted in 2 patients (1.4%), and 20 (14%) patients had pain at the puncture site which radiated to the right shoulder during the procedure, but resolved spontaneously within an hour later. On admission, 102 (70%) patients presented as right upper quadrant pain, 39 (27%) as epigastric pain, 90 (62%) as fever, 108 (74%) patients had leukocytosis, and 33 (22.7%) patients were septic. AST and ALT were elevated in 57% and 51% of patients, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 56% of patients, and 34% of those patients had combined common bile duct stones. Gallbladder stones were documented in 135 (93%) patients, while the remaining 10 (7%) cases were acalculous. Five (3.4%) patients had combined gallbladder adenocarcinoma, 7 (4.8%) had liver abscess, while 13 (9%) had biliary pancreatitis. The ultrasonographic findings included gallbladder distension (93%), wall thickening (90%), pericholecystic fluid accumulation (15%), intraluminal sludge or stone (93%) and intraluminal air (13.9%). Bile culture were positive in 83% of the cases and showed gram-negative bacteria in 75%, gram-positive in 30%, anaerobes in 7%, while no growth in the remaining 17% of the cases. The common pathogens were Escherichia coli (57%), Enterococcus (27%), Klebsiella pneumonia (18%), Morganella morganii (7.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.1%) and Salmonella (0.7%). The total postoperative complication rate was 17%, which included wound infection, bleeding, subhepatic abscess, cystic duct stump leak, common bile duct injury and pneumonia. Postoperative mortality was 2.6%. Conversion rate to open cholecystectomy was 27%. Clinical conditions improved within 48 hours after cholecystostomy in 93% of patients. Time interval between cholecystostomy and elective cholecystectomy was 2-21 days with a mean of 4 days. Total hospital stay was 5-38 days (mean: 11 days).

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage is a safe and effective procedure for the initial management of gallbladder empyema. We highly recommend this preoperative drainage procedure in patient with sepsis, and for those high-risk patients such as old age and with underlying medical illnesses. This procedure can stabilized the patient so that an appropriate therapeutic planning can be achieved.

Differential modulatory effects of norepinephrine on synaptically driven responses of layer V barrel field cortical neurons

The effects of norepinephrine (NE) and the alpha-1 agonist phenylephrine (PE) on synaptically evoked responses of electrophysiologically identified pyramidal neurons in layer V of rat somatosensory cortex were studied in brain slices using intracellular recording techniques. When added to the bathing medium NE (10 microM) tended to increase the synaptic responsiveness of regular spiking neurons and decrease the responsiveness of intrinsic burst neurons. NE had mixed effects on layer V cells which were characterized as intermediate types between regular spiking and intrinsic burst neurons. PE exerted a similar spectrum of actions on layer V cortical neurons. For both adrenergic agents the greatest facilitating effect was observed on responses to low intensity synaptic stimulation. These results suggest that NE exerts different modulatory actions on different electrophysiologically-defined classes of layer V sensory cortical neurons.

Video-endoscopic ultrasonography in staging gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Clinical staging of gastric carcinoma is important in designing the strategy of treatment. Early gastric carcinomas can be treated by minimally invasive therapy, whereas advanced gastric carcinomas should be treated by surgery with or without combined chemotherapy. This study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy and limitations of video type endoscopic ultrasound in preoperative staging of gastric cancer and assessing lymph node metastasis.

METHODOLOGY

Seventy-four patients with gastric carcinoma were preoperatively staged using video-endoscopic ultrasonography, performed by the same gastroenterologist.

RESULTS

Sixty-three out of the 74 (85%) patients were correctly staged by endoscopic ultrasonography. The diagnostic accuracy rate was 100% for T1, 74% for T2, 87% for T3, and 86% for T4. Overstaging occurred in 11% due to peritumoral inflammation. Understaging occurred in 4% due to microinvasion of carcinomatous tissue or deeper organ invasion. The diagnosis of lymph node metastasis was confirmed in 72% of cases. Sensitivity and specificity was 74% and 86%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscopic ultrasonography has a high accuracy rate in staging gastric carcinoma but still has its limitations in evaluating regional lymph node metastasis, despite using a new generation video-endoscopic ultrasonography.

[X-ray diffraction Fourier pattern analysis of natural caculus bovis]

OBJECTIVE

To set up a method for analyzing and distinguishing all the chemical components in natural Caoulus Bovis.

METHOD

Powder X-ray diffraction analyses was used to analyze four samples of natural Caculus Bovis, and the X-ray diffraction Fourier pattern was obtained for distinguishing natural Caculus Bovis.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

The method can be used for distinguishing animal medicinal materials.

Stimulation of adenosine A3 receptors in cerebral ischemia. Neuronal death, recovery, or both?

The role of the adenosine A3 receptor continues to baffle, and, despite an increasing number of studies, the currently available data add to, rather than alleviate, the existing confusion. The reported effects of adenosine A3 receptor stimulation appear to depend on the pattern of drug administration (acute vs. chronic), dose, and type of the target tissue. Thus, while acute exposure to A3 receptor agonists protects against myocardial ischemia, it is severely damaging when these agents are given shortly prior to cerebral ischemia. Mast cells degranulate when their A3 receptors are stimulated. Degranulation of neutrophils is, on the other hand, impaired. While reduced production of reactive nitrogen species has been reported following activation of A3 receptors in collagen-induced arthritis, the process appears to be enhanced in cerebral ischemia. Indeed, immunocytochemical studies indicate that both pre- and postischemic treatment with A3 receptor antagonist dramatically reduces nitric oxide synthase in the affected hippocampus. Even more surprisingly, low doses of A3 receptor agonists seem to enhance astrocyte proliferation, while high doses induce their apoptosis. This review concentrates on the studies of cerebral A3 receptors and, based on the available evidence, discusses the possibility of adenosine A3 receptor serving as an integral element of the endogenous cerebral neuroprotective complex consisting of adenosine and its receptors.

N-Terminal dipeptides of D(-)-penicillamine as sequestration agents for acetaldehyde

Since acetaldehyde (AcH), a toxic oxidation product of ethanol, may play an etiologic role in the initiation of alcoholic liver disease, we had earlier pioneered the development of beta, beta-disubstituted-beta-mercapto-alpha-amino acids as AcH-sequestering agents. We now report the synthesis of a series of N-terminal dipeptides of D(-)-penicillamine, prepared from the synthon 3-formyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylthiazolidine-4S-carboxylic acid (3), a cyclized N-protected derivative of D(-)-penicillamine. These dipeptides were equally or more effective than penicillamine in trapping AcH in a cell-free system. In experiments using a hepatocyte culture system, two of the dipeptides, D-penicillamylglycine (6a) and D-penicillamyl-beta-alanine (6d), at 1/20 the molar concentration of ethanol, lowered the concentration of ethanol-derived AcH by 79% and 84%, respectively, at 2 h. The presence of cyanamide (an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase) in the incubation medium resulted in a 45-fold increase in ethanol-derived AcH; nevertheless, dipeptides 6a and 6c (D-penicillamyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) were able to reduce this AcH level by approximately one-third.

Association and linkage analyses of glucocorticoid receptor gene markers in essential hypertension

Suggestive evidence has been obtained in a "4-corners" study for involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (GRL) in genetic variation in blood pressure. Therefore, we tested markers at the GRL locus for association and linkage with essential hypertension (HT). For the association study, we used a well-characterized group of 129 white Australians of Anglo-Celtic extraction who had HT, a strong family history of HT (2 parents with the disease), and early-onset moderate-to-severe disease. Controls were 195 normotensive white subjects whose parents were normotensive past the age of 50 years. For the linkage study, we used 175 sibling pairs of similar ancestry. The case-control groups were genotyped for an Asn363Ser variant in exon 2, a G/T variant in intron 4, and a microsatellite marker (D5S207) tightly linked (<200 kb) to GRL. For the groups as a whole, no association or linkage was observed after analysis of data by a variety of statistical tests. Analysis of sibling-pair data gave an exclusion score of -3.8 for the logarithm of the odds for linkage, indicating significant nonlinkage. However, in females, weak association of the intron 4 polymorphism with HT (P=0.03), as well as with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all subjects (P=0. 04 and 0.03), was observed, and in the case of the D5S207 marker, association with HT was apparent in males (P=0.0001). Thus, although our results provide no overall support for GRL in HT etiology, apparent gender-specific associations could exist in this genomic region, possibly reflecting correlated occurrence with (an)other metabolic syndrome disorder(s).

Origin, distribution, and morphology of galaninergic fibers in the rodent trigeminal system

The neuropeptide galanin (Gal) is found throughout the central nervous system. Of particular interest is the fact that Gal is present within the majority of noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. However, very few, if any, Gal-immunoreactive fibers have been identified in many of the major efferent targets of LC, including sensory neocortex and dorsal thalamus. The goal of the present study was to examine the Gal fiber innervation of the rodent trigeminal somatosensory system and its connection to the LC. Our results show that at least two different morphological profiles of Gal-immunoreactive fibers are present within relay nuclei along the ascending trigeminal pathway. Numerous small caliber Gal-immunoreactive fibers with bouton-like swellings were noted within the barrel cortex, the ventroposterior medial (VPM) nucleus, the posterior medial (POm) nucleus, the zona incerta (ZI), the reticular nucleus (nRT) of the thalamus, and the principal (PrV) and spinal (SpV) nuclei of the trigeminal complex. Immunoreactive fibers were prevalent in, but not restricted to, layer I of the barrel cortex. Within the somatosensory thalamus, the density of Gal-immunoreactive fibers was higher in POm than in VPM. Laminae I and II of SpV and the nRT and ZI also contained dense, large-diameter Gal-immunoreactive fibers. These large-diameter Gal-immunoreactive fibers did not co-contain dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). In contrast, virtually every small-caliber Gal-immunoreactive fiber colocalized with DBH. To determine whether Gal-immunoreactive fibers originated from LC, we combined immunohistochemical procedures with fluorescent tracing techniques. After retrograde tracer injections into several trigeminal relay nuclei, we observed that approximately 50% of the labeled LC neuronal population was immunoreactive for Gal. Our results suggest an extensive Gal-immunoreactive fiber innervation of the rodent trigeminal system, much of which may originate from LC neurons in the brainstem.

Endothelin converting enzyme-1-, endothelin-1-, and endothelin-3-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain

Neurons likely to use endothelin as a neurotransmitter/neurohormone were mapped in the rat brain using polyclonal antibodies directed against endothelin-converting enzyme-1, endothelin-1, and endothelin-3. Anti-endothelin-converting enzyme-1 antibodies produced the most robust staining, permitting the best visualization of the distribution and morphology of neurons. Labeled neurons were found in the dorsal thalamic nuclei and reticular thalamic nuclei, medial preoptic area, pontine nucleus, and locus coeruleus. Localization of endothelin-converting enzyme-like immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus and in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus suggests that endothelin is co-localized with norepinephrine and GABA, respectively. Additionally, endothelin-converting enzyme-like immunoreactivity was found in the globus pallidus, septal nuclei, and in both the vertical and horizontal limbs of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, and the ventrolateral area of the caudate-putamen. Strong endothelin-converting enzyme-like immunoreactivity was found in a continuous band of pyramidal neurons throughout the neocortex primarily in layer V, extending into the cingulate gyrus and piriform cortex. Motor nuclei, including oculomotor, facial, and trigeminal nuclei, were also endothelin-converting enzyme-immunoreactive. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells were stained. Non-neuronal cells such as oligodendroglia, microglia, and astrocytes generally were not endothelin-converting enzyme-immunoreactive, although astrocytes were rarely stained. Endothelin-converting enzyme-, endothelin-1-, and endothelin-3-like immunoreactivities were generally found co-existing in given nuclei. The diversity of neurons immunostained for endothelin suggests multiple roles of endothelin in the CNS.

The spectrum of mutations in TBX3: Genotype/Phenotype relationship in ulnar-mammary syndrome

Ulnar-mammary syndrome (UMS) is a pleiotropic disorder affecting limb, apocrine-gland, tooth, hair, and genital development. Mutations that disrupt the DNA-binding domain of the T-box gene, TBX3, have been demonstrated to cause UMS. However, the 3' terminus of the open reading frame (ORF) of TBX3 was not identified, and mutations were detected in only two families with UMS. Furthermore, no substantial homology outside the T-box was found among TBX3 and its orthologues. The subsequent cloning of new TBX3 cDNAs allowed us to complete the characterization of TBX3 and to identify alternatively transcribed TBX3 transcripts, including one that interrupts the T-box. The complete ORF of TBX3 is predicted to encode a 723-residue protein, of which 255 amino acids are encoded by newly identified exons. Comparison of other T-box genes to TBX3 indicates regions of substantial homology outside the DNA-binding domain. Novel mutations have been found in all of eight newly reported families with UMS, including five mutations downstream of the region encoding the T-box. This suggests that a domain(s) outside the T-box is highly conserved and important for the function of TBX3. We found no obvious phenotypic differences between those who have missense mutations and those who have deletions or frameshifts.

Nonoperative treatment of gastric bezoars using electrohydraulic lithotripsy

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Bezoars are collections of indigestible foreign material that are found within the gastrointestinal tract. Nonoperative approaches such as dietary therapy, enzymatic dissolution, and endoscopic removal have been regarded as the mainstays of therapy. The purpose of this paper is to determine the efficacy of electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) as an alternative form of treatment of gastric bezoars.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between July 1988 and May 1996, 11 patients with large gastric bezoars, defined as those greater than 5 cm in diameter, received endoscopic-guided fragmentation using electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Nine of our patients had a history of ingestion of "Pho Pu Zi", (Cordia dichotoma Frost. f.), one of orange pitch, and one of ingestion of persimmon.

RESULTS

The 11 patients in the study underwent EHL for the treatment of their gastric bezoars, with a 100% success rate, which was defined as the lack of residual bezoar seen on post-procedure barium study or endoscopy done 2 days after the procedure. Patients were followed-up clinically for 30-68 months, with seven of the 11 patients undergoing a barium study with no residual bezoar noted. No procedure-related complications were seen, except for pharyngeal pain which was most probably secondary to the placement of the silicon overtube.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscopically guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy is a safe, highly effective, alternative nonsurgical technique for the treatment of gastric bezoars.

Replacement of threonine 558, a critical site of phosphorylation of moesin in vivo, with aspartate activates F-actin binding of moesin. Regulation by conformational change

Point and deletion mutants of moesin were examined for F-actin binding by blot overlay and co-sedimentation, and for intra- and intermolecular interactions with N- and C-terminal domains with yeast two-hybrid and in vitro binding assays. Wild-type moesin molecules interact poorly with F-actin and each other, and bind neither C- nor N-terminal fragments. Interaction with F-actin is strongly enhanced by replacement of Thr558 with aspartate (T558D), by deletion of 11 N-terminal residues (DelN11), by deletion of the entire N-terminal membrane-binding domain of both wild type and T558D mutant molecules, and by exposure to phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-diphosphate. Activation of F-actin binding is accompanied by changes in inter- and intramolecular domain interactions. The T558D mutation renders moesin capable of binding wild type but not mutated (T558D) C-terminal or wild type N-terminal fragments. The interaction between the latter two is prevented. DelN11 truncation enables binding of wild type N and C domain fragments. These changes suggest that the T558D mutation, mimicking phosphorylation of Thr558, promotes F-actin binding by disruption of interdomain interactions between N and C domains and exposure of the high affinity F-actin binding site in the C-terminal domain. Oscillation between activated and resting state could thus provide the structural basis for transient interactions between moesin and the actin cytoskeleton in protruding and retracting microextensions.

Protection against ischemic damage by adenosine amine congener, a potent and selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist

Although the selectivity and potency of adenosine amine congener (ADAC) at adenosine A1 receptors are similar to other highly selective agonists at this receptor type, the chemical structure of the N6 substituent is completely different. We now demonstrate that the characteristics of the therapeutic profile of ADAC are distinct from those observed during our previous studies of adenosine A1 receptor agonist-mediated neuroprotection. Most significantly, chronic treatment with low microgram doses of ADAC (25-100 microg/kg) protects against both mortality and neuronal damage induced by 10 min bilateral carotid occlusion in gerbils. At higher chronic doses, the statistical significance of the protective effect is lost. Acute preischemic administration of the drug at 75-200 microg/kg also results in a statistically significant reduction of postischemic mortality and morbidity. These data indicate that, contrary to other adenosine A1 receptor agonists whose chronic administration enhances postocclusive brain damage, ADAC may be a promising agent in treatment of both acute (e.g., cerebral ischemia) and chronic (seizures) disorders of the central nervous system in which adenosine A receptors appear to be involved.

Different TBX5 interactions in heart and limb defined by Holt-Oram syndrome mutations

To better understand the role of TBX5, a T-box containing transcription factor in forelimb and heart development, we have studied the clinical features of Holt-Oram syndrome caused by 10 different TBX5 mutations. Defects predicted to create null alleles caused substantial abnormalities both in limb and heart. In contrast, missense mutations produced distinct phenotypes: Gly80Arg caused significant cardiac malformations but only minor skeletal abnormalities; and Arg237Gln and Arg237Trp caused extensive upper limb malformations but less significant cardiac abnormalities. Amino acids altered by missense mutations were located on the three-dimensional structure of a related T-box transcription factor, Xbra, bound to DNA. Residue 80 is highly conserved within T-box sequences that interact with the major groove of target DNA; residue 237 is located in the T-box domain that selectively binds to the minor groove of DNA. These structural data, taken together with the predominant cardiac or skeletal phenotype produced by each missense mutation, suggest that organ-specific gene activation by TBX5 is predicated on biophysical interactions with different target DNA sequences.

Chronic administration of adenosine A3 receptor agonist and cerebral ischemia: neuronal and glial effects

We have previously shown that chronic administration of the selective A3 receptor agonist N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxoamidoadenosine (IB-MECA) leads to a significant improvement of postocclusive cerebral blood flow, and protects against neuronal damage and mortality induced by severe forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Using immunocytochemical methods we now show that chronic with IB-MECA results in a significant preservation of ischemia-sensitive microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2), enhancement of the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and a very intense depression of nitric oxide synthase in the brain of postischemic gerbils. These changes demonstrate that the cerebroprotective actions of chronically administered IB-MECA involve both neurons and glial cells, and indicate the possibility of distinct mechanisms that are affected in the course of chronic administration of the drug.

Reduced voltage-dependent Ca2+ signaling in CA1 neurons after brief ischemia in gerbils

An initial overload of intracellular Ca2+ plays a critical role in the delayed death of hippocampal CA1 neurons that die a few days after transient ischemia. Without direct evidence, the prevailing hypothesis has been that Ca2+ overload may recur until cell death. Here, we report the first measurements of intracellular Ca2+ in living CA1 neurons within brain slices prepared 1, 2, and 3 days after transient (5 min) ischemia. With no sign of ongoing Ca2+ overload, voltage-dependent Ca2+ transients were actually reduced after 2-3 days of reperfusion. Resting Ca2+ levels and recovery rate after loading were similar to neurons receiving no ischemic insult. The tetrodotoxin-insensitive Ca spike, normally generated by these neurons, was absent at 2 days postischemia, as was a large fraction of Ca2+-dependent spike train adaptation. These surprising findings may lead to a new perspective on delayed neuronal death and intervention.

Effects of isoflavones on alcohol pharmacokinetics and alcohol-drinking behavior in rats

Puerarin, daidzin, and daidzein are 3 major isoflavonoid compounds isolated from Pueraria lobata, an edible vine used widely in China for various medicinal purposes. We studied the antiinebriation and the antidipsotropic effects of these antioxidants in rats. Daidzin and daidzein shortened alcohol-induced sleep time (loss of righting reflex) in rats that were given ethanol intragastrically but not in those given ethanol intraperitoneally. When daidzin was given to animals intragastrically with the ethanol solution, the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was found to peak later and be lower than in control rats that were given only the ethanol solution. BACs also receded more slowly if daidzin was fed to the animals. None of the 3 isoflavonoid compounds administered orally affected liver alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase activities, as was reported for intraperitoneal administration. Further experiments indicated that the suppression of the BAC by daidzin was due mainly to delay of stomach emptying. All 3 compounds suppressed voluntary alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats. The decrease in alcohol consumption was accompanied by an increase in water intake, so that the total volume of liquid consumed daily remained unchanged. Daily food consumption and body weight gain were not affected. Alcohol preference returned to baseline levels after the isoflavonoids were discontinued. We postulate that the suppression of alcohol reinforcement produced by these compounds is mediated centrally in the brain reward pathway.

Percutaneous cholangiofiberscopic endoluminal forceps biopsy of intrabile duct diseases

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The aim of the present study was to determine the usefulness and sensitivity of percutaneous cholangiofiberscopic guided forceps biopsy in patients suspected of intrabile duct diseases. This study also emphasized the use of a video monitor system in which the field of view is magnified; thus, even a small lesion can easily be detected. Furthermore, coordination of both the operator and assistant is easier because both can observe the image together on the video monitor.

METHODOLOGY

Percutaneous cholangio-fiberscopic forceps biopsy was performed in 27 patients (14 men, 13 women, aged 37-81 years with a mean age of 61 years). A mature T-tube tract was used as an access for cholangioscopy in 17 cases while the remaining 10 patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and gradual tract dilatation from 7-French to 16-French. A flexible fiberoptic choledoscope was gently inserted into a mature tract and once an abnormal mucosal lesion was identified, a forceps biopsy was inserted into a working channel of the scope, and 3-5 specimens were taken for histological examination.

RESULTS

A histological diagnosis was obtained in 24 cases of the 27 patients (sensitivity 89%) and included cholangiocarcinoma (n=8), papillomatosis (n=3), ampullary adenoma (n=1), ampullary adenocarcinoma (n=1), hepatoma with intrabile duct invasion (n=1), and chronic inflammation (n=10). Post-procedural bleeding was noted in 1 patient.

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous cholangiofiberscopic-guided forceps biopsy is a safe and easy to perform procedure. It yielded a high sensitivity rate for definitive diagnosis of very small or early intrabile duct lesions; thus, a curative therapeutic modality can be appropriately applied. The use of a video monitor system, which magnified the field of view without distorting the quality of the image, plays a crucial role in this technique. Mucin substance is commonly seen in cholangiocarcinoma. The association between bile duct stones and neoplasm needs further evaluation.

Projection patterns from the raphe nuclear complex to the ependymal wall of the ventricular system in the rat

The goal of the present study was to characterize the anatomical and neurochemical relationships that the raphe nuclear complex maintains with respect to lateralized and centralized components of the ventricular system. From this investigation, we 1) determined the ipsilateral vs. contralateral distribution of raphe efferents to the ependymal wall of the lateral ventricle, 2) assessed the degree of collateralization of individual ependymal projection neurons to other sites along the ventricular path, 3) compared the topography of raphe neurons that project to the ventricular lining as well as the lumen of the fourth and lateral ventricles, and 4) evaluated the neurochemical identity of raphe neurons that innervate the ventricular system. After tracer injections into the lateral ventricle, labeled cells were distributed evenly on both sides of the midline in the dorsomedial subregion of the intermediate dorsal raphe nucleus. Further rostrally, labeled cells were clustered bilaterally above the medial longitudinal fasciculi and extended into the median raphe nucleus. Injections that involved the ependymal wall of the lateral ventricle resulted in prominent ipsilateral labeling within the dorsal raphe nucleus, just ventral to the cerebral aqueduct. Most of the labeled cells in this latter group had collateral projections to other sites along the ventricular path. Most of the ventricle projection cells contained serotonin but not nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase. These findings indicate that the raphe nuclear complex is topographically organized with respect to the ventricular system. Selected subsets of serotoninergic dorsal raphe neurons may influence discrete segments of the ventricular system independently as well as coordinate functions throughout the system through axon collaterals to other sites along the ventricular neuraxis.

Effects of ethanol on rat somatosensory cortical neurons

In this study, we characterized the local effects of ethanol (EtOH) on postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) and membrane properties of layer II-III (L2-3) and layer V (L5) somatosensory cortical neurons. Intracellular recordings were done using the in vitro slice preparation of rat somatosensory cortex. Our results show that EtOH exerts local effects on cortical cell membrane at physiologically relevant concentrations. A predominant effect of EtOH was to reduce excitability of L2-3 and L5 neurons by increasing the rheobase, decreasing input resistance and repetitive firing, reducing PSPs amplitude and the probability of evoking action potentials. Early (6 ms) and late (18 ms) PSP components were affected differentially by EtOH, the late components being more suppressed. Overall, EtOH-mediated suppression of PSPs was stronger in L5 neurons. Cortical neurons were divided into three subtypes: regular spiking adapting (RS-A), regular spiking non-adapting (RS-NA) and bursting (D-IB) neurons. PSPs evoked in RS-A neurons were more sensitive to EtOH suppressant effects. EtOH effects on input resistance were distributed differentially among the three groups of neurons. These results support the notion that EtOH disrupts higher processing of somatosensory information via a differential alteration of cortical neuron's membrane properties and synaptic transmission.

Upregulation of L-type Ca2+ channels in reactive astrocytes after brain injury, hypomyelination, and ischemia

Anti-peptide antibodies that specifically recognize the alpha1 subunit of class A-D voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and a monoclonal antibody (MANC-1) to the alpha2 subunit of L-type Ca2+ channels were used to investigate the distribution of these Ca2+ channel subtypes in neurons and glia in models of brain injury, including kainic acid-induced epilepsy in the hippocampus, mechanical and thermal lesions in the forebrain, hypomyelination in white matter, and ischemia. Immunostaining of the alpha2 subunit of L-type Ca2+ channels by the MANC-1 antibody was increased in reactive astrocytes in each of these forms of brain injury. The alpha1C subunits of class C L-type Ca2+ channels were upregulated in reactive astrocytes located in the affected regions in each of these models of brain injury, although staining for the alpha1 subunits of class D L-type, class A P/Q-type, and class B N-type Ca2+ channels did not change from patterns normally observed in control animals. In all of these models of brain injury, there was no apparent redistribution or upregulation of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in neurons. The upregulation of L-type Ca2+ channels in reactive astrocytes may contribute to the maintenance of ionic homeostasis in injured brain regions, enhance the release of neurotrophic agents to promote neuronal survival and differentiation, and/or enhance signaling in astrocytic networks in response to injury.

Cytotoxic effect of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one on HepG2 cells: hypothetical role of acetaldehyde-modified delta4-3-ketosteroid-5beta-reductase (the 37-kd-liver protein) in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury in the rat

We recently identified delta4-3-ketosteroid-5beta-reductase as the 37 kd liver protein which is highly susceptible to acetaldehyde modification in rats continuously fed alcohol. The 5beta-reductase is a key enzyme involved in bile acid synthesis. We report here that the ability to degrade 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (HCO) was lower in the liver cytosol of alcohol-fed rats than in control animals, suggesting an inhibition of the 5beta-reductase enzyme activity by acetaldehyde modification. We also showed that HCO exhibited a time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. HCO cytotoxicity was noticeable at a concentration of 2.5 microg/mL. When 10 microg/mL of HCO was added to confluent cell monolayers, 57% and 37% of cells remained viable after 24 and 48 hours of treatment. The decrease in cell viability was accompanied by an increased lactic dehydrogenase activity in the culture medium. DNA extracted from HCO-treated cells showed no evidence of DNA fragmentation when analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Staining with propidium iodide showed no nuclear condensation in cells. Thus, cell death by HCO treatment was caused by necrosis and not by apoptosis. Various agents, including, serum proteins, hormones, bile acids, antioxidants, Ca++-chelators, Fe++-chelator, CYP450 inhibitor, adenylate cyclase inhibitor, protease inhibitors, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, did not protect against HCO cytotoxicity. We speculate that HCO concentrations may be elevated around the pericentral area in the liver after chronic alcohol ingestion, causing local cell necrosis. The release of cellular contents and protein-acetaldehyde adducts (PAAs) may activate nonparenchymal cells and provoke autoimmune reaction. Thus, the formation of the 37 kd-PAA may play an important role in the initiation of alcoholic liver injury.

Estrogen up-regulates apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene expression by increasing ApoE mRNA in the translating pool via the estrogen receptor alpha-mediated pathway

The antiatherogenic property of estrogens is mediated via at least two mechanisms: first by affecting plasma lipoprotein profiles, and second by affecting the components of the vessel wall. Raising plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) in mice protects them against diet-induced atherosclerosis (Shimano, H., Yamada, N., Katsuki, M., Gotoda, T., Harada, K., Murase, T., Fukuzawa, C., Takaku, F., and Yazaka, Y. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 1750-1754). It is possible that estrogen may be antiatherogenic at least in part by increasing plasma apoE levels. Therefore, we studied the regulation of apoE by estrogen. A survey of 15 inbred strains of mice showed that some mouse strains responded to injections or subcutaneously implanted pellets of estradiol by raising their apoB and apoE levels and some did not. We performed detailed studies in two "responder" strains, C57L and C57BL, and two "non-responder" strains, C3H and BALBc. Responders increased their plasma apoE levels 2.5-fold. Non-responders' levels were altered +/-10%. In the responders the distribution of apoE among the plasma lipoproteins shifted from high density lipoprotein toward the apoB-containing lipoprotein fractions. In nonresponders the shift was toward high density lipoprotein. Hepatic apoE mRNA levels and relative rates of apoE mRNA transcription were unchanged in all strains, suggesting that apoE regulation occurred at posttranscriptional loci. Therefore, we measured apoE synthesis in fresh liver slices and on isolated hepatic polysomes. Two-fold increases were noted but only in responders accompanied by selective 1.5-fold increases in polysomal apoE mRNA levels. Similar increases in apoE synthesis were also observed in castrated C57BL mice given either physiological or pharmacological replacement doses of estradiol, but not testosterone, suggesting that the effect of estradiol was specific on the distribution of apoE mRNA in the translationally active polysomal pool. Next, we examined whether the effects of estrogen on apoE translation were mediated by estrogen receptors (ER). ER-alpha knock-out mice and their wild-type littermates were administered estradiol. As expected, apoE levels and hepatic apoE synthesis increased more than 2-fold in the wild-type littermates, but only 20% increases in the plasma apoE and hepatic synthesis were observed in the ER knock-out mice. Hepatic apoE mRNA levels did not change in either the wild-type or the ER knock-out mice. Thus, estradiol up-regulates apoE gene expression by increasing levels of apoE mRNA in the polysomal translating pool. Furthermore, the increased polysomal recruitment of apoE mRNA is largely mediated by estrogen receptors.

Topographic and laminar organizations of the incertocortical pathway in rats

The topographic and laminar organizations of the projection system from the zona incerta to the neocortex were studied by using both retrograde and anterograde methods in the rat. Injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers into different cortical areas revealed that the incertocortical projection neurons have a rough topographic organization with respect to their cortical targets. Furthermore, the incertocortical projecting neurons were found mainly in the dorsal and rostral subdivisions of the zona incerta, and none were found in the ventral subdivision. In cases which included three different fluorescent tracers injected into the frontal, the parietal and the occipital cortices, retrogradely single-labelled cells were found intermingled within the dorsal zona incerta. Very few double-labelled cells were noted, and triple-labelled cells were absent. Injections of anterograde tracers into the dorsal zona incerta demonstrate that labelled fibres traverse the striatum and terminate most densely in the outer half of layer I of the neocortex. The density of incertocortical terminals was greatest in the somatosensory cortex, while the innervation of visual cortical areas was sparse. Very fine and sparse bouton-like swellings of labelled incertocortical fibres were found running parallel along the pial surface. Since it has recently been shown that the incertocortical projections derive from GABAergic neurons, the present results suggest that the diffuse and roughly topographic projection from the zona incerta to the cerebral cortex may play an inhibitory role in widespread areas of cerebral cortex. This inhibitory action may preferentially target the distal dendrites of cortical neurons, since the majority of incertocortical terminals were found in the outer part of layer I of the neocortex.

Structural organization of the synaptic exocytosis core complex

Syntaxin, vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP), and synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) form a ternary "core complex" central to the process of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the proteins assemble in a coiled-coil structure, but the alignment of alpha helices in this coil and the overall conformation of the coil are unknown. We employ the technique of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to investigate the alignment between syntaxin and VAMP. With the acceptor probe coupled to the amino-terminal end of the VAMP coiled-coil domain, the donor probe fluorescence is quenched to a greater extent when it is on the amino-terminal end of the syntaxin H3 domain than when it is on the carboxy-terminal end. The data indicate that syntaxin and VAMP bind primarily in a parallel arrangement and suggest a coiled-coil structure that is bent rather than fully extended. We propose a model in which binding of SNAP receptor (SNARE) protein coiled-coil domains helps drive vesicle fusion.

Acetaldehyde-modified and 4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins in the livers of rats with alcoholic liver disease

Liver proteins form adducts with acetaldehyde and are modified by products of lipid peroxidation in alcohol-fed animals. It has been hypothesized that the formation of these modified liver proteins may contribute to liver injury in alcoholic liver disease. The present work was performed to determine the extent of protein modification in rats with experimental alcoholic liver disease. Rats were fed ethanol intragastrically with medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), palm oil, corn oil, or fish oil. The group fed MCTs and ethanol showed no liver injury, rats fed palm oil and ethanol showed only fatty liver, rats fed corn oil and ethanol showed fatty liver with moderate necrosis and inflammation, and rats fed fish oil and ethanol showed fatty liver with severe necrosis and inflammation. Antibodies were raised by using keyhole limpet hemocyanin modified in vitro by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) or acetaldehyde as immunogens. When liver extracts were examined by Western blot analysis, the intensities of the acetaldehyde-modified protein band (37 kd) in the alcohol-fed animals were significantly different among the ethanol-treated groups and correlated with plasma acetaldehyde concentrations. It was strongest in rats fed fish oil and ethanol, followed by rats fed palm oil and ethanol and rats fed corn oil and ethanol, whereas rats fed MCTs and ethanol showed the weakest intensity. The 37-kd protein-adetaldehyde adduct was located mainly in the pericentral region of the liver. No acetaldehyde adduct was detected in the control rats that were pair-fed with isocaloric amounts of dextrose. Western blot analysis using the anti-4-HNE antibody showed four distinctive bands (48, 45, 40, and 38 kd) in the liver extracts of alcohol-fed rats. Control animals showed only a weak 38-kd band. Although the intensities of the 48-, 40-, and 38-kd bands were similar among the different ethanol-treated groups, the intensity of the 45-kd band decreased from MCTs and ethanol > palm oil and ethanol > or = corn oil and ethanol > fish oil and ethanol. The data indicate that the degree of liver protein modification by acetaldehyde correlates well with the severity of liver injury in ethanol-fed rats, whereas modification by the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE shows no correlation with the severity of liver injury.

Neonatal whisker removal reduces the discrimination of tactile stimuli by thalamic ensembles in adult rats

Simultaneous recordings of up to 48 single neurons per animal were used to characterize the long-term functional effects of sensory plastic modifications in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus following unilateral removal of facial whiskers in newborn rats. One year after this neonatal whisker deprivation, neurons in the contralateral VPM responded to cutaneous stimulation of the face at much longer minimal latencies (15.2 +/- 8.2 ms, mean +/- SD) than did normal cells (8.8 +/- 5.3 ms) in the same subregion of the VPM. In 69% of these neurons, the initial sensory responses to stimulus offset were followed for up to 700 ms by reverberant trains of bursting discharge, alternating in 100-ms cycles with inhibition. Receptive fields in the deafferented VPM were also atypical in that they extended over the entire face, shoulder, forepaw, hindpaw, and even ipsilateral whiskers. Discriminant analysis (DA) was then used to statistically evaluate how this abnormal receptive field organization might affect the ability of thalamocortical neuronal populations to "discriminate" somatosensory stimulus location. To standardize this analysis, three stimulus targets ("groups") were chosen in all animals such that they triangulated the central region of the "receptive field" of the recorded multineuronal ensemble. In the normal animals these stimulus targets were whiskers or perioral hairs; in the deprived animals the targets typically included hairy skin of the body as well as face. The measured variables consisted of each neuron's spiking response to each stimulus differentiated into three poststimulus response epochs (0-15, 15-30, and 30-45 ms). DA quantified the statistical contribution of each of these variables to its overall discrimination between the three stimulus sites. In the normal animals, the stimulus locations were correctly classified in 88.2 +/- 3.7% of trials on the basis of the spatiotemporal patterns of ensemble activity derived from up to 18 single neurons. In the deprived animals, the stimulus locations were much less consistently discriminated (reduced to 73.5 +/- 12.6%; difference from controls significant at P < 0.01) despite the fact that much more widely spaced stimulus targets were used and even when up to 20 neurons were included in the ensemble. Overall, these results suggest that neonatal damage to peripheral sense organs may produce marked changes in the physiology of individual neurons in the somatosensory thalamus. Moreover, the present demonstration that these changes can profoundly alter sensory discrimination at the level of neural populations in the thalamus provides important evidence that the well-known perceptual effects of chronic peripheral deprivation may be partially attributable to plastic reorganization at subcortical levels.

Lateralization and functional organization of the locus coeruleus projection to the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in rat

The primary goals of this study were to (1) examine the distribution of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, which project to cortical and subcortical sites along the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in rats, and (2) determine the extent to which different regions within this ascending sensory system receive collateral projections from the same LC neuron. Long-Evans hooded rats received unilateral pressure injections of different combinations of retrograde fluorescent tracers into whisker-related regions of primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortices, the ventrobasal (VB) and posterior group (POm) nuclei of the thalamus, and the principalis nucleus of the trigeminal complex (PrV). Coronal sections (40-100 microm) through the LC were examined by fluorescence microscopy, and the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells was recorded. The major finding was that whisker-related regions of the cortex receive efferent projections from neurons concentrated in the caudal portion of the ipsilateral LC, whereas subcortical trigeminal somatosensory structures receive bilateral input from both LC nuclei. Despite the bilateral nature of the LC projection to subcortical sites, the majority of LC efferents to VB and POm thalamus originate in the ipsilateral LC nucleus, whereas projections to PrV originate primarily from the contralateral LC. An additional finding was that a relatively large proportion of LC cells, which project to a single somatosensory structure, also send axon collaterals to other relay sites along the same ascending somatosensory pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that the LC-noradrenergic system maintains a more selective relationship with functionally related efferent targets than has been previously appreciated.

Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism by estrogen in inbred strains of mice occurs primarily by posttranscriptional mechanisms

Estrogen protects against developing premature coronary artery disease. However, the mechanism of protective effects of estrogen still remains poorly understood. One mechanism by which estrogen can have protective effects appears to be through modulation of plasma lipoproteins. We showed that the mouse can be used as animal model to study estrogen-mediated synthesis and secretion of lipoproteins since, unlike the rat, the mouse does not up-regulate LDL receptors (Srivastava et al. [4]). Since inbred strains of mice differ in their genetic background and show differing responsiveness to dietary lipids, we examined how various inbred strains of mice respond to estradiol administration, and whether some mouse strains show responses similar to rats. 17beta-estradiol was administered to male mice from 15 different inbred strains, and the changes in plasma levels of lipids, apoB, apoAI, and apoE were examined. Total cholesterol decreased in all but one strain, apoAI levels decreased in all but 3 strains while apoB levels and apoB/apoAI ratios increased in all but 2 strains, suggesting that in contrast to rats, the apoB-containing lipoproteins increased relative to HDL in all strains of mice examined. Basal and estradiol-induced changes in total cholesterol were significantly correlated with changes in apoAI, but not apoB, reflecting the predominance of HDL over other lipoproteins in mouse plasma. The effects of estrogen on plasma apoE levels varied among various inbred strains of mice tested. Plasma apoE levels increased in seven strains treated with estrogen, and remained unchanged in the rest. To examine whether changes of plasma apoproteins are associated with the changes in the respective hepatic mRNA levels, apoAI, B and E mRNA were quantified by RNase protection assay. Hepatic apoE mRNA did not show correlation with either basal or post treatment plasma apoE levels in any of the strains. Similarly, most of the mouse strains did not show correlation of plasma apoAI and apoB levels with the corresponding hepatic mRNA levels. These results suggest that estrogen regulates plasma lipoprotein concentrations primarily by posttranscriptional mechanisms, and there were strain-related differences in the estrogen-mediated regulation of lipoprotein metabolism.

Mutations in human TBX3 alter limb, apocrine and genital development in ulnar-mammary syndrome

Ulnar-mammary syndrome is a rare pleiotropic disorder affecting limb, apocrine gland, tooth and genital development. We demonstrate that mutations in human TBX3, a member of the T-box gene family, cause ulnar-mammary syndrome in two families. Each mutation (a single nucleotide deletion and a splice-site mutation) is predicted to cause haploinsufficiency of TBX3, implying that critical levels of this transcription factor are required for morphogenesis of several organs. Limb abnormalities of ulnar-mammary syndrome involve posterior elements. Mutations in TBX5, a related and linked gene, cause anterior limb abnormalities in Holt-Oram syndrome. We suggest that during the evolution of TBX3 and TBX5 from a common ancestral gene, each has acquired specific yet complementary roles in patterning the mammalian upper limb.

Percutaneous transhepatic transluminal forceps biopsy in obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND/AIMS

To evaluate the technical feasibility and sensitivity of percutaneous transluminal forceps biopsy of bile duct diseases.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Seventeen fluoroscopic-guided transluminal forceps biopsies were performed in 16 patients with obstructive jaundice. The technique was performed through an existing percutaneous transhepatic tract. Multiple specimens were obtained after passing the forceps biopsy into a long 9-French sheath and the specimens were fixed with formalin for histopathologic diagnosis.

RESULTS

Adequate samples for histological diagnosis was obtained in 12 of 17 procedures (sensitivity, 71%). Pathologic reports included pancreatic head carcinoma n = 2, cholangiocarcinoma n = 3, hepatoma with intrahepatic-bile duct invasion n = 3, common bile duct tumors n = 3 and chronic inflammation n = 1. Minor complications such as pain was noted in three patients while transient hemobilia was seen in two patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous transhepatic transluminal forceps biopsy is a safe technique which is easy to perform. This can be done through an existing transhepatic biliary tract with a sensitivity rate of 71%.

Alcohol feeding impedes early atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice: factors in addition to high-density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein A1 are involved

The effect of alcohol feeding on the development of atherosclerosis was investigated in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene-knockout (LDLR-/-) mice. Eight-week-old male mice were pair-fed atherogenic liquid diets containing ethanol at different levels (w/v; group A, 5%; group B, 2.5%; and group C, 0%). Tissue sections of the heart were stained with Oil Red O to examine for fatty lesions in proximal aorta. Results showed that the lesion size of group A was 70% smaller than group C after 6 weeks. By contrast, the lesion size of group B was not significantly different from that of group C. Serum high-density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) A1 in LDLR-/- mice was suppressed by feeding the atherogenic diet, but the decrease was negated by alcohol (both groups A and B). The effectiveness of 5% alcohol to protect against atherosclerosis waned with time, but was still noticeable at 12 weeks, even though serum apo A1 remained high. Serum apolipoprotein E was increased by the high fat diet, but not altered by alcohol in the diet. Our data, therefore, show that: (1) alcohol-feeding impedes early atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice (this effect of alcohol is dose-dependent); (2) the protective effect of alcohol is not entirely attributable to an elevated serum high-density lipoprotein-apo A1; and (3) severe impairment of lipoprotein metabolism due to a lack of low-density lipoprotein receptors can eventually overwhelm the protective effect of alcohol against atherosclerosis.

Mutations in human TBX5 [corrected] cause limb and cardiac malformation in Holt-Oram syndrome

Holt-Oram syndrome is characterized by upper limb malformations and cardiac septation defects. Here, we demonstrate that mutations in the human TBX5 gene underlie this disorder. TBX5 was cloned from the disease locus on human chromosome 12q24.1 and identified as a member of the T-box transcription factor family. A nonsense mutation in TBX5 causes Holt-Oram syndrome in affected members of one family; a TBX5 missense mutation was identified in affected members of another. We conclude that TBX5 is critical for limb and heart development and suggest that haploinsufficiency of TBX5 causes Holt-Oram syndrome.

Increase of resting levels of superoxide anion in the whole blood of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the resting level of superoxide anion (O2.) and liver cirrhosis (LC). The resting levels of superoxide anion in the whole blood of healthy controls and patients with compensated or decompensated LC were measured, by an ultra-sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) analyzer and lucigenin amplification. The assay system can be performed in the absence of leukocyte isolation and stimulant administration. The results showed that the blood CL levels of compensated cirrhotic patients (381.0 +/- 201.5 counts/10 s, mean +/- SD, n = 24) were similar to that of healthy controls (467.9 +/- 299.5 counts/10 s, n = 24). However, the blood CL levels of decompensated cirrhotic patients (2083.5 +/- 1462.4 counts/10 s, n = 24) were significantly greater than that of healthy controls and patients with compensated LC (both p < .001, Student's t-test). The correlation analysis revealed that the blood CL levels in cirrhotic patients were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of albumin (r = -0.65, p < .001) and total bilirubin (r = +0.42, p < .005). However, there was no significant correlation between the blood CL levels and serum levels of transaminases (GOT and GPT). These results suggest that blood levels of superoxide of decompensated cirrhotic patients were greater than those of healthy controls or compensated cirrhotic patients. Moreover, the increase of blood levels of superoxide in decompensated cirrhotic patients is related to the impairment of liver function but not to the inflammation.