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Ozturk O, Ozen T, Colak TK, Eceviz E, Colak I, Polat MG. Effects of rigid and kinesio taping on plantar pressure distribution in patients with Lisfranc fracture sequelae. Gait Posture 2024; 108:145-150. [PMID: 38061139 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Lisfranc fractures may regain functional status after anatomical fixation, but they may experience sequelae such as flatfoot deformity and pain associated with foot pressure distribution during weight-bearing. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the impact of Lisfranc fracture sequelae on both the injured and uninjured sides, and how does the antipronation taping affect plantar pressure distribution parameters? METHODS Twenty-six patients who underwent anatomical fixation for Lisfranc fracture, displaying pronation on the injured side based on the Foot Posture Index-6 test, as well as 15 healthy subjects, participated in this study. Plantar pressure distribution measurements were conducted during barefoot walking for the healthy subjects. In the patient group, measurements were taken under two antipronation taping conditions (kinesio and rigid taping), as well as during barefoot walking. RESULTS Participants who received anatomical fixation after Lisfranc fracture exhibited significant alterations in plantar pressure distribution parameters on both the injured and uninjured sides, as compared to the control group. After the application of Kinesio Taping to the injured side, there was no significant change observed in the plantar pressure distribution values (p > 0.05). The analysis of the rigid taping on the injured side revealed statistically worse values in peak pressure of the hindfoot (p = 0.027) and maximum force of the midfoot and toes (p = 0.005 and p = 0.013, respectively) compared to the injured barefoot condition. SIGNIFICANCE Lisfranc fracture sequelae affected plantar pressure distribution on both injured and uninjured sides. Anti-pronation taping (kinesio and rigit), commonly used for foot conditions, did not lead to foot pressure distribution becoming more similar to that of the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Ozturk
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Tugce Ozen
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Kuru Colak
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Engin Eceviz
- Lütfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, Orthopedic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Colak
- Lütfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, Orthopedic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Gulden Polat
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abernathy L, Tocci SA, Scott RT. The Posttraumatic Tarsometatarsal Joints. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2023; 40:581-592. [PMID: 37716738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Tarsometatarsal joint injuries can be painful and debilitating and are most commonly due to direct or indirect trauma. Posttraumatic arthritis is a well-known long-term complication, with incidence as high as 58%. Conservative treatment options include shoe modifications, orthotic inserts, topical or oral anti-inflammatories, and intra-articular corticosteroid injections. There are various joint prep and fixation techniques reported in the literature, many with positive clinical and radiographic outcomes. This article discusses nonoperative and operative management of posttraumatic tarsometatarsal joint arthritis, reviews available literature, and includes the authors' tips and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lant Abernathy
- The CORE Institute Advanced Foot and Ankle Reconstruction Fellowship, The CORE Institute, 9321 W Thomas Road Suite 205, Phoenix, AZ 85037, USA.
| | - Steven A Tocci
- The CORE Institute Advanced Foot and Ankle Reconstruction Fellowship, The CORE Institute, 9321 W Thomas Road Suite 205, Phoenix, AZ 85037, USA
| | - Ryan T Scott
- The CORE Institute Advanced Foot and Ankle Reconstruction Fellowship, The CORE Institute, 9321 W Thomas Road Suite 205, Phoenix, AZ 85037, USA
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3
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Carter TH, Heinz N, Duckworth AD, White TO, Amin AK. Management of Lisfranc Injuries: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev 2023; 11:01874474-202304000-00001. [PMID: 37014938 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.22.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
» There is a spectrum of midtarsal injuries, ranging from mild midfoot sprains to complex Lisfranc fracture-dislocations. » Use of appropriate imaging can reduce patient morbidity, by reducing the number of missed diagnoses and, conversely, avoiding overtreatment. Weight-bearing radiographs are of great value when investigating the so-called subtle Lisfranc injury. » Regardless of the operative strategy, anatomical reduction and stable fixation is a prerequisite for a satisfactory outcome in the management of displaced injuries. » Fixation device removal is less frequently reported after primary arthrodesis compared with open reduction and internal fixation based on 6 published meta-analyses. However, the indications for further surgery are often unclear, and the evidence of the included studies is of typically low quality. Further high-quality prospective randomized trials with robust cost-effectiveness analyses are required in this area. » We have proposed an investigation and treatment algorithm based on the current literature and clinical experience of our trauma center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Carter
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Heinz
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Duckworth
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy O White
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anish K Amin
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Huyke-Hernández FA, Lesmeister N, Yonke B, Mazzuca J. CT and Functional Outcomes of Primarily Ligamentous and Combined Ligamentous-Bony Lisfranc Injuries: A Retrospective Review. J Foot Ankle Surg 2023; 62:317-322. [PMID: 36270883 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lisfranc injuries have been rising in incidence and can cause significant and lasting morbidity. There is no consensus on the optimal surgical treatment for these injuries, be they primarily ligamentous or combined (bony and ligamentous). No study has ever followed Lisfranc injury patients postoperatively using advanced imaging. The purpose of this study was to compare the functional and radiographic outcomes of primarily ligamentous and combined osseous and ligamentous Lisfranc injuries treated operatively with reduction and fixation. We performed a retrospective review of all Lisfranc injuries treated operatively in a single institution over a 6-year period. Injuries were classified as primarily ligamentous or combined by independent evaluation of available computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. Outcomes were measured using the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA). CT of 29 patients was performed at last follow-up to evaluate reduction and degenerative changes. Of the 56 patients identified, 38 were available for follow-up. The average follow-up was 3.8 years. There were 26 combined injuries and 12 primarily ligamentous injuries. Outcomes were excellent in all patients and there was no statistical difference in SMFA scores in any category between the groups. On follow-up CT, all injuries were anatomically reduced, and 26 of 29 patients had degenerative changes. Our results support that reduction and stable fixation of Lisfranc injuries may be suitable treatment regardless of classification as combined or primarily ligamentous. Future larger-scale prospective studies should be pursued to supplement existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Huyke-Hernández
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, TRIA Orthopaedic Center, Bloomington, MN; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Park Nicollet Methodist Hospital, St. Louis Park, MN
| | - Nicholas Lesmeister
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Bret Yonke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, TRIA Orthopaedic Center, Bloomington, MN
| | - James Mazzuca
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, TRIA Orthopaedic Center, Bloomington, MN; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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5
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Antoniadou T, Dimopoulos L, Nikolaides AP, El Gamal T. Plantar Subluxation of First Metatarsal with Intercuneiform Dislocation: A Case Report of a New Type of Lisfranc Injury. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2023; 33:89-94. [PMID: 36734931 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2022039173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lisfranc injuries result when the bones or ligaments that support the midfoot are torn, and the classifications of these injuries are based on the coronal displacement of the metatarsals. On the saggital plane, the first metatarsal is usually dorsally dislocated due to dorsal ligament weakness. We present a case report of a 29-year-old woman who sustained a Lisfranc injury of her right foot with plantar subluxation of the first metatarsal, which was treated with open reduction and internal fixation of the first metatarsal and fusion of the second metatarsal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Antoniadou
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Leonidas Dimopoulos
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2GW Birmingham UK
| | - A P Nikolaides
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2GW Birmingham UK; University of Birmingham, B15 2TH Birmingham, UK
| | - T El Gamal
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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6
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Paek S, Mo M, Hogue G. Treatment of paediatric Lisfranc injuries: A systematic review and introduction of a novel treatment algorithm. J Child Orthop 2022; 16:198-207. [PMID: 35800659 PMCID: PMC9254024 DOI: 10.1177/18632521221092957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric Lisfranc injuries (PLI) are rare injuries that have few studies published about their occurrence and treatment in pediatric population. Due to this lack of information, the diagnostic criteria and surgical or non-surgical methods for treatment have not been clearly established within the pediatric orthopedic literature. The objective of this study was to review the published literature related to treatment options and develop a concise stepwise treatment algorithm for pediatric patients presenting with Lisfranc injuries. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed to find studies discussing the treatment of PLI with reported long-term outcomes. Data collection accounted for the mechanism of injury, diagnostic imaging modality used, injury type, fracture classification using the Myerson system, treatment method used, and postoperative complications. RESULTS An initial PubMed search revealed 290 articles, but only 10 studies fulfilled the criteria for in-depth review. A total of 114 patients were included in this review from the selected case reports and case series studies. Primary treatment methods were as follows: 44% (50/114) with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) using Kirschner wires (K-wires) and/or screws, 3% (3/114) with closed reduction percutaneous fixation (CRPF), 4% (4/114) with suture-button constructs, 20% (23/114) with cast immobilization, and 29% (33/114) were described as not requiring reduction. CONCLUSION There were two main limitations to this study. First, there are few published studies with longitudinal outcomes of PLI treatment. Second, some case series did not disclose which procedure a patient with post-treatment complications underwent. Therefore, an overall statistical analysis of success and failure rates with associated complications of each procedure could not be conducted. In conclusion, we found that a stepwise approach to evaluating conservative and surgical treatment options based on the presentation of the PLI should be utilized to optimize long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Paek
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of
Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA,Samuel Paek, Geisinger Commonwealth School
of Medicine, 615 Clay Ave Apt 1, Scranton, PA 18510, USA.
| | - Michelle Mo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grant Hogue
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Saxena A, Arthur WP, Ratnala D, Ashraf S, Malay DS. Arthrodesis in Acute and Chronic Lisfranc's Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Foot Ankle Surg 2022; 61:471-478. [PMID: 34657807 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Injury to Lisfranc's joint complex affects the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot and can significantly alter its biomechanics. Some of the previous studies have suggested primary arthrodesis to be superior to open reduction and internal fixation for treating primarily ligamentous Lisfranc injuries. Additionally, arthrodesis is often used for treating chronic Lisfranc injuries, including those which previously underwent open reduction and internal fixation and subsequently developed arthrosis. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the outcomes of arthrodesis at the level of Lisfranc's articulation for both acute and chronic injuries. Patients who underwent midfoot arthrodesis surgical procedures between years 2001 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. About 187 patients with an average age of 55.9 ± 13.2 years old and a minimum follow-up of 1 year were included in the study. Median time to return to preoperative activities was 11 weeks. Overall successful joint fusion rate was 81.4%. However, concomitantly fused joints of the midfoot and hindfoot, in addition to the tarsometatarsal joints (TMTJ), were included in the overall fusion rate. Fusion rate at the first TMTJ was 90.2% (101 out of 112), second TMTJ was 94.4% (67 out of 71), and third TMTJ was 97.8% (45 out of 46). The present study demonstrates that patients who undergo arthrodesis for both acute and chronic Lisfranc injuries typically can return to activity in under approximately 3 months postoperatively (acute patients significantly faster) with a high union rate at the TMTJs. However, the overall union rate is significantly lower when concomitant proximal midfoot and rearfoot arthrodesis procedures are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Saxena
- Sutter-PAMF, Department of Sports Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
| | | | | | - Seth Ashraf
- PGY-1 Podiatric Surgery, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Binghamton, NY
| | - D Scot Malay
- Director of Podiatric Research and Staff Surgeon, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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8
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Walley KC, Semaan DJ, Shah R, Robbins C, Walton DM, Holmes JR, Talusan PG. Long-term Follow-up of Lisfranc Injuries Treated With Open Reduction Internal Fixation Patient-Reported Outcomes. FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2021; 6:24730114211039496. [PMID: 35097469 PMCID: PMC8702685 DOI: 10.1177/24730114211039496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There remains a paucity of data regarding long-term patient-reported outcomes following Lisfranc injuries. We sought to collect long-term clinical outcome data following Lisfranc injuries using PROMIS Physical Function (PROMIS-PF) and visual analog scale–foot and ankle (VAS-FA). Methods: A chart review was performed to identify all patients who had surgical treatment of an acute Lisfranc injury at our institution from 2005 to 2014. Of the 45 patients identified, we were able to recruit 19 for a follow-up clinic visit consisting of physical examination, administration of questionnaires addressing pain and medication usage, radiographs, and completion of outcome surveys including PROMIS-Physical Function and visual analog scale–foot and ankle. Results: There were 14 female and 5 male patients enrolled in the study with a mean time of 6.25 years from the time of injury. Within this cohort, the mean PROMIS-PF score was 52.4±8.2 and the mean VAS–foot and ankle score was 76.6±22.3. Conclusion: We report satisfactory long-term patient-reported outcomes using PROMIS-PF and VAS-FA. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kempland C Walley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Derek J Semaan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ronit Shah
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Christopher Robbins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David M Walton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James R Holmes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul G Talusan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Chen P, Ng N, Snowden G, Mackenzie SP, Nicholson JA, Amin AK. Percutaneous reduction and fixation of low energy Lisfranc injuries results in better outcome compared to open reduction and internal fixation: Results from a matched case-control study with minimum 12 months follow up. Injury 2021; 52:1042-1047. [PMID: 33268080 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous fixation of Lisfranc injuries is potentially less invasive to traditional open techniques but evidence of any clinical benefit is lacking. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes of percutaneous reduction and internal fixation (PRIF) of low energy Lisfranc injuries with a matched, control group of patients treated with ORIF. METHODS Over a seven-year period (2012-2019), 16 consecutive patients with a low energy Lisfranc injury (Myerson B2-type) were treated with PRIF. Patient demographics, injury mechanism and radiological outcomes were recorded within a prospectively maintained database at the institution. This study sample was matched for age, sex and mechanism of injury to a control group of 16 patients with similar low energy Lisfranc injuries (Myerson B2-type) treated with ORIF. Clinical outcome was compared using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot score and Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ). RESULTS At a mean follow up of 43 months (95% CI 35.6 - 50.4), both the AOFAS and MOXFQ scores were significantly higher in the PRIF group compared to the control ORIF group (AOFAS 89.1vs 76.4, p=0.03; MOXFQ 10.0 vs 27.6, p=0.03). There were no immediate postoperative complications in either group. There was no radiological evidence of midfoot osteoarthritis in the PRIF group, three patients in the ORIF group developed midfoot osteoarthritis (p=0.2). CONCLUSIONS PRIF of low energy Lisfranc injures is a safe, minimally invasive technique and is associated with better mid-term clinical outcomes compared to ORIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchi Chen
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH16 4SA..
| | - Nathan Ng
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH16 4SA..
| | - Gordon Snowden
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH16 4SA..
| | - Samuel Peter Mackenzie
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH16 4SA..
| | - Jamie A Nicholson
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH16 4SA..
| | - Anish K Amin
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH16 4SA
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10
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Eceviz E, Çevik HB, Öztürk O, Özen T, Çolak TK, Çolak İ, Polat MG. Pedobarographic, Clinic, and Radiologic Evaluation after Surgically Treated Lisfranc Injury. J INVEST SURG 2020; 34:1191-1197. [PMID: 32654544 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1790700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lisfranc injuries are rare, often missed, and may cause permanent structural deterioration of tarsometatarsal joint, despite optimal management. Consequently, a Lisfranc injury may lead to disruption of the biomechanics of the normal foot during walking and may alter the plantar pressure distribution, which is essential for proper gait mechanics. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to specify the dynamic plantar pressure, radiographic and clinical features, after surgically managed Lisfranc injuries. METHODS This study was carried out over a period of 10 years and included 62 patients who were surgically treated for Lisfranc injury, with mean 57-month follow-up. Radiological (intermetatarsal, Kite's, first metatarsophalangeal, Meary's, Hibbs' and calcaneal pitch angles, and medial cuneiform-fifth metatarsal distance), pedobarographical, and clinical results with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot score assessments for both feet were assessed. RESULTS In the radiological assessment, the mean first intermetatarsal (p = 0.006) and Meary's angle (p = 0.000) were decreased on the injured feet compared to the uninjured feet on the anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. In the pedobarographic assessment, the injured feet midfoot contact time increased (p = 0.03), and maximum force (p = 0.001), total peak pressure (p = 0.008), and contact area (p = 0.017) decreased, compared to the uninjured feet. The mean AOFAS score was 75/100 at the final follow-up visit. There was seen to be reduced both contact surface area and time of the midfoot. CONCLUSION Despite surgical management of Lisfranc injuries, the injured foot does not regain functional, radiological, or pedobarographical levels as compared to the uninjured foot for ≥ 57 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Eceviz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Bilgehan Çevik
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Health Sciences, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Öztürk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Özen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Kuru Çolak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlker Çolak
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Gülden Polat
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Pigott MT, Shah R, Chan J, Irwin TA, Holmes JR, Talusan PG. Initial Displacement Does Not Affect Loss of Reduction After Lisfranc Fracture Dislocations. Foot Ankle Spec 2019; 12:535-539. [PMID: 30666884 DOI: 10.1177/1938640018823067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether significantly displaced Lisfranc injuries had a higher rate of loss of reduction after fixation compared to those with low displacement. Forty-five patients who had fixation of an acute Lisfranc injury from 2005 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent subsequent hardware removal at 3 to 15 months after their index procedure. Radiographs were reviewed from the time of injury, 2 weeks, and 6 months postoperative. Lisfranc joint reduction was assessed using criteria previously described in the literature and graded as malreduced if displacement was >2 mm. We used a cutoff of 4 mm for high initial displacement. Those patients with ≥4 mm of initial displacement did not have an increased rate of loss of reduction after hardware removal compared to those patients with <4 mm initial displacement (40% and 27%, respectively; P = .362). Anatomic reduction was achieved immediately postoperative in 89% of cases. A high degree of displacement in Lisfranc injuries does not preclude achievement and maintenance of adequate reduction after fixation of these injuries. Levels of Evidence: Prognostic study, Level II: Retrospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Pigott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronit Shah
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Jason Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - James R Holmes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul G Talusan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Wu S, Qin B, Xie H, Huang F, Zhang H. [Effectiveness of open reduction and internal fixation for acute and delayed occult Lisfranc injuries]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2019; 33:965-969. [PMID: 31407554 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201901004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in treatment of acute and delayed occult Lisfranc injuries. Methods A retrospective review of 26 patients with occult Lisfranc injuries who were treated with ORIF between July 2010 and July 2015 was applied. Fourteen patients were treated within 6 weeks after injury (acute group) and 12 patients were treated after 6 weeks of injury (delayed group). There was no significant difference between the two groups in gender, age, affected sides, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and physical and mental scores of Study Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12) ( P<0.05). The joint reduction, internal fixator, and traumatic osteoarthritis were observed by X-ray films. The pain degree, midfoot function, and quality of life were evaluated with VAS score, AOFAS score, and physical and mental scores of SF-12. Results All incisions healed by first intention with no complications. All patients were followed up with the mean follow-up time of 15 months (range, 12-24 months) in acute group and 15 months (range, 12-23 months) in delayed group. At last follow-up, the VAS score, AOFAS score, and physical and mental scores of SF-12 were superior to those before operation in the two groups ( P<0.05). And there was no significant difference in all indicators between the two groups ( P>0.05). The satisfaction rates were 100% and 83.3% (10/12) in acute group and delayed group, respectively. The internal fixators were removed in 20 patients (11 cases in acute group and 9 cases in delayed group) at 9-24 months after operation (mean, 14.5 months). The results of X-ray films showed no traumatic osteoarthritis, midfoot collapse, internal fixation failure, or reduction loss during follow-up period. Conclusion ORIF is an ideal method for both acute and delayed occult Lisfranc injuries and can obtain the similar effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhou Wu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Boquan Qin
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Huiqi Xie
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Fuguo Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041,
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13
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Abstract
It is essential to know and understand the anatomy of the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint (Lisfranc joint) to achieve a correct diagnosis and proper treatment of the injuries that occur at that level. Up to 20% of Lisfranc fracture-dislocations go unnoticed or are diagnosed late, especially low-energy injuries or purely ligamentous injuries. Severe sequelae such as post-traumatic osteoarthritis and foot deformities can create serious disability. We must be attentive to the clinical and radiological signs of an injury to the Lisfranc joint and expand the study with weight-bearing radiographs or computed tomography (CT) scans. Only in stable lesions and in those without displacement is conservative treatment indicated, along with immobilisation and initial avoidance of weight-bearing. Through surgical treatment we seek to achieve two objectives: optimal anatomical reduction, a factor that directly influences the results; and the stability of the first, second and third cuneiform-metatarsal joints. There are three main controversies regarding the surgical treatment of Lisfranc injuries: osteosynthesis versus primary arthrodesis; transarticular screws versus dorsal plates; and the most appropriate surgical approach. The surgical treatment we prefer is open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with transarticular screws or with dorsal plates in cases of comminution of metatarsals or cuneiform bones.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2019;4:430-444. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180076
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Midfoot Degenerative Arthritis and Partial Fusion After Pediatric Lisfranc Fracture-Dislocation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2018; 2:e004. [PMID: 30211381 PMCID: PMC6132315 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-17-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of a 10-year-old girl who sustained a Lisfranc fracture-dislocation after an all-terrain vehicle accident. She underwent open reduction and internal fixation with smooth Kirschner wires. At 5-year follow-up, she had developed functional pain and radiographic evidence of degenerative arthritis and partial fusion of her midfoot. There are several possible explanations for this outcome, including loss of reduction, traumatic or iatrogenic physeal injury, and severity of initial injury. Long-term outcomes in children with Lisfranc injuries are not well described. Our case may begin to shed light on the natural history of these injuries in the pediatric population, with the consideration of potential treatment implications and pitfalls.
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Mehlhorn AT, Walther M, Yilmaz T, Gunst L, Hirschmüller A, Südkamp NP, Schmal H. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution, strength capacity and postural control after Lisfranc fracture-dislocation. Gait Posture 2017; 52:332-337. [PMID: 28043054 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in the operative treatment of Lisfranc fractures, however, the prognosis remains poor. We hypothesized that Lisfranc injuries change the postural control and muscle strength of the lower limb. Both are suggested to correlate with the clinical outcome and quality of life. 17 consecutive patients suffering from a Lisfranc fracture dislocation were registered, underwent open reduction and internal fixation and were followed-up for 50.5±25.7months (Mean±SDM). Biomechanical analysis of muscle strength capacities, postural control and plantar pressure distribution was assessed >6 month postoperatively. Results were correlated to clinical outcome (AOFAS, FFI, Pain, SF-36). The isokinetic assessment revealed a significant reduction in plantar flexor and dorsal extensor peak torque of the injured limb compared to the uninjured limb. The dorsal extensor peak torque thereby correlated well with clinical outcome. Altered postural control was evident by a significant reduction in unilateral stance time, from which we calculated a strong correlation between stance time and the isokinetic strength measurement. Plantar pressure measurements revealed a significant reduction in peak pressure under the midfoot and of Force-Time Integral beneath the second metatarsal. Sufficient rehabilitation is crucial to the clinical outcome following anatomical open reduction of Lisfranc fracture-dislocation. The present study supports a rehabilitation approach focussing on restoring proprioception and calf muscular strength including isometric exercises of the dorsal extensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Mehlhorn
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Center of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Schön Klinik München Harlaching, Harlachingerstraße 51, 81547, Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Walther
- Center of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Schön Klinik München Harlaching, Harlachingerstraße 51, 81547, Munich, Germany
| | - Tayfun Yilmaz
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lennart Gunst
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Hirschmüller
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norbert P Südkamp
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 500 Odense C, Denmark
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Qu W, Ni S, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Cheng Y, Liu T, Yu M, Wang D. Severe open Lisfranc injuries: one-stage operation through internal fixation associated with vacuum sealing drainage. J Orthop Surg Res 2016; 11:134. [PMID: 27814724 PMCID: PMC5095961 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-016-0471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the clinical feasibility of treating severe open Lisfranc injuries by means of one-stage internal fixation with k-wires associated with vacuum sealing drainage (VSD). METHODS The clinical outcomes of 20 cases of severe open Lisfranc joint fracture-dislocation treated by using one-stage internal fixation with k-wires associated with VSD, after debridement and suturing during emergency treatment, were reviewed. RESULTS At 6 and 12 months after surgery, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society midfoot scores were 69.2 and 78.2, the positive rates were 75 and 85 %, and the average visual analogue scale scores were 4.3 and 1.3, respectively. The average time of internal fixation surgery was 47 min (30-70 min). There were three cases of wound-edge necrosis; however, there were no cases of skin necrosis around the incision, or deep infection. The mean time of first hospital stay was 16.1 days (10-23 days). CONCLUSIONS Treatment of severe open Lisfranc fracture and dislocation through one-stage internal fixation with k-wires in association with VSD led to fast anatomical reduction, stabilized bony structure, fast soft tissue recovery, and good short-term follow-up results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Qu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264008, China
| | - Shuqin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264008, China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264008, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264008, China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yiheng Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264008, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264008, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264008, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264008, China.
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Smith N, Stone C, Furey A. Does Open Reduction and Internal Fixation versus Primary Arthrodesis Improve Patient Outcomes for Lisfranc Trauma? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2016; 474:1445-52. [PMID: 26022112 PMCID: PMC4868167 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Lisfranc injuries are uncommon, representing approximately 0.2% of all fractures, they are complex and can result in persistent pain, degenerative arthritis, and loss of function. Both open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and primary fusion have been proposed as treatment options for these injuries, but debate remains as to which approach is better. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We asked whether ORIF or primary fusion led to (1) fewer reoperations for hardware removal; (2) less frequent revision surgery; (3) higher patient outcome scores; and (4) more frequent anatomic reduction. METHODS A systematic review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Three trials met the criteria for inclusion within the meta-analysis. Qualifying articles for the meta-analysis had data extracted independently by two authors (NS, AF). The quality of each study was assessed using the Center for Evidence Based Medicine's evaluation strategy; data were extracted from articles rated as good and fair: two and one article, respectively. RESULTS The risk ratio for hardware removal was 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.45; p < 0.001) indicating more hardware removal for ORIF than fusion. For other revision surgery, the risk ratio for ORIF was 0.36 (95% CI, 0.08-1.59; p = 0.18) favoring neither. Similarly, neither was favored using patient-reported outcomes; the standard mean difference was calculated to be 0.50 (95% CI, -2.13 to 3.12; p = 0.71). When considering the risk of nonanatomic alignment, neither was favored (risk ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.34-6.38; p = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS The surgeon should consider the increased risk of hardware removal along with its associated morbidity and discuss this with the patient preoperatively when considering ORIF of Lisfranc injuries. Because no new trials have been performed since 2012, further randomized controlled trials will be needed improve our understanding of these interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, therapeutic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smith
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Craig Stone
- General Orthopaedics/Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Andrew Furey
- Orthopaedic Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Room 1380, Health Science Center, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St John's, NL, A1B3V6, Canada.
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Dubois-Ferrière V, Lübbeke A, Chowdhary A, Stern R, Dominguez D, Assal M. Clinical Outcomes and Development of Symptomatic Osteoarthritis 2 to 24 Years After Surgical Treatment of Tarsometatarsal Joint Complex Injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016; 98:713-20. [PMID: 27147683 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.15.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries to the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint complex, or Lisfranc injuries, have been reported to result in osteoarthritis (OA) following surgical treatment. Good outcomes with respect to short and medium-term results have been reported. However, long-term results, specifically regarding clinical outcomes and the development of symptomatic OA, are limited. The objectives of this study were to assess clinical outcomes, the occurrence of symptomatic OA, and risk factors for OA at 2 to 24 years after a Lisfranc injury treated surgically with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or with primary arthrodesis. METHODS This was a retrospective study involving 61 patients treated surgically at our institution between 1988 and 2009 for an injury to the TMT joint complex. Patients underwent either ORIF with transarticular screws or primary arthrodesis when joint comminution at the TMT level was such that ORIF was not possible. Functional outcomes were assessed according to the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, the Foot Function Index (FFI), and a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Global health was evaluated with the Short Form (SF)-12 Health Survey physical component summary (PCS). RESULTS Sixty-one of the 128 patients were available for clinical evaluation, including the use of questionnaires, and radiographic assessment at a mean of 10.9 years postoperatively (range, 2.4 to 23.9 years). Mean scores were as follows: AOFAS score, 79.0; FFI, 16.9, and VAS for pain, 2.5. Radiographic evidence of OA was noted in 44 (72.1%) of the patients, and symptomatic OA, in 54.1%, the latter having worse outcomes. Risk factors for OA were nonanatomic reduction, fracture classification of Myerson type C, and a history of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Two to 24 years following surgical treatment to restore and maintain joint anatomy for Lisfranc injuries, we found satisfactory clinical outcome scores and a large number of patients who had returned to their previous level of functioning and employment, with little need for secondary procedures. However, there was a substantial occurrence of posttraumatic OA, as evident on radiographs, albeit the occurrence of symptomatic OA was lower. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Dubois-Ferrière
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Lübbeke
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ashwin Chowdhary
- Center for Surgery of the Foot & Ankle, Clinique La Colline, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard Stern
- Center for Surgery of the Foot & Ankle, Clinique La Colline, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Dominguez
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Assal
- Center for Surgery of the Foot & Ankle, Clinique La Colline, Geneva, Switzerland Faculté de Médecine, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lau S, Howells N, Millar M, De Villiers D, Joseph S, Oppy A. Plates, Screws, or Combination? Radiologic Outcomes After Lisfranc Fracture Dislocation. J Foot Ankle Surg 2016; 55:799-802. [PMID: 27079306 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, Lisfranc fracture dislocations have been treated with transarticular screw fixation. A more recent development has been the use of dorsal bridging plates. The aim of the present study was to compare the radiologic outcomes for these 2 methods. Currently, no data comparing the outcomes of these 2 treatment options have been reported. A total of 62 patients were treated for Lisfranc fracture dislocations during a 6-year period. The inclusion criteria included ≥6 months of follow-up data available. Each fracture was classified using the Hardcastle classification system. Each fracture was also allocated into 1 of 4 groups: transarticular screw fixation, dorsal plating, a combination of plate and screw fixation, and nonoperative management. The outcome measures included the Kellgren-Lawrence grading of osteoarthritis and the Wilppula classification of anatomic reduction. In terms of results, radiologic osteoarthritis is not associated with the type of injury according to the Hardcastle classification nor with having an open or closed fracture. The Hardcastle classification is not associated with the type of fixation used. Fractures fixed with a combination of plates and screws had a 3.01 (95% confidence interval 1.036 to 8.74) increased risk of having stage 3 or 4 radiologic osteoarthritis compared with being fixed solely with bridging plates (p = .009). Multivariate analysis revealed that this increased risk of osteoarthritis was dependent on the quality of reduction, with good reductions having a 18.2 (95% confidence interval 15.9 to 21.8) times decreased risk of severe osteoarthritis compared with fair or poor reductions, independent of the type of fixation used (p < .0001). No radiologic benefits were found when comparing plate or screw fixation for Lisfranc fracture dislocations (although screw fixation might be associated with a less planus foot and fewer complications). Instead, a good anatomic reduction was the only predictor of the radiologic outcome, and the Hardcastle classification of fractures did not predict the surgery type or radiologic outcome. Finally, treatment with combination plates and screws resulted in worse radiologic outcomes, possibly owing to more complex fracture patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lau
- Orthopaedic Resident, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Howells
- Orthopaedic Fellow, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Millar
- Orthopaedic Registrar, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel De Villiers
- Orthopaedic Resident, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel Joseph
- Orthopaedic Consultant, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Oppy
- Orthopaedic Consultant, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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