1
|
Wei J, Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Saillard JY, Muñoz-Castro A. Cuboctahedral Pd 13 as a spherical aromatic noble metal core: insights from a ligand-protected [Pd 13(Tr) 6] 2+ cluster. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39347686 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Low-valent palladium nanoparticles are efficient species promoting catalytic activity and selectivity in a number of chemical reactions. Recently, an atom-centered cuboctahedral Pd13 motif has been characterized as a ligand-protected [Pd13(Tr)6]2+ cluster featuring a 1s2 superatomic shell structure. In this report, we describe the ligand-cluster of and endohedral-cage interaction in [Pd13(Tr)6]2+, which accounts for a favorable situation in the overall cluster. In addition, the spherical aromatic properties of the cluster were evaluated to understand the behavior of the ligand-protected Pd13 cluster core. Our results indicate a sizable interaction towards carbon-based ligands in an overall spherical aromatic cluster featuring a long-range shielding cone. Thus, [Pd13(Tr)6]2+ is rationalized as the first ligand-protected palladium cluster to date exhibiting spherical aromatic properties, serving as a stable building block for molecule-based materials or as a dopant in porous carbon materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wei
- School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. Intercluster B-H and B-B aggregation in iso- and trans-[B 20H 18] 2-. Spherical aromaticity in borane dimers. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:13960-13967. [PMID: 39101449 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The formation of molecular-based functional materials is a key step towards the development of technologies at the nanoscale. Recently, it has been shown that after oxidation of closo-[B10H10]2- anions, an induced aggregation of two cluster units is achieved, retaining their parent B10 backbones as persistent building blocks. Such characterization provides an interesting scenario to further understand relevant factors leading to aggregation in a minimal structure involving two units. Here, we explore the interaction between closo-[B10H10]2- units in two isomers, namely, iso- and trans-[B20H18]2-, involving different intercluster contacts based on B-B and B-H interactions, respectively. Our results show that the inherent spherical aromatic characteristics of the parent closo-[B10H10]2- cluster are persistent in both iso- and trans-[B20H18]2- isomers as an interplay between the spherical aromatic properties from both B10 motifs, leading to an overlap of the shielding regions from shielding cone properties, ascribed as a dual spherical-spherical aromatic cluster. From 11B-NMR features, it came out that trans-[B20H18]2- involves larger differences in comparison to closo-[B10H10]2-, owing to the variation of the B10-B10 backbone provided by the intercluster B-interaction, thus resulting in a more effective aggregation connecting such building units, towards boron-based cluster materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. [Ag(Sn 9-Sn 9)] 5- and [(η 4-Sn 9)Ag(η 1-Sn 9)] 7-, as aggregates of spherical aromatic building blocks. Persistence of aromaticity upon cluster gathering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8419-8425. [PMID: 38407459 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05394f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Formation of cluster-based materials requires a fundamental understanding of the resulting cluster aggregation processes. The Sn94- Zintl-ion structure can be viewed as a building block featuring a spherical aromatic species, leading to a cluster gathering upon oxidative coupling and/or mediated by transition metals. Here, we evaluate the spherical aromatic properties of [Sn9-Sn9]6-, [Ag(Sn9-Sn9)]5- and [(η4-Sn9)Ag(η1-Sn9)]7-, as aggregates of two Sn9 building units held together via oxidative coupling and mediated by a Ag(I) transition metal center. Our results from magnetic criteria of aromaticity show that the inherent spherical aromatic characteristics of the parent Sn94- cluster are persistent in the overall aggregate where the enabled shielding cones ascribed to each Sn9 unit are able to interplay between them, leading to an overlap of the shielding regions. Hence, the two approaches for bringing cluster units together are able to retain the inherent spherical aromatic features for each Sn9 unit, leading to a cluster-based dimer where the parent properties remain. Thus, further cluster-based materials can be envisaged from aggregation upon oxidative coupling and/or mediated by transition metals, where the constituent building blocks retain their initial features, useful to guide the formation of more complex cluster-based aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. Ligand-free supermolecules: [Pd 2@Ge 18] 4- and [Pd 2@Sn 18] 4- as multiple-bonded Zintl-ion clusters based on Pd@Ge 9 and Pd@Sn 9 assembled units. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38436401 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding intercluster bonding interactions is important in the rational synthesis of building blocks for molecular materials. Such characteristics have been developed for coinage metal clusters resembling single-, double-, and triple-bonded species, coined as supermolecules. Herein, we extend such an approach for understanding main-group clusters, thus evaluating [Pd2@E18]4- clusters (E = Ge, Sn) involving the fusion of parent spherical aromatic [Pd@E12]2- building units. Our results indicate intercluster bonding provided by contribution from 2P and 1G shells centered at each building motif, leading to an overall bond order of 2.70 and 2.31 for [Pd2@Ge18]4- and [Pd2@Sn18]4-, respectively. In addition, 119Sn-NMR patterns were evaluated to complement the experimental characterization of a single peak owing to the insolution fluxional behavior of [Pd2@Sn18]4- as three peaks owing to the three sets of unique Sn atoms within the structure. Magnetic response properties revealed that spherical aromatic characteristics from parent [Pd@E12]2- building units are retained in the overall [Pd2@E18]4- oblate cluster as two spherical aromatic units. Hence, the notion of superatomic molecules is extended to Zintl-ion clusters, favoring further rationalization for the fabrication of cluster-assembled solids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tkachenko NV, Popov IA, Kulichenko M, Fedik N, Sun Z, Muñoz‐Castro A, Boldyrev AI. Bridging Aromatic/Antiaromatic Units: Recent Advances in Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Main‐Group and Transition‐Metal Clusters from Bonding and Magnetic Analyses. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory 87545 Los Alamos NM USA
| | - Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University 300350 Tianjin China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muñoz-Castro A. Aromaticity in Phenyl Decorated closo-Monocarboranes. Planar-Spherical Aggregates Involving 7-12-Vertex Cages. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4861-4866. [PMID: 34048262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The characterized phenyl decorated closo-monocarboranes with variable sizes from 7- to 12-vertex cages, [Ph-closo-CBnHn]-, n = 6-11, allow us to address the role of the varying size and shape of the carborane cage in dual planar-spherical aromatic species. Our results show the formation of adjacent shielding cone characteristics enabled from both planar and spherical aromatic fragments, despite the different structures of the closo-monocarboranes. Under a field perpendicular to the phenyl ring, both shielding cones are enabled, which overlap at long-range regions, in contrast to other orientations leading to a short-range response from the planar aromatic fragment. Thus, a two- or one-aromatic circuit is enabled selectively within the same molecular unit, by controlling the orientation of the external field. Along with the series, a variable extension of the shielding cone from the carborane cage is observed, which is larger for the -CB11H11 case, decreasing toward -CB6H6, denoting a similar extension from both the planar and spherical aromatic regions at the [4-Ph-closo-4-CB8H8]- (4) counterpart. The analysis of such multiple aromatic structures shows that, despite the different sizes and shapes of the closo cages, a similar aromatic behavior remains. In addition, the anisotropy of the induced magnetic field is given graphically, denoting a larger anisotropy for the planar aromatic moiety owing to its two-dimensional structure, which is suggested to discriminate between planar and spherical aromatic fragments within the same molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Interplay Between Planar and Spherical Aromaticity: Shielding Cone Behavior in Dual Planar‐Planar, Planar‐Spherical and Spherical‐Spherical Aromatics. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1384-1387. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
8
|
Kulichenko M, Fedik N, Boldyrev A, Muñoz‐Castro A. Expansion of Magnetic Aromaticity Criteria to Multilayer Structures: Magnetic Response and Spherical Aromaticity of Matryoshka‐Like Cluster [Sn@Cu
12
@Sn
20
]
12−. Chemistry 2020; 26:2263-2268. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Alexander Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poater J, Solà M, Viñas C, Teixidor F. π Aromaticity and Three-Dimensional Aromaticity: Two sides of the Same Coin? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
10
|
Poater J, Solà M, Viñas C, Teixidor F. π aromaticity and three-dimensional aromaticity: two sides of the same coin? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12191-5. [PMID: 25223923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A bridge between classical organic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and closo borohydride clusters is established by showing that they share a common origin regulated by the number of valence electrons in an electronic confined space. Application of the proposed electronic confined space analogy (ECSA) method to archetypal PAHs leads to the conclusion that the 4n+2 Wade-Mingos rule for three-dimensional closo boranes is equivalent to the (4n+2)π Hückel rule for two-dimensional PAHs. More importantly, use of ECSA allows design of new interesting fused closo boranes which can be a source of inspiration for synthetic chemists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
King R. Graph-Theory Derived Models for the Skeletal Chemical Bonding in Organometallic Metal Carbonyl Clusters. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Kunkely H, Vogler A. Excited state properties of Tl2B12H12. Metal-centered photoluminescence. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Kunkely H, Vogler A. Luminescence of silver 7,8,9,10,11,12-hexabromo-closo-1-carbododecaborate. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2005.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Zhai HJ, Kiran B, Li J, Wang LS. Hydrocarbon analogues of boron clusters--planarity, aromaticity and antiaromaticity. NATURE MATERIALS 2003; 2:827-833. [PMID: 14608377 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An interesting feature of elemental boron and boron compounds is the occurrence of highly symmetric icosahedral clusters. The rich chemistry of boron is also dominated by three-dimensional cage structures. Despite its proximity to carbon in the periodic table, elemental boron clusters have been scarcely studied experimentally and their structures and chemical bonding have not been fully elucidated. Here we report experimental and theoretical evidence that small boron clusters prefer planar structures and exhibit aromaticity and antiaromaticity according to the Hückel rules, akin to planar hydrocarbons. Aromatic boron clusters possess more circular shapes whereas antiaromatic boron clusters are elongated, analogous to structural distortions of antiaromatic hydrocarbons. The planar boron clusters are thus the only series of molecules other than the hydrocarbons to exhibit size-dependent aromatic and antiaromatic behaviour and represent a new dimension of boron chemistry. The stable aromatic boron clusters may exhibit similar chemistries to that of benzene, such as forming sandwich-type metal compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jin Zhai
- Department of Physics, Washington State University,and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Chemical bonding models based on graph theory or tensor surface harmonic theory demonstrate the analogy between the aromaticity in two-dimensional planar polygonal hydrocarbons such as benzene and that in three-dimensional deltahedral borane anions of the type BnHn2- (6 < or = n < or = 12). Such models are supported both by diverse computational studies and experimental determinations of electron density distribution. Related methods can be used to study the chemical bonding in the boron polyhedra found in other structures including neutral binary boron hydrides, metallaboranes, various allotropes of elemental boron, and boron-rich solid-state metal borides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Okotrub A, Bulusheva L, Volkov V. Electron interactions in the closo-carboranes 1,2- and 1,7-C2B10H12. J Mol Struct 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(99)00310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Timofeeva TV, Mazurek U, Allinger NL. Molecular mechanics calculations on carboranes and metallocarboranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(95)04380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Bruce King R. Mathematical methods in coordination chemistry: topological and graph-theoretical ideas in the study of metal clusters and polyhedral isomerizations. Coord Chem Rev 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(93)80043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|