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Tavalire HF, Hoal EG, le Roex N, van Helden PD, Ezenwa VO, Jolles AE. Risk alleles for tuberculosis infection associate with reduced immune reactivity in a wild mammalian host. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190914. [PMID: 31311473 PMCID: PMC6661349 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating biological processes across scales remains a central challenge in disease ecology. Genetic variation drives differences in host immune responses, which, along with environmental factors, generates temporal and spatial infection patterns in natural populations that epidemiologists seek to predict and control. However, genetics and immunology are typically studied in model systems, whereas population-level patterns of infection status and susceptibility are uniquely observable in nature. Despite obvious causal connections, organizational scales from genes to host outcomes to population patterns are rarely linked explicitly. Here we identify two loci near genes involved in macrophage (phagocyte) activation and pathogen degradation that additively increase risk of bovine tuberculosis infection by up to ninefold in wild African buffalo. Furthermore, we observe genotype-specific variation in IL-12 production indicative of variation in macrophage activation. Here, we provide measurable differences in infection resistance at multiple scales by characterizing the genetic and inflammatory variation driving patterns of infection in a wild mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F. Tavalire
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Eileen G. Hoal
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nikki le Roex
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Paul D. van Helden
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anna E. Jolles
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Jung YJ, Ryan L, LaCourse R, North RJ. Properties and protective value of the secondary versus primary T helper type 1 response to airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1915-24. [PMID: 15955839 PMCID: PMC2212034 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mice immunized against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection by curing them of a primary lung infection were compared with naive mice in terms of the ability to generate a Th1 cell immune response and to control growth of an airborne Mtb challenge infection. Immunized mice generated and expressed Th1 cell immunity several days sooner than naive mice, as demonstrated by an earlier increase in the synthesis in the lungs of mRNA for Th1 cytokines and for inducible nitric oxide synthase, an indicator of macrophage activation. This Th1 cytokine/mRNA synthesis was accompanied by an earlier accumulation of Mtb-specific Th1 cells in the lungs and the presence of CD4 T cells in lesions. An earlier generation of immunity was associated with an earlier inhibition of Mtb growth when infection was at a 1-log lower level. However, inhibition of Mtb growth in immunized, as well as in naive, mice was not followed by resolution of the infection, but by stabilization of the infection at a stationary level. The results indicate that there is no reason to believe that the secondary response to an Mtb infection is quantitatively or qualitatively superior to the primary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jung
- The Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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Jung YJ, Ryan L, LaCourse R, North RJ. Increased interleukin-10 expression is not responsible for failure of T helper 1 immunity to resolve airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Immunology 2003; 109:295-9. [PMID: 12757625 PMCID: PMC1782960 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With a view to determining whether failure of mice to resolve Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is a consequence of downregulation of T helper 1 (Th1) immunity by interleukin (IL)-10, mice deleted of the gene for IL-10 were compared with wild-type (WT) mice in terms of their ability to make IL-10 mRNA, generate Th1-mediated immunity [as measured by synthesis of mRNA for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)], IL-12p40 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and to control lung infection. It was found that the response of WT mice to infection included a substantial and sustained increase in IL-10 mRNA synthesis in the lungs. A Th1 response in the lungs of WT and IL-10-/- mice was evidenced by a large and sustained increase in the synthesis of mRNA for IFN-gamma, IL-12p40 and iNOS, with somewhat higher levels of these mRNA species being made in the lungs of IL-10-/- mice, particularly at an early stage of infection. However, IL-10-/- mice were no more capable than WT mice at combating infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jung
- The Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, 12983 USA
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Jung YJ, LaCourse R, Ryan L, North RJ. Evidence inconsistent with a negative influence of T helper 2 cells on protection afforded by a dominant T helper 1 response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis lung infection in mice. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6436-43. [PMID: 12379724 PMCID: PMC130368 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6436-6443.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice incapable of generating an efficient Th2 response because of functional deletion of the genes for signal transducer and activation of transcription 6 (Stat6), interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha), or IL-4 plus IL-13 (IL-4/IL-13) were no more resistant than wild-type (WT) mice to airborne infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. WT mice were able to control infection and hold it at a stationary level following 20 days of log linear M. tuberculosis growth. Likewise, infection was kept under control and was held at the same stationary level in IL-4/IL-13(-/-) mice but progressed to a slightly higher level in Stat6(-/-) and IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice. The onset of stationary-level infection in WT mice was associated with the expression of Th1-mediated immunity, as evidenced by an approximately 100- to 1,000-fold increase in the lungs in the synthesis of mRNA for IL-12, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) that was sustained for at least 100 days. IL-12 is essential for the induction of Th1 immunity, IFN-gamma is a key Th1 cytokine involved in mediation of immunity, and NOS2 is an inducible enzyme of macrophages and is needed by these cells to express immunity. In response to infection, the lungs of Stat6(-/-) mice showed increases in synthesis of mRNA for IL-12, IFN-gamma, and NOS2 similar to that seen in WT mice. In IL-4/IL-13(-/-) mice, however, synthesis of mRNA for IFN-gamma and NOS2 reached higher levels than in WT mice. These results argue against the notion that a Th2 response is partly or wholly responsible for the inability of Th1-mediated immunity to resolve infection with a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jung
- The Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983, USA
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Jung YJ, LaCourse R, Ryan L, North RJ. Virulent but not avirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis can evade the growth inhibitory action of a T helper 1-dependent, nitric oxide Synthase 2-independent defense in mice. J Exp Med 2002; 196:991-8. [PMID: 12370260 PMCID: PMC2194026 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in mice is dependent on the generation of T helper (Th)1-mediated immunity that serves, via secretion of interferon (IFN)-gamma and other cytokines, to upregulate the antimycobacterial function of macrophages of which the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS)2 is an essential event. As a means to understanding the basis of Mtb virulence, the ability of gene-deleted mice incapable of making NOS2 (NOS2(-/-)), gp91(Phox) subunit of the respiratory burst NADPH-oxidase complex (Phox(-/-)), or either enzyme (NOS2/Phox(-/-)), to control airborne infection with the avirulent R1Rv and H37Ra strains of Mtb was compared with their ability control infection with the virulent H37Rv strain. NOS2(-/-), Phox(-/-), and NOS2/Phox(-/-) mice showed no deficiency in ability to control infection with either strain of avirulent Mtb. By contrast, NOS2(-/-) mice, but not Phox(-/-) mice, were incapable of controlling H37Rv infection and died early from neutrophil-dominated lung pathology. Control of infection with avirulent, as well as virulent Mtb, depended on the synthesis of IFN-gamma, and was associated with a substantial increase in the synthesis in the lungs of mRNA for IFN-gamma and NOS2, and with production of NOS2 by macrophages at sites of infection. The results indicate that virulent, but not avirulent, Mtb can overcome the growth inhibitory action of a Th1-dependent, NOS2-independent mechanism of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jung
- The Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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Abstract
The studies of rare genetic defects, the preliminary results of population-based studies, being validated by the experimental immunocompromised animal models and the current observations accumulated in immunocompromised patients with mycobacterial diseases provide us with insights into the importance of the macrophage activation pathway in controlling human infection with pathogenic and non pathogenic intracellular multiplying mycobacteria. Initial cytokine production by infected macrophages and/or dendritic cells could be crucial in the overall regulation of self cure, acquired protection or immunopathological sequelae expressing the disease. Knowledge of molecular and genetic cross-talks between phagocytic and specialized antigen presenting cells and different mycobacterial products associated with persistence or replication of the intracellular bacteria, could provide further informations on the global immune regulation of the early host responses to infection and the following events. It seems likely that the development of mycobacterial infections in humans will turn out to be as much dependent on the genetic make up of the host as or the virulence of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Lagrange
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, 10 Paris, France.
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Mogues T, Goodrich ME, Ryan L, LaCourse R, North RJ. The relative importance of T cell subsets in immunity and immunopathology of airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J Exp Med 2001; 193:271-80. [PMID: 11157048 PMCID: PMC2195922 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2000] [Accepted: 12/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild-type (WT) and targeted-mutant mice incapable of making alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells, class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class II MHC, interferon (IFN)-gamma, or inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by aerosol, and monitored over time for their ability to (a) control infection, (b) develop histopathology at sites of infection, and (c) survive. WT mice acquired the ability to control and to hold infection at a stationary level from day 20 on. This was associated with the development of a macrophage-dominated alveolitis at sites of infection, with increased synthesis of IFN-gamma and NOS2 mRNA, and with an median survival time (MST) of 258.5 d. In the absence of alphabeta T cells, Mtb grew progressively and rapidly to induce a necrotic, neutrophil-dominated lung pathology that killed mice with an MST of 48 d. In the absence of CD4-mediated immunity (class II(-/-) mice), progressive bacterial growth continued in the lungs and in other organs beyond day 20, resulting in an MST of 77 d. By contrast, in the absence of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity, lung infection was controlled at a 1 log higher stationary level that induced a similar histopathologic response to that of WT mice, and resulted in an MST of 232 d.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Tuberculosis/pathology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynn Ryan
- The Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983
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Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem throughout the world. Research into the immunological basis of the host-pathogen relationship has recently benefited from the fascinating convergence of genetic data from mouse models and from humans. Latency - the seemingly quiescent phase of bacterial persistence - is the central problem in controlling tuberculosis and will be the next frontier of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Murray
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Schaible UE, Collins HL, Kaufmann SH. Confrontation between intracellular bacteria and the immune system. Adv Immunol 1999; 71:267-377. [PMID: 9917916 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U E Schaible
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Orme
- Dept of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
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