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Diaz BL, Bandeira-Melo C. Parasitic infections: A new frontier for PGD 2 functions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:100078. [PMID: 38826690 PMCID: PMC11140190 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2024.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG)D2 is produced and/or triggered by different parasites to modulate the course of the infection. These findings position PGD2 as a therapeutic target and suggest potential beneficial effects of repositioned drugs that target its synthesis or receptor engagement. However, recent in vivo data may suggest a more nuanced role and warrants further investigation of the role of PGD2 during the full course and complexity of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L. Diaz
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
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Díaz-Viraqué F, Chiribao ML, Paes-Vieira L, Machado MR, Faral-Tello P, Tomasina R, Trochine A, Robello C. New Insights into the Role of the Trypanosoma cruzi Aldo-Keto Reductase TcAKR. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010085. [PMID: 36678433 PMCID: PMC9860839 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is distributed worldwide, affecting around 7 million people; there is no effective treatment, and it constitutes a leading cause of disability and premature death in the Americas. Only two drugs are currently approved for the treatment, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, and both have to be activated by reducing the nitro-group. The T. cruzi aldo-keto reductase (TcAKR) has been related to the metabolism of benznidazole. TcAKR has been extensively studied, being most efforts focused on characterizing its implication in trypanocidal drug metabolism; however, little is known regarding its biological role. Here, we found that TcAKR is confined, throughout the entire life cycle, into the parasite mitochondria providing new insights into its biological function. In particular, in epimastigotes, TcAKR is associated with the kinetoplast, which suggests additional roles of the protein. The upregulation of TcAKR, which does not affect TcOYE expression, was correlated with an increase in PGF2α, suggesting that this enzyme is related to PGF2α synthesis in T. cruzi. Structural analysis showed that TcAKR contains a catalytic tetrad conserved in the AKR superfamily. Finally, we found that TcAKR is also involved in Nfx metabolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Díaz-Viraqué
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero Patógeno, Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Chiribao
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero Patógeno, Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero Patógeno, Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Matias R. Machado
- Unidad de Proteínas Recombinantes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay
| | - Paula Faral-Tello
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero Patógeno, Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Ramiro Tomasina
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Biology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo and Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Trochine
- Centro de Referencia en Levaduras y Tecnología Cervecera (CRELTEC), Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales (IPATEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero Patógeno, Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Correspondence:
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An Insight into the Constitutive Proteome Throughout Leishmania donovani Promastigote Growth and Differentiation. Int Microbiol 2018; 22:143-154. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Alonso A, Larraga V, Alcolea PJ. The contribution of DNA microarray technology to gene expression profiling in Leishmania spp.: A retrospective view. Acta Trop 2018; 187:129-139. [PMID: 29746872 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The first completed genome project of any living organism, excluding viruses, was of the gammaproteobacteria Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. Until the last decade, genome sequencing was very tedious because genome survey sequences (GSS) and/or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) belonging to plasmid, cosmid, and artificial chromosome genome libraries had to be sequenced and assembled in silico. No genome is completely assembled because gaps and unassembled contigs are always remaining. However, most represent an organism's whole genome from a practical point of view. The first genome sequencing projects of trypanosomatid parasites Leishmania major, Trypanosoma cruzi, and T. brucei were completed in 2005 following those strategies. The functional genomics era developed on the basis of microarray technology and has been continuously evolving. In the case of the genus Leishmania, substantial information about differentiation in the digenetic life cycle of the parasite has been obtained. More recently, next generation sequencing has revolutionized genome sequencing and functional genomics, leading to more sensitive and accurate results by using much fewer resources. Though this new technology is more advantageous, it does not invalidate microarray results. In fact, promising vaccine candidates and drug targets have been found by means of microarray-based screening and preliminary proof-of-concept tests.
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A role for trypanosomatid aldo-keto reductases in methylglyoxal, prostaglandin and isoprostane metabolism. Biochem J 2018; 475:2593-2610. [PMID: 30045874 PMCID: PMC6117947 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites are the infectious agents causing Chagas disease, visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis. Recent work of others has implicated an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) in the susceptibility and resistance of Trypanosoma cruzi to benznidazole, a drug used to treat Chagas disease. Here, we show that TcAKR and homologues in the related parasites Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani do not reductively activate monocyclic (benznidazole, nifurtimox and fexinidazole) or bicyclic nitro-drugs such as PA-824. Rather, these enzymes metabolise a variety of toxic ketoaldehydes, such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal, suggesting a role in cellular defence against chemical stress. UPLC-QToF/MS analysis of benznidazole bioactivation by T. cruzi cell lysates confirms previous reports identifying numerous drug metabolites, including a dihydro-dihydroxy intermediate that can dissociate to form N-benzyl-2-guanidinoacetamide and glyoxal, a toxic DNA-glycating and cross-linking agent. Thus, we propose that TcAKR contributes to benznidazole resistance by the removal of toxic glyoxal. In addition, three of the four enzymes studied here display activity as prostaglandin F2α synthases, despite the fact that there are no credible cyclooxygenases in these parasites to account for formation of the precursor PGH2 from arachidonic acid. Our studies suggest that arachidonic acid is first converted non-enzymatically in parasite lysates to (PGH2-like) regioisomers by free radical-mediated peroxidation and that AKRs convert these lipid peroxides into isoprostanes, including prostaglandin F2α and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α.
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Okamoto N, Yamaguchi K, Mizohata E, Tokuoka K, Uchiyama N, Sugiyama S, Matsumura H, Inaka K, Urade Y, Inoue T. Structural insight into the stereoselective production of PGF2α by Old Yellow Enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi. J Biochem 2011; 150:563-8. [PMID: 21840922 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Old yellow enzyme (OYE) is an NADPH oxidoreductase capable of reducing a variety of compounds. It contains flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a prosthetic group. A ternary complex structure of OYE from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcOYE) with FMN and one of the substrates, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, shows a striking movement around the active site upon binding of the substrate. From a structural comparison of other OYE complexed with 12-oxophytodienoate, we have constructed a complex structure with another substrate, prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)), to provide a proposed stereoselective reaction mechanism for the reduction of PGH(2) to prostaglandin F(2α) by TcOYE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Japan
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Transcriptomics throughout the life cycle of Leishmania infantum: high down-regulation rate in the amastigote stage. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1497-516. [PMID: 20654620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin. The promastigote and amastigote stages alternate in the life cycle of the parasite, developing inside the sand-fly gut and inside mammalian phagocytic cells, respectively. High-throughput genomic and proteomic analyses have not focused their attention on promastigote development, although partial approaches have been made in Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis. For this reason we have studied the expression modulation of an etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis throughout the life cycle, which has been performed by means of complete genomic microarrays. In the context of constitutive genome expression in Leishmania spp. described elsewhere and confirmed here (5.7%), we found a down-regulation rate of 68% in the amastigote stage, which has been contrasted by binomial tests and includes the down-regulation of genes involved in translation and ribosome biogenesis. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of pre-adaptation of the parasite to intracellular survival at this stage.
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