Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Isolation and structure of a second lipid-linked oligosaccharide in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abrogating effect of N-linked carbohydrate modifiers on the stem cell factor and endothelin-1-stimulated epidermal pigmentation in human epidermal equivalents

BACKGROUND

We previously demonstrated that the hyperpigmentation that occurs in UVB-melanosis as well as in solar lentigos is associated with the increased production of melanogenic cytokines, such as endothelin (EDN)-1 and stem cell factor (SCF), by keratinocytes in those areas of the skin.

OBJECTIVE

We developed a model for these hyperpigmentary disorders in EDN1+SCF stimulated human epidermal equivalents (HEEs) and characterized the effects of the N-linked carbohydrate core synthesis inhibitor glucosamine or N-linked carbohydrate processing inhibitors deoxynojirimycin or monensin on the stimulated HEE pigmentation.

METHODS

Those effects were assessed by melanin analysis, real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

The addition of these N-linked carbohydrate modifiers (NCMs) markedly abolished the EDN1+SCF-elicited increase in HEE pigmentation over 14 days. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting of these NCM-treated HEEs unexpectedly revealed that the EDN1+SCF-stimulated steady-state levels of tyrosinase (TYR), TYR-related protein-1, dopachrome tautomerase and PMEL17 as well as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were significantly attenuated at the transcriptional and translational levels without any cytotoxic effects on keratinocytes and melanocytes in the HEEs. Pre-treatment of cultured normal human melanocytes with the NCMs interrupted the EDN1+SCF-induced stimulation of steady-state levels of MITF at the transcriptional and translational levels and TYR activity without any direct inhibitory effect on the catalytic activity of TYR in vitro.

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence that NCMs have a potential to attenuate the EDN1+SCF-stimulated pigmentation of HEEs by abrogating the increased steady-state levels of MITF mRNA, which results in the attenuation of the increased steady-state levels of these melanocyte-specific proteins.

Transfer of two oligosaccharides to protein in a Chinese hamster ovary cell B211 which utilizes polyprenol for its N-linked glycosylation intermediates

B211, a glycosylation mutant isolated from Chinese hamster ovary cells, synthesizes 10- to 15-fold less Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-lipid, the substrate used by the oligosaccharide transferase in the synthesis of asparagine-linked glycoproteins. B211 cells are also 10- to 15-fold deficient in the glucosylation of oligosaccharide-lipid. Despite these properties, protein glycosylation in B211 cells proceeds at a level similar to (50% of) parental cells. We asked whether the near wild-type level of glycosylation was due to the transfer of alternative oligosaccharide structures to protein in B211 cells. The aberrant size of [35S]methionine-labeled VSV G protein and the increased percentage of endoglycosidase H-resistant tryptic peptides as compared to parental cells supported this hypothesis. B211 cells were labeled with [2-3H]mannose either for 1 min or for 1 h in the presence of glycoprotein-processing inhibitors so that the oligosaccharides initially transferred to protein could be analyzed. In addition to Glc3Man9GlcNAc2, a second, endoglycosidase H-resistant oligosaccharide was transferred whose structure was determined by alpha-mannosidase digestion, gel filtration chromatography, and HPLC to be Glc0,1Man5GlcNAc2. Finally, since the synthesis of reduced amounts of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-lipid was also a phenotype seen in another glycosylation mutant, Lec9, we analyzed the long-chain prenol in B211 cells. B211 cells synthesized and utilized polyprenol rather than dolichol for all N-linked glycosylation intermediates as determined by HPLC analysis of [3H]mevalonate-labeled lipids. Cell fusions analyzed by similar techniques indicated that B211, originally isolated as a concanavalin A-resistant cell line, is in the Lec9 complementation group.

Lec15 cells transfer glucosylated oligosaccharides to protein

B4-2-1 cells (Lec15 cells) are Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthase activity. They synthesize the truncated lipid intermediate Man5GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol rather than the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol synthesized by wild-type cells. In this report we present evidence that these cells did synthesize glucosylated Man5GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol, but this species represented only a minor fraction of the labeled oligosaccharide-lipid. On the other hand, glucosylated oligosaccharides were a major species transferred to protein in these cells, showing that in vivo, glucosylated oligosaccharides are preferentially transferred to protein. The truncated oligosaccharides found in B4-2-1 cells were removed from the protein by N-glycanase treatment, since they were resistant to both endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H and F activity. B4-2-1 cells processed the glucosylated, truncated oligosaccharides transferred to G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus, leading to infectious virus.

Biosynthesis, in calf pancreas microsomes, of three lipid-linked oligosaccharide diphosphates from a synthetic dolichyl diphosphate tetrasaccharide

Incubation of calf pancreas microsomes with synthetic alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1 ----4)-alpha-D- GlcpNAc-PP-Dol and GDP-D-[14C]-mannose gave three major lipid-linked oligosaccharide diphosphates. After release of the phospholipid residue by mild acid hydrolysis, the corresponding [14C]oligosaccharides were analyzed by gel-filtration, liquid chromatography, degradation by endo-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidases D and H, by jack bean alpha-D-mannosidase and Aspergillus oryzae (1----2)-alpha-D-mannosidase, acetolysis, and binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose. From the results it could be inferred that the following reaction took place in calf pancreas microsomes: alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1 ----4)-alpha-D- GlcpNAc-PP-Dol + GDP-D-Man gave GDP + alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-[alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)]-beta-D-Manp -(1----4)- beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----4)-alpha-D-GlcpNAc-PP-Dol. The next products to be formed were alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-[alpha-D-Manp -(1----6)]-beta-D- Manp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----4)-alpha-D-GlcpNAc-PP-Dol, followed by alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp+ ++-(1----3)- [alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)]-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc- (1----4)-alpha- D-GlcpNAc-PP-Dol. The mannose incorporation was enhanced by Triton X-100 and inhibited by Mn2+, and it occurred in the presence of either Mg2+ or EDTA. It is likely that the mannose donor was GDP-mannose since, under the conditions used, the formation of dolichyl mannosyl phosphate was negligible and the dolichyl heptasaccharide diphosphate accumulated.

Isolation and partial purification of lipid-linked oligosaccharides from calf pancreas

Lipid-linked oligosaccharides containing at least five mannose residues (0.7 nmol/g of tissue) were isolated from calf pancreas by chloroform-methanol-water extraction and purification on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex LH-20, and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose in the presence of nonionic detergent. The addition, prior to the chromatographic steps, of 14C-labeled lipid-linked oligosaccharides (synthesized in vitro by calf pancreas microsomes in the presence of GDP-D-[14C]mannose and UDP-D-[14C]glucose, respectively) as internal standards, indicated a final yield ranging from 38 to 50%. Analysis of the oligosaccharide residues by liquid chromatography of the lipid-free preparation, monitored by u.v. absorbance and radioactivity measurement of the tritiated compounds, indicated a heterogeneous mixture of oligosaccharides. Its components, ranging from Man5(GlcNAc)2 to Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2, cochromatographed with the 14C-labeled derivatives from in vitro synthesis. Calf pancreas contains lipid intermediates bearing at least six mannose residues, such as Man9(GlcNAc)2-P-P-lipid, in almost equal or even higher amounts than Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2-P-P-dolichol.

Effects of glucose starvation and puromycin treatment on lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursors and biosynthetic enzymes in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vivo and in vitro

Previous studies from several laboratories have demonstrated that glucose-starved Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and other cells in culture switch from synthesis of the normal Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol to Man5-GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol. In this study we have investigated this phenomenon in CHO cells in vitro and in vivo in order to determine the possible site of this block. Our results demonstrate that enzymatic activities responsible for Man9GlcNA2 synthesis in vitro are normal in glucose-starved cells. In vivo, however, the pool of GDP-[3H]Man is severely depleted, while [3H]mannose incorporation into lipid-linked and protein-bound Man5GlcNAc2 is increased. This result suggests that the available GDP-Man in starved cells is utilized to synthesize Man5GlcNAc2 preferentially, resulting in a reduction of Dol-P-Man and Man6-Man9 GlcNAc2 synthesis in vivo in glucose-starved cells. Conditions which prevent the depletion of GDP-[3H]Man in glucose-starved cells, such as puromycin or cycloheximide treatment, result in normal synthesis of Man9GlcNAc2 by glucose-starved cells. An unexpected finding in the course of this study is that puromycin or cycloheximide treatment of cells, which is known to inhibit lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesis in glucose-fed cells, has no such inhibitory effect on glucose-starved cells.

Biosynthesis of glycoproteins in human placenta: differential labeling of mannose and heterogeneity of oligosaccharide lipid intermediates

The biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides has been studied in first trimester human placentas. Tissue was pulsed with [2-3H]mannose, [1-3H]glucosamine, and [1-3H]galactose (for [3H]glucose incorporation). The lipid-linked oligosaccharides (OSL) were purified on DEAE-cellulose. After cleaving the lipid from OSL the oligosaccharides were purified by paper chromatography and borate high-voltage electrophoresis. Four major oligosaccharides with the composition Glc(0-3)Man9GlcNAc2 thus obtained were characterized enzymatically by digestion with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H and alpha-mannosidase, and chemically by methylation, acetolysis, and Smith degradation. While identical Glc(1-3)Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides have been isolated from other in vivo systems, the presence of Man9Glc2 is novel for human placenta. Furthermore, Man9GlcNAc2 is present in appreciable amounts in placenta. Second, one mannose in Man9GlcNAc2 had a significantly higher specific radioactivity than the other mannosyl residues of the Glc(0-3)Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides. Third, the differential labeling in Man9GlcNAc2 and our pulse-chase studies indicate that Man9GlcNAc2 is not a major precursor of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. The data also suggest that the ninth mannose, which has the highest radioactivity, may be incorporated in a different subcellular compartment and may serve as a regulatory step in the biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. A model is proposed which outlines possible multiple pathways of lipid-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in human placenta.

Dolichol pathway in lymphocytes from rat spleen. Influence of the glucosylation on the cleavage of dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharides into phosphooligosaccharides

Incubation of rat-spleen lymphocytes with UDP-glucose together with GDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine leads to the formation of glucosylated lipid intermediates characterized as dolichyl phosphate glucose and dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharides. This latter can be either transferred onto endogenous protein acceptors or cleaved into phosphooligosaccharides. The striking fact is that phosphooligosaccharide populations contain far less glucosylated products than the dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide ones from which they are derived. Two hypotheses have been investigated: either a rapid action of glucosidases on the liberated phosphooligosaccharides or a preferential splitting of the non-glucosylated population of dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharides. Addition of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucoside inhibits glucosidase activities and allows the production of a major population of dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharides containing three glucose residues. Using these conditions, it is shown that the amount of phosphooligosaccharides generated from the splitting of dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharides is greatly decreased and that the major part of these remaining phosphooligosaccharides do not contain glucose. These results show that the presence of glucosyl units prevent dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharides from further degradation into phosphooligosaccharides.

CHO cells selected for phytohemagglutinin and con A resistance are defective in both early and late stages of protein glycosylation

The lipid-linked and asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of two lectin-resistant and one parental Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line have been compared by glycosidase digestion and gel filtration analysis of radiolabeled glycopeptides and oligosaccharides. The additional glycosylation defect in a double mutant cell line (CHO-PhaRConAR) selected from a phytohemagglutinin-resistant single mutant cell line (CHO-PhaR) for resistance to concanavalin A has been identified as a block in the synthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor, resulting in a structure with seven instead of the normal nine mannose units. Both the CHO-PhaRConR and CHO-PhaR cells were completely blocked in the synthesis of complex, acidic type oligosaccharides because of a previously demonstrated deficiency in a particular N--acetylglucosamine transferase activity. In addition, an altered collection of neutral type oligosaccharides (Man4-7GlcNAc2) accumulated in the glycoproteins of the double mutant.

Fluoroglucose-inhibition of protein glycosylation in vivo. Inhibition of mannose and glucose incorporation into lipid-linked oligosaccharides

The effects of the glycosylation inhibitor 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose on the formation of the lipid-linked oligosaccharides and monosaccharides that are involved in protein glycosylation were investigated. In chick embryo cells treated with fluoroglucose the formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides cannot go to completion and oligosaccharides with decreased amounts of glucose and mannose can be detected. These oligosaccharides are probably biosynthetic intermediates and serve as acceptors of sugar residues while reversing fluoroglucose-inhibition by the addition of mannose and glucose to the culture medium. In contrast to deoxyglucose, fluoroglucose was not incorporated into lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Fluoroglucose inhibits the formation in vivo of dolichyl phosphate glucose and dolichyl phosphate mannose, but not the transfer of those sugar residues from the lipid monophosphate derivative to the lipid-linked oligosaccharides. The pool size of UDP-glucose, but not of GDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, was decreased. Also, the formation of lipid-linked N-acetylglucosamine was not affected by fluoroglucose. Fluoroglucose was applied to deplete cellular membranes of endogenous lipid-linked mannose and glucose, and can possibly be used to discern different pathways of glycosylation.