1
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Kim JY, Davies TQ, Fürstner A. Aminoalcohol derivatives by nickel-catalyzed enantioselective coupling of imines and dienol ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12613-12616. [PMID: 37791515 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04582j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The reductive coupling of dienol ethers with N-tosylimines catalyzed by Ni(0) in the presence of a VAPOL-derived phosphoramidite ligand follows an unprecedented regiochemical course; it furnishes syn-configured 1,2-aminoalcohol derivatives in good chemical yields with up to 94% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Thomas Q Davies
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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2
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Koy C, Glocker UM, Danquah BD, Glocker MO. Native and compactly folded in-solution conformers of pepsin are revealed and distinguished by mass spectrometric ITEM-TWO analyses of gas-phase pepstatin A - pepsin complex binding strength differences. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:303-312. [PMID: 37259551 DOI: 10.1177/14690667231178999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pepsin, because of its optimal activity at low acidic pH, has gained importance in mass spectrometric proteome research as a readily available and easy-to-handle protease. Pepsin has also been study object of protein higher-order structure analyses, but questions about how to best investigate pepsin in-solution conformers still remain. We first determined dependencies of pepsin ion charge structures on solvent pH which indicated the in-solution existence of (a) natively folded pepsin (N) which by nanoESI-MS analysis gave rise to a narrow charge state distribution with an 11-fold protonated most intense ion signal, (b) unfolded pepsin (U) with a rather broad ion charge state distribution whose highest ion signal carried 25 protons, and (c) a compactly folded pepsin conformer (C) with a narrow charge structure and a 12-fold protonated ion signal in the center of its charge state envelope. Because pepsin is a protease, unfolded pepsin became its own substrate in solution at pH 6.6 since at this pH some portion of pepsin maintained a compact/native fold which displayed enzymatic activity. Subsequent mass spectrometric ITEM-TWO analyses of pepstatin A - pepsin complex dissociation reactions in the gas phase confirmed a very strong binding of pepstatin A by natively folded pepsin (N). ITEM-TWO further revealed the existence of two compactly folded in-solution pepsin conformers (Ca and Cb) which also were able to bind pepstatin A. Binding strengths of the respective compactly folded pepsin conformer-containing complexes could be determined and apparent gas phase complex dissociation constants and reaction enthalpies differentiated these from each other and from the pepstatin A - pepsin complex which had been formed from natively folded pepsin. Thus, ITEM-TWO turned out to be well suited to pinpoint in-solution pepsin conformers by interrogating quantitative traits of pepstatin A - pepsin complexes in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Koy
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula M Glocker
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bright D Danquah
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael O Glocker
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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3
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Goettig P, Koch NG, Budisa N. Non-Canonical Amino Acids in Analyses of Protease Structure and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14035. [PMID: 37762340 PMCID: PMC10531186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All known organisms encode 20 canonical amino acids by base triplets in the genetic code. The cellular translational machinery produces proteins consisting mainly of these amino acids. Several hundred natural amino acids serve important functions in metabolism, as scaffold molecules, and in signal transduction. New side chains are generated mainly by post-translational modifications, while others have altered backbones, such as the β- or γ-amino acids, or they undergo stereochemical inversion, e.g., in the case of D-amino acids. In addition, the number of non-canonical amino acids has further increased by chemical syntheses. Since many of these non-canonical amino acids confer resistance to proteolytic degradation, they are potential protease inhibitors and tools for specificity profiling studies in substrate optimization and enzyme inhibition. Other applications include in vitro and in vivo studies of enzyme kinetics, molecular interactions and bioimaging, to name a few. Amino acids with bio-orthogonal labels are particularly attractive, enabling various cross-link and click reactions for structure-functional studies. Here, we cover the latest developments in protease research with non-canonical amino acids, which opens up a great potential, e.g., for novel prodrugs activated by proteases or for other pharmaceutical compounds, some of which have already reached the clinical trial stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nikolaj G. Koch
- Biocatalysis Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
- Bioanalytics Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Bioanalytics Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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4
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Chen S, Liang C, Li H, Yu W, Prothiwa M, Kopczynski D, Loroch S, Fransen M, Verhelst SHL. Pepstatin-Based Probes for Photoaffinity Labeling of Aspartic Proteases and Application to Target Identification. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:686-692. [PMID: 36920024 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases are a small class of proteases implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. Covalent chemical probes for photoaffinity labeling (PAL) of these proteases are underdeveloped. We here report a full on-resin synthesis of clickable PAL probes based on the natural product inhibitor pepstatin incorporating a minimal diazirine reactive group. The position of this group in the inhibitor determines the labeling efficiency. The most effective probes sensitively detect cathepsin D, a biomarker for breast cancer, in cell lysates. Moreover, through chemical proteomics experiments and deep learning algorithms, we identified sequestosome-1, an important player in autophagy, as a direct interaction partner and substrate of cathepsin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyuan Chen
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Chunguang Liang
- Bioinformatik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hongli Li
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Herestraat 49 box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Weimeng Yu
- Bioinformatik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Prothiwa
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestraat 49 box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominik Kopczynski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Loroch
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Building ProDi E2.240, Gesundheitscampus 4, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.,ProtiFi LLC, 1000 Turk Hill Road, Suite 180, 2nd Floor, Fairport, New York 14450, United States
| | - Marc Fransen
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Herestraat 49 box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven H L Verhelst
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestraat 49 box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Likhotkin I, Lincoln R, Bossi ML, Butkevich AN, Hell SW. Photoactivatable Large Stokes Shift Fluorophores for Multicolor Nanoscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1530-1534. [PMID: 36626161 PMCID: PMC9880998 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We designed caging-group-free photoactivatable live-cell permeant dyes with red fluorescence emission and ∼100 nm Stokes shifts based on a 1-vinyl-10-silaxanthone imine core structure. The proposed fluorophores undergo byproduct-free one- and two-photon activation, are suitable for multicolor fluorescence microscopy in fixed and living cells, and are compatible with super-resolution techniques such as STED (stimulated emission depletion) and PALM (photoactivated localization microscopy). Use of photoactivatable labels for strain-promoted tetrazine ligation and self-labeling protein tags (HaloTag, SNAP-tag), and duplexing of an imaging channel with another large Stokes shift dye have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Likhotkin
- Department
of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Lincoln
- Department
of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariano L. Bossi
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexey N. Butkevich
- Department
of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,
| | - Stefan W. Hell
- Department
of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,
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6
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Common Markers and Small Molecule Inhibitors in Golgi Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:453-493. [PMID: 36512231 PMCID: PMC10178357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we provide a detailed guide for the application of commonly used small molecules to study Golgi structure and function in vitro. Furthermore, we have curated a concise, validated list of endomembrane markers typically used in downstream assays to examine the consequent effect on the Golgi via microscopy and western blot after drug treatment. This chapter will be useful for researchers beginning their foray into the field of intracellular trafficking and Golgi biology.
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7
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Wang Y, Han H, Zhu K, Xu S, Han C, Jiang Y, Wei S, Qin Q. Functional Analysis of the Cathepsin D Gene Response to SGIV Infection in the Orange-Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081680. [PMID: 36016302 PMCID: PMC9413388 DOI: 10.3390/v14081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lysosomal aspartic protease Cathepsin D (CD) is a key regulator and signaling molecule in various biological processes including activation and degradation of intracellular proteins, the antigen process and programmed cell death. However, the function of fish CD in virus infection remains largely unknown. (2) Methods: The functions of the CD gene response to SGIV infection was determined with light microscopy, reverse transcription quantitative PCR, Western blot and flow cytometry. (3) Results: In this study, Ec-Cathepsin D (Ec-CD) was cloned and identified from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. The open reading frame (ORF) of Ec-CD consisted of 1191 nucleotides encoding a 396 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 43.17 kDa. Ec-CD possessed typical CD structural features including an N-terminal signal peptide, a propeptide region and a mature domain including two glycosylation sites and two active sites, which were conserved in other CD sequences. Ec-CD was predominantly expressed in the spleen and kidneys of healthy groupers. A subcellular localization assay indicated that Ec-CD was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. Ec-CD expression was suppressed by SGIV stimulation and Ec-CD-overexpressing inhibited SGIV replication, SGIV-induced apoptosis, caspase 3/8/9 activity and the activation of reporter gene p53 and activating protein-1 (AP-1) in vitro. Simultaneously, Ec-CD overexpression obviously restrained the activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In addition, Ec-CD overexpression negatively regulated the transcription level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the NF-κB promotor. (4) Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the Ec-CD possibly served a function during SGIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexuan Wang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Honglin Han
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China;
| | - Suifeng Xu
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Chengzong Han
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yunxiang Jiang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Shina Wei
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Q.Q.); Tel.: +86-20-87577692 (Q.Q.); Fax: +86-20-87577692 (Q.Q.)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (S.X.); (C.H.); (Y.J.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 528478, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Q.Q.); Tel.: +86-20-87577692 (Q.Q.); Fax: +86-20-87577692 (Q.Q.)
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8
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Ye W, Guo Z. Phenylacetyl pepstatin inhibitors of aspartyl proteases from Streptomyces varsoviensis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:519-522. [PMID: 35882959 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new pepstatin with a phenylacetyl group, pepstatin Pa (1), and its methyl ester (2) were isolated from Streptomyces varsoviensis DSM 40346. Their structures were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The absolute configuration was determined using the Marfey's method. Both pentapeptide products are inhibitors of pepsin and cathepsin D. Interestingly, the bacterial genome contains no biosynthetic gene cluster for the new pepstatin, suggesting an extrachromosomal origin of the biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Ye
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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9
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Oda K, Dunn BM, Wlodawer A. Serine-Carboxyl Peptidases, Sedolisins: From Discovery to Evolution. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1643-1664. [PMID: 35862020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sedolisin is a proteolytic enzyme, listed in the peptidase database MEROPS as a founding member of clan SB, family S53. This enzyme, although active at low pH, was originally shown not to be inhibited by an aspartic peptidase specific inhibitor, S-PI (pepstatin Ac). In this Perspective, the S53 family is described from the moment of original identification to evolution. The representative enzymes of the family are sedolisin, kumamolisin, and TPP-1. They exhibit the following unique features. (1) The fold of the molecule is similar to that of subtilisin, but the catalytic residues consist of a triad, Ser/Glu/Asp, that is unlike the Ser/His/Asp triad of subtilisin. (2) The molecule is expressed as a pro-form composed of the amino-terminal prosegment and the active domain. Additionally, some members of this family have an additional, carboxy-terminal prosegment. (3) Their optimum pH for activity is in the acidic region, not in the neutral to alkaline region where subtilisin is active. (4) Their distribution in nature is very broad across the three kingdoms of life. (5) Some of these enzymes from fungi and bacteria are pathogens to plants. (6) Some of them have significant potential applications for industry. (7) The lack of a TPP-1 gene in human brain is the cause of incurable juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten's disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Oda
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ben M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0245, United States
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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10
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Tejeda-Muñoz N, Monka J, De Robertis EM. Protocol for culturing and imaging of ectodermal cells from Xenopus. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101455. [PMID: 35839770 PMCID: PMC9293668 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xenopus embryo provides an advantageous model system where genes can be readily transplanted as DNA or mRNA or depleted with antisense techniques. Here, we present a protocol to culture and image the cell biological properties of explanted Xenopus cap cells in tissue culture. We illustrate how this protocol can be applied to visualize lysosomes, macropinocytosis, focal adhesions, Wnt signaling, and cell migration. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tejeda-Muñoz et al. (2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Julia Monka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edward M. De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
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11
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Abstract
Lysosomes are the digestive center of the cell and play important roles in human diseases, including cancer. Previous work has suggested that late endosomes, also known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and lysosomes are essential for canonical Wnt pathway signaling. Sequestration of Glycogen Synthase 3 (GSK3) and of β‐catenin destruction complex components in MVBs is required for sustained canonical Wnt signaling. Little is known about the role of lysosomes during early development. In the Xenopus egg, a Wnt-like cytoplasmic determinant signal initiates formation of the body axis following a cortical rotation triggered by sperm entry. Here we report that cathepsin D was activated in lysosomes specifically on the dorsal marginal zone of the embryo at the 64-cell stage, long before zygotic transcription starts. Expansion of the MVB compartment with low-dose hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) greatly potentiated the dorsalizing effects of the Wnt agonist lithium chloride (LiCl) in embryos, and this effect required macropinocytosis. Formation of the dorsal axis required lysosomes, as indicated by brief treatments with the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitors Bafilomycin A1 or Concanamycin A at the 32-cell stage. Inhibiting the MVB-forming machinery with a dominant-negative point mutation in Vacuolar Protein Sorting 4 (Vps4-EQ) interfered with the endogenous dorsal axis. The Wnt-like activity of the dorsal cytoplasmic determinant Huluwa (Hwa), and that of microinjected xWnt8 messenger RNA, also required lysosome acidification and the MVB-forming machinery. We conclude that lysosome function is required for early dorsal axis development in Xenopus. The results highlight the intertwining between membrane trafficking, lysosomes, and vertebrate axis formation.
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12
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Abstract
Here we review the regulation of macropinocytosis by Wnt growth factor signaling. Canonical Wnt signaling is normally thought of as a regulator of nuclear β-catenin, but emerging results indicate that there is much more than β-catenin to the Wnt pathway. Macropinocytosis is transiently regulated by EGF-RTK-Ras-PI3K signaling. Recent studies show that Wnt signaling provides for sustained acquisition of nutrients by macropinocytosis. Endocytosis of Wnt-Lrp6-Fz receptor complexes triggers the sequestration of GSK3 and components of the cytosolic destruction complex such as Axin1 inside multivesicular bodies (MVBs) through the action of the ESCRT machinery. Wnt macropinocytosis can be induced both by the transcriptional loop of stabilized β-catenin, and by the inhibition of GSK3 even in the absence of new protein synthesis. The cell is poised for macropinocytosis, and all it requires for triggering of Pak1 and the actin machinery is the inhibition of GSK3. Striking lysosomal acidification, which requires macropinocytosis, is induced by GSK3 chemical inhibitors or Wnt protein. Wnt-induced macropinocytosis requires the ESCRT machinery that forms MVBs. In cancer cells, mutations in the tumor suppressors APC and Axin1 result in extensive macropinocytosis, which can be reversed by restoring wild-type protein. In basal cellular conditions, GSK3 functions to constitutively repress macropinocytosis.
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13
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pH-Dependent Structural Dynamics of Cathepsin D-Family Aspartic Peptidase of Clonorchis sinensis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091128. [PMID: 34578162 PMCID: PMC8466142 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CatD; EC 3.4.23.5) family peptidases of parasitic organisms are regarded as potential drug targets as they play critical roles in the physiology and pathobiology of parasites. Previously, we characterized the biochemical features of cathepsin D isozyme 2 (CatD2) in the carcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis (CsCatD2). In this study, we performed all-atomic molecular dynamics simulations by applying different systems for the ligand-free/bound forms under neutral and acidic conditions to investigate the pH-dependent structural alterations and associated functional changes in CsCatD2. CsCatD2 showed several distinctive characteristics as follows: (1) acidic pH caused major conformational transitions from open to closed state in this enzyme; (2) during 30–36-ns simulations, acidic pH contributed significantly to the formation of rigid β-sheets around the catalytic residue Asp219, higher occupancy (0% to 99%) of hydrogen bond than that of Asp33, and enhanced stabilization of the CsCatD2-inhibtor complex; (3) neutral pH-induced displacement of the N-terminal part to hinder the accessibility of the active site and open allosteric site of this enzyme; and (4) the flap dynamics metrics, including distance (d1), TriCα angles (θ1 and θ2), and dihedral angle (ϕ), account for the asymmetrical twisting motion of the active site of this enzyme. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the pH-dependent structural dynamics of free and bound forms of CsCatD2 and basic information for the rational design of an inhibitor as a drug targeting parasitic CatD.
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14
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Sullivan P, Krunic A, Davis LJ, Kim HS, Burdette JE, Orjala J. Phormidepistatin from the Cyanobacterium UIC 10484: Assessing the Phylogenetic Distribution of the Statine Pharmacophore. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2256-2264. [PMID: 34314586 PMCID: PMC8403167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new linear lipopeptide, phormidepistatin (1), containing an epi-statine amino acid was isolated from cf. Phormidium sp. strain UIC 10484. The planar structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR experimentation. The relative configuration was determined by J-based configurational analysis and the absolute configuration by advanced Marfey's analysis. Given that the statine moiety is an established pharmacophore known to inhibit aspartic proteases, phormidepistatin was evaluated against cathepsin D and displayed limited activity. With 1 containing a statine-like moiety, we sought to assess the distribution of this γ-amino acid within the phylum Cyanobacteria. In-depth MS/MS analysis identified the presence of phormidepistatin in cf. Phormidium sp. UIC 10045 and cf. Trichormus sp. UIC 10039. A structure database search identified 33 known cyanobacterial metabolites containing a statine or statine-like amino acid and, along with phormidepistatin, were grouped into 10 distinct compound classes. A phylogenetic tree was built comprising all cyanobacteria with established 16S rRNA sequences known to produce statine or statine-like-containing compound classes. This analysis suggests the incorporation of the γ-amino acid into secondary metabolites is taxonomically widespread within the phylum. Overall, it is our assessment that cyanobacteria are a potential source for statine or statine-like-containing compounds.
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15
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Guiney SJ, Adlard PA, Lei P, Mawal CH, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI, Ayton S. Fibrillar α-synuclein toxicity depends on functional lysosomes. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17497-17513. [PMID: 33453994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) can be recapitulated in animals by administration of α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the brain. However, the mechanism by which these PFFs induce toxicity is unknown. Iron is implicated in PD pathophysiology, so we investigated whether α-synuclein PFFs induce ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death pathway. A range of ferroptosis inhibitors were added to a striatal neuron-derived cell line (STHdhQ7/7 cells), a dopaminergic neuron-derived cell line (SN4741 cells), and WT primary cortical neurons, all of which had been intoxicated with α-synuclein PFFs. Viability was not recovered by these inhibitors except for liproxstatin-1, a best-in-class ferroptosis inhibitor, when used at high doses. High-dose liproxstatin-1 visibly enlarged the area of a cell that contained acidic vesicles and elevated the expression of several proteins associated with the autophagy-lysosomal pathway similarly to the known lysosomal inhibitors, chloroquine and bafilomycin A1. Consistent with high-dose liproxstatin-1 protecting via a lysosomal mechanism, we further de-monstrated that loss of viability induced by α-synuclein PFFs was attenuated by chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 as well as the lysosomal cysteine protease inhibitors, leupeptin, E-64D, and Ca-074-Me, but not other autophagy or lysosomal enzyme inhibitors. We confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy that heparin prevented uptake of α-synuclein PFFs into cells but that chloroquine did not stop α-synuclein uptake into lysosomes despite impairing lysosomal function and inhibiting α-synuclein toxicity. Together, these data suggested that α-synuclein PFFs are toxic in functional lysosomes in vitro. Therapeutic strategies that prevent α-synuclein fibril uptake into lysosomes may be of benefit in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Guiney
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia; Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Celeste H Mawal
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia.
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16
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Albrecht LV, Tejeda-Muñoz N, De Robertis EM. Protocol for Probing Regulated Lysosomal Activity and Function in Living Cells. STAR Protoc 2020; 1:100132. [PMID: 33377026 PMCID: PMC7757114 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are the catabolic center of the cell. Limitations of many lysosomal tracers include low specificity and lack of reliable physiological readouts for changes in growth factor-regulated lysosomal activity. The imaging-based protocols described here provide insights at the cellular level to quantify functions essential to lysosomal biology, including β-glucosidase enzymatic cleavage, active Cathepsin D, and pH regulation in real time. These optimized protocols, applied in different cell types and pathophysiologic contexts, provide useful tools to study lysosome function in cultured living cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Albrecht et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Albrecht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1662, USA
| | - N Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1662, USA
| | - E M De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1662, USA
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17
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Goyal S, Patel KV, Nagare Y, Raykar DB, Raikar SS, Dolas A, Khurana P, Cyriac R, Sarak S, Gangar M, Agarwal AK, Kulkarni A. Identification and structure-activity relationship studies of small molecule inhibitors of the human cathepsin D. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115879. [PMID: 33271453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D, an aspartyl protease, is an attractive therapeutic target for various diseases, primarily cancer and osteoarthritis. However, despite several small molecule cathepsin D inhibitors being developed, that are highly potent, most of them show poor microsomal stability, which in turn limits their clinical translation. Herein, we describe the design, optimization and evaluation of a series of novel non-peptidic acylguanidine based small molecule inhibitors of cathepsin D. Optimization of our hit compound 1a (IC50 = 29 nM) led to the highly potent mono sulphonamide analogue 4b (IC50 = 4 nM), however with poor microsomal stability (HLM: 177 and MLM: 177 μl/min/mg). To further improve the microsomal stability while retaining the potency, we carried out an extensive structure-activity relationship screen which led to the identification of our optimised lead 24e (IC50 = 45 nM), with an improved microsomal stability (HLM: 59.1 and MLM: 86.8 μl/min/mg). Our efforts reveal that 24e could be a good starting point or potential candidate for further preclinical studies against diseases where Cathepsin D plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yadav Nagare
- Aten Porus Lifesciences, Bangalore 560068, India
| | | | | | - Atul Dolas
- Aten Porus Lifesciences, Bangalore 560068, India
| | | | | | - Sharad Sarak
- Aten Porus Lifesciences, Bangalore 560068, India
| | | | - Anil K Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditya Kulkarni
- Aten Porus Lifesciences, Bangalore 560068, India; Avaliv Therapeutics, Naples, FL, USA.
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18
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Albrecht LV, Tejeda-Muñoz N, Bui MH, Cicchetto AC, Di Biagio D, Colozza G, Schmid E, Piccolo S, Christofk HR, De Robertis EM. GSK3 Inhibits Macropinocytosis and Lysosomal Activity through the Wnt Destruction Complex Machinery. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107973. [PMID: 32726636 PMCID: PMC7666578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is emerging as a major regulator of endocytosis. Here, we report that Wnt-induced macropinocytosis is regulated through glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and the β-catenin destruction complex. We find that mutation of Axin1, a tumor suppressor and component of the destruction complex, results in the activation of macropinocytosis. Surprisingly, inhibition of GSK3 by lithium chloride (LiCl), CHIR99021, or dominant-negative GSK3 triggers macropinocytosis. GSK3 inhibition causes a rapid increase in acidic endolysosomes that is independent of new protein synthesis. GSK3 inhibition or Axin1 mutation increases lysosomal activity, which can be followed with tracers of active cathepsin D, β-glucosidase, and ovalbumin degradation. Microinjection of LiCl into the blastula cavity of Xenopus embryos causes a striking increase in dextran macropinocytosis. The effects of GSK3 inhibition on protein degradation in endolysosomes are blocked by the macropinocytosis inhibitors EIPA or IPA-3, suggesting that increases in membrane trafficking drive lysosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Albrecht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Maggie H Bui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Andrew C Cicchetto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Daniele Di Biagio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriele Colozza
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Ernst Schmid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA.
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19
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Lamichhane P, Sharma P, Kennedy D, Kelly AL, Sheehan JJ. Microstructure and fracture properties of semi-hard cheese: Differentiating the effects of primary proteolysis and calcium solubilization. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Purushothaman K, Bhat SK, Singh SA, Marathe GK, Appu Rao ARG. Aspartic protease from Aspergillus niger: Molecular characterization and interaction with pepstatin A. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:199-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Inhibiting Extracellular Cathepsin D Reduces Hepatic Steatosis in Sprague⁻Dawley Rats †. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050171. [PMID: 31060228 PMCID: PMC6571693 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary and lifestyle changes are leading to an increased occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using a hyperlipidemic murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we have previously demonstrated that the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CTSD) is involved with lipid dysregulation and inflammation. However, despite identifying CTSD as a major player in NAFLD pathogenesis, the specific role of extracellular CTSD in NAFLD has not yet been investigated. Given that inhibition of intracellular CTSD is highly unfavorable due to its fundamental physiological function, we here investigated the impact of a highly specific and potent small-molecule inhibitor of extracellular CTSD (CTD-002) in the context of NAFLD. Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with CTD-002, and incubation of hepatic HepG2 cells with a conditioned medium derived from CTD-002-treated macrophages, resulted in reduced levels of inflammation and improved cholesterol metabolism. Treatment with CTD-002 improved hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-fed rats. Additionally, plasma levels of insulin and hepatic transaminases were significantly reduced upon CTD-002 administration. Collectively, our findings demonstrate for the first time that modulation of extracellular CTSD can serve as a novel therapeutic modality for NAFLD.
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22
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Kaysser L. Built to bind: biosynthetic strategies for the formation of small-molecule protease inhibitors. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1654-1686. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of natural product protease inhibitors has inspired the development of numerous pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kaysser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)
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23
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Gonzalez AC, Schweizer M, Jagdmann S, Bernreuther C, Reinheckel T, Saftig P, Damme M. Unconventional Trafficking of Mammalian Phospholipase D3 to Lysosomes. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1040-1053. [PMID: 29386126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the phospholipase D3 (PLD3) gene have genetically been linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. We present a detailed biochemical analysis of PLD3 and reveal its endogenous localization in endosomes and lysosomes. PLD3 reaches lysosomes as a type II transmembrane protein via a (for mammalian cells) uncommon intracellular biosynthetic route that depends on the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. PLD3 is sorted into intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes, and ESCRT-dependent sorting correlates with ubiquitination. In multivesicular endosomes, PLD3 is subjected to proteolytic cleavage, yielding a stable glycosylated luminal polypeptide and a rapidly degraded N-terminal membrane-bound fragment. This pathway closely resembles the delivery route of carboxypeptidase S to the yeast vacuole. Our experiments reveal a biosynthetic route of PLD3 involving proteolytic processing and ESCRT-dependent sorting for its delivery to lysosomes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jagdmann
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany.
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24
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Wei B, Gunzner-Toste J, Yao H, Wang T, Wang J, Xu Z, Chen J, Wai J, Nonomiya J, Tsai SP, Chuh J, Kozak KR, Liu Y, Yu SF, Lau J, Li G, Phillips GD, Leipold D, Kamath A, Su D, Xu K, Eigenbrot C, Steinbacher S, Ohri R, Raab H, Staben LR, Zhao G, Flygare JA, Pillow TH, Verma V, Masterson LA, Howard PW, Safina B. Discovery of Peptidomimetic Antibody-Drug Conjugate Linkers with Enhanced Protease Specificity. J Med Chem 2017; 61:989-1000. [PMID: 29227683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become an important therapeutic modality for oncology, with three approved by the FDA and over 60 others in clinical trials. Despite the progress, improvements in ADC therapeutic index are desired. Peptide-based ADC linkers that are cleaved by lysosomal proteases have shown sufficient stability in serum and effective payload-release in targeted cells. If the linker can be preferentially hydrolyzed by tumor-specific proteases, safety margin may improve. However, the use of peptide-based linkers limits our ability to modulate protease specificity. Here we report the structure-guided discovery of novel, nonpeptidic ADC linkers. We show that a cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxamide-containing linker is hydrolyzed predominantly by cathepsin B while the valine-citrulline dipeptide linker is not. ADCs bearing the nonpeptidic linker are as efficacious and stable in vivo as those with the dipeptide linker. Our results strongly support the application of the peptidomimetic linker and present new opportunities for improving the selectivity of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- BinQing Wei
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Janet Gunzner-Toste
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Wang
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jing Wang
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jim Nonomiya
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Siao Ping Tsai
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Josefa Chuh
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Lau
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail D Phillips
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Doug Leipold
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stefan Steinbacher
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH , Bunsenstrasse 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helga Raab
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna R Staben
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guiling Zhao
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John A Flygare
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luke A Masterson
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Safina
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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25
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BACE1 Function and Inhibition: Implications of Intervention in the Amyloid Pathway of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101723. [PMID: 29027981 PMCID: PMC6151801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increasing loss in memory, cognition, and function of daily living. Among the many pathologic events observed in the progression of AD, changes in amyloid β peptide (Aβ) metabolism proceed fastest, and precede clinical symptoms. BACE1 (β-secretase 1) catalyzes the initial cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein to generate Aβ. Therefore inhibition of BACE1 activity could block one of the earliest pathologic events in AD. However, therapeutic BACE1 inhibition to block Aβ production may need to be balanced with possible effects that might result from diminished physiologic functions BACE1, in particular processing of substrates involved in neuronal function of the brain and periphery. Potentials for beneficial or consequential effects resulting from pharmacologic inhibition of BACE1 are reviewed in context of ongoing clinical trials testing the effect of BACE1 candidate inhibitor drugs in AD populations.
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26
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Bondaryk M, Staniszewska M, Zielińska P, Urbańczyk-Lipkowska Z. Natural Antimicrobial Peptides as Inspiration for Design of a New Generation Antifungal Compounds. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E46. [PMID: 29371563 PMCID: PMC5715947 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates, despite appropriate antifungal therapy. Limited therapeutic options, resistance development and the high mortality of invasive fungal infections brought about more concern triggering the search for new compounds capable of interfering with fungal viability and virulence. In this context, peptides gained attention as promising candidates for the antimycotics development. Variety of structural and functional characteristics identified for various natural antifungal peptides makes them excellent starting points for design novel drug candidates. Current review provides a brief overview of natural and synthetic antifungal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Bondaryk
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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27
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Weerasinghe SVW, Park MJ, Portney DA, Omary MB. Mouse genetic background contributes to hepatocyte susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3005-3012. [PMID: 27535425 PMCID: PMC5063609 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease progression is modulated by genetic modifiers in mouse strains and across human races and ethnicities. We hypothesized that hepatocyte culture duration and genetic background regulate hepatocyte susceptibility to apoptosis. Hepatocytes were isolated from FVB/N, C57BL/6, and C3H/He mice and cultured or treated with Fas ligand or acetaminophen after different culture times. Protein and mRNA expressions of Fas receptor, caspases-3/7/8, and Bak/Bax/Bid proteins were determined. FVB/N hepatocytes manifested rapid decreases of caspases-3/7 but not caspase-8 as culture time increased, which paralleled decreased susceptibility to apoptosis. Some changes were also found in Fas-receptor and Bak, Bax, and Bid proteins; caspase mRNA decreases were also noted. Caspase protein degradation was partially reversed by lysosomal protease but not proteasome or autophagy inhibitors. C57BL/6 and FVB/N hepatocytes behaved similarly in their limited susceptibility to apoptosis, whereas C3H/He hepatocytes show limited alterations in caspases, with consequent increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Similarly, C3H/He mice were more susceptible than C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice to Fas-mediated liver injury. Therefore there are significant mouse strain-dependent differences in susceptibility to apoptosis and selective loss of caspases upon short-term hepatocyte culture, with consequent decrease in susceptibility to apoptosis. These differences likely reflect genetic modifiers that provide resistance or predisposition to hepatocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith V W Weerasinghe
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel A Portney
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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28
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Coburger I, Schaub Y, Roeser D, Hardes K, Maeder P, Klee N, Steinmetzer T, Imhof D, Diederich WE, Than ME. Identification of inhibitors of the transmembrane protease FlaK of Methanococcus maripaludis. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:637-46. [PMID: 27038342 PMCID: PMC4985597 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
GxGD‐type intramembrane cleaving proteases (I‐CLiPs) form a family of proteolytic enzymes that feature an aspartate‐based catalytic mechanism. Yet, they structurally and functionally largely differ from the classical pepsin‐like aspartic proteases. Among them are the archaeal enzyme FlaK, processing its substrate FlaB2 during the formation of flagella and γ‐secretase, which is centrally involved in the etiology of the neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease. We developed an optimized activity assay for FlaK and based on screening of a small in‐house library and chemical synthesis, we identified compound 9 as the first inhibitor of this enzyme. Our results show that this intramembrane protease differs from classical pepsin‐like aspartic proteases and give insights into the substrate recognition of this enzyme. By providing the needed tools to further study the enzymatic cycle of FlaK, our results also enable further studies towards a functional understanding of other GxGD‐type I‐CLiPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Coburger
- Leibniz Institute on Aging (FLI), Protein Crystallography Group, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schaub
- Leibniz Institute on Aging (FLI), Protein Crystallography Group, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Dirk Roeser
- Leibniz Institute on Aging (FLI), Protein Crystallography Group, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Patrick Maeder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Nina Klee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Brühler Str. 7, Bonn, 53119, Germany
| | - Wibke E Diederich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Manuel E Than
- Leibniz Institute on Aging (FLI), Protein Crystallography Group, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Sytwala S, Domsalla A, Melzig MF. Investigation of plant latices of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae regarding proteolytic activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:117-123. [PMID: 26458257 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of plant latices is widespread, there are more than 40 families of plants characterized to establish lactiferous structures. The appearance of hydrolytic active proteins, incorporated in latices is already characterized, and hydrolytic active proteins are considerable, and for several plant families, the occurrence of hydrolytic active proteins is already specified e.g. Apocynaceae Juss., Caricaceae Dumort, Euphorbiaceae Juss., Moraceae Gaudich and Papaveraceae Juss. In our investigation, focused on latex bearing plants of order Asterales, Asteraceae and Campanulaceae in particular. The present outcomes represent a comprehensive study, relating to the occurrence of proteolytic active enzymes of order Asterales for the first time. 131 different species of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae were tested, and the appearance of plant latex proteases were determined in different quantities. Proteolytic activity was investigated by inhibitory studies and determination of residual activity in the following, enable us to characterize the proteases. Most of the considered species exhibit a serine protease activity and a multiplicity of species exhibited two or more subclasses of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sytwala
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Domsalla
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
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Evolutionary Selection on Barrier Activity: Bar1 Is an Aspartyl Protease with Novel Substrate Specificity. mBio 2015; 6:e01604-15. [PMID: 26604258 PMCID: PMC4669382 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01604-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based pheromones are used throughout the fungal kingdom for coordinating sexual responses between mating partners. Here, we address the properties and function of Bar1, an aspartyl protease that acts as a “barrier” and antagonist to pheromone signaling in multiple species. Candida albicans Bar1 was purified and shown to exhibit preferential cleavage of native α pheromone over pheromones from related fungal species. This result establishes that protease substrate specificity coevolved along with changes in its pheromone target. Pheromone cleavage by Bar1 occurred between residues Thr-5 and Asn-6 in the middle of the tridecapeptide sequence. Surprisingly, proteolytic activity was independent of the amino acid residues present at the scissile bond and instead relied on residues at the C terminus of α pheromone. Unlike most aspartyl proteases, Bar1 also exhibited a near-neutral pH optimum and was resistant to the class-wide inhibitor pepstatin A. In addition, genetic analysis was performed on C. albicansBAR1 and demonstrated that the protease not only regulates endogenous pheromone signaling but also can limit interspecies pheromone signaling. We discuss these findings and propose that the unusual substrate specificity of Bar1 is a consequence of its coevolution with the α pheromone receptor Ste2 for their shared peptide target. Pheromones are important for intraspecies communication across the tree of life. In the fungal kingdom, extracellular proteases play a key role in antagonizing pheromone signaling in multiple species. This study examines the properties and function of Candida albicans Bar1, an aspartyl protease that cleaves and thereby inactivates α pheromone. We demonstrate that Bar1 plays important roles in regulating both intra- and interspecies pheromone signaling. The fungal protease shows preferential activity on the endogenous pheromone, but, surprisingly, cleavage activity is dependent on amino acid residues distal to the scissile bond. We propose that the unusual substrate specificity of Bar1 is a direct result of coevolution with Ste2, the receptor for α pheromone, for recognition of the same peptide target. The novel specificity of Bar1 reveals the complex forces shaping the evolution of mating pathways in fungi and uncovers a protease with potentially important applications in the biotechnology industry.
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Saikhedkar N, Summanwar A, Joshi R, Giri A. Cathepsins of lepidopteran insects: Aspects and prospects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 64:51-59. [PMID: 26210259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular understanding of lepidopteran physiology has revealed that proteases consist of one of the central regulatory/reacting system for insect growth and survival. Among the various proteases, cathepsins are the most crucial cellular proteases, which play vital roles during insect development. In the present review, we have discussed various aspects of the lepidopteran insect cathepsins, emphasizing their roles in processes like development, growth, metamorphosis, apoptosis and immunity. Cathepsins are categorized into different types on the basis of their sequence diversification, leading to variation in structure and catalytic function. Cathepsins exhibit tissue and stage specific expression pattern which is fine-tuned by a delicate balance of expression, compartmentalization, zymogen activation, inhibition by protein inhibitors and degradation. The indispensability of cathepsins as cellular proteases in the above mentioned processes proposes them as novel targets for designing effective and specific insect controlling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Saikhedkar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, MS, India
| | - Aarohi Summanwar
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Rakesh Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, MS, India.
| | - Ashok Giri
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, MS, India.
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Pluhar B, Ziener U, Mizaikoff B. Binding performance of pepsin surface-imprinted polymer particles in protein mixtures. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6248-6254. [PMID: 32262743 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00657k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface-imprinted polymer particles facilitate the accessibility of synthetic selective binding sites for proteins. Given their volume-to-surface ratio, submicron particles offer a potentially large surface area facilitating fast rebinding kinetics and high binding capacities, as investigated herein by batch rebinding experiments. Polymer particles were prepared with (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride as functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker in the presence of pepsin as template molecule via miniemulsion polymerization. The obtained polymer particles had an average particle diameter of 623 nm, and a specific surface area of 50 m2 g-1. The dissociation constant and maximum binding capacity were obtained by fitting the Langmuir equation to the corresponding binding isotherm. The dissociation constant was 7.94 μM, thereby indicating a high affinity; the binding capacity was 0.72 μmol m-2. The binding process was remarkably fast, as equilibrium binding was observed after just 1 min of incubation. The previously determined selectivity of the molecularly imprinted polymer for pepsin was for the first time confirmed during competitive binding studies with pepsin, bovine serum albumin, and β-lactoglobulin. Since pepsin has an exceptionally high content in acidic amino acids enabling strong interactions with positively charged quaternary ammonium groups of the functional monomers, another competitive protein, i.e., α1-acid glycoprotein, was furthermore introduced. This protein has a similarly high content in acidic amino acids, and was used for demonstrating the implications of ionic interactions on the achieved selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pluhar
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
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Inhibition of outer membrane proteases of the omptin family by aprotinin. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2300-11. [PMID: 25824836 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00136-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proteases are important virulence factors that inactivate host defense proteins and contribute to tissue destruction and bacterial dissemination. Outer membrane proteases of the omptin family, exemplified by Escherichia coli OmpT, are found in some Gram-negative bacteria. Omptins cleave a variety of substrates at the host-pathogen interface, including plasminogen and antimicrobial peptides. Multiple omptin substrates relevant to infection have been identified; nonetheless, an effective omptin inhibitor remains to be found. Here, we purified native CroP, the OmpT ortholog in the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Purified CroP was found to readily cleave both a synthetic fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrate and the murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide. In contrast, CroP was found to poorly activate plasminogen into active plasmin. Although classical protease inhibitors were ineffective against CroP activity, we found that the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin displays inhibitory potency in the micromolar range. Aprotinin was shown to act as a competitive inhibitor of CroP activity and to interfere with the cleavage of the murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide. Importantly, aprotinin was able to inhibit not only CroP but also Yersinia pestis Pla and, to a lesser extent, E. coli OmpT. We propose a structural model of the aprotinin-omptin complex in which Lys15 of aprotinin forms salt bridges with conserved negatively charged residues of the omptin active site.
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Plum S, Steinbach S, Abel L, Marcus K, Helling S, May C. Proteomics in neurodegenerative diseases: Methods for obtaining a closer look at the neuronal proteome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 9:848-71. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Plum
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Funktionelle Proteomik; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Simone Steinbach
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Medical Proteomics/Bioanalytics; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Laura Abel
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Medical Proteomics/Bioanalytics; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Funktionelle Proteomik; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Stefan Helling
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Funktionelle Proteomik; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Caroline May
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Medical Proteomics/Bioanalytics; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
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35
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Microbial aspartic proteases: current and potential applications in industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8853-68. [PMID: 25269600 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases are a relatively small group of proteolytic enzymes that are active in acidic environments and are found across all forms of life. Certain microorganisms secrete such proteases as virulence agents and/or in order to break down proteins thereby liberating assimilable sources of nitrogen. Some of the earlier applications of these proteolytic enzymes are found in the manufacturing of cheese where they are used as milk-clotting agents. Over the last decade, they have received tremendous research interest because of their involvement in human diseases. Furthermore, there has also been a growing interest on these enzymes for their applications in several other industries. Recent research suggests in particular that they could be used in the wine industry to prevent the formation of protein haze while preserving the wines' organoleptic properties. In this mini-review, the properties and mechanisms of action of aspartic proteases are summarized. Thereafter, a brief overview of the industrial applications of this specific class of proteases is provided. The use of aspartic proteases as alternatives to clarifying agents in various beverage industries is mentioned, and the potential applications in the wine industry are thoroughly discussed.
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Sobottka AM, Tonial F, Sytwala S, Melzig M. Proteinase activity in latex of three plants of the family Euphorbiaceae. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the family of Euphorbiaceae,the genera Euphorbia and Sapium are known to contain essentially latex-bearing species. In the present study, the latex of Euphorbia selloi(Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., Euphorbia papillosa A.St.-Hil., and Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, plants native from Brazil, were examined concerning proteolytic activity. All studied species have proteins with significant proteolytic activity and E. papillosa has the greatest specific activity. Aiming to verify the type of protease present, an assay with different inhibitors was performed. In the three tested plants, the proteolytic activity was significantly inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF). Using techniques of electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE), the subunits of proteins were separated according to their molecular masses, and the protein activity was visually detected by zymography.
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Grädler U, Czodrowski P, Tsaklakidis C, Klein M, Werkmann D, Lindemann S, Maskos K, Leuthner B. Structure-based optimization of non-peptidic Cathepsin D inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4141-50. [PMID: 25086681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a novel series of non-peptidic acylguanidine inhibitors of Cathepsin D as target for osteoarthritis. The initial HTS-hits were optimized by structure-based design using CatD X-ray structures resulting in single digit nanomolar potency in the biochemical CatD assay. However, the most potent analogues showed only micromolar activities in an ex vivo glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release assay in bovine cartilage together with low cellular permeability and suboptimal microsomal stability. This new scaffold can serve as a starting point for further optimization towards in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Grädler
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Paul Czodrowski
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christos Tsaklakidis
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Klein
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniela Werkmann
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sven Lindemann
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus Maskos
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Birgitta Leuthner
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Research, Small Molecule Platform, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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Budak SO, Zhou M, Brouwer C, Wiebenga A, Benoit I, Di Falco M, Tsang A, de Vries RP. A genomic survey of proteases in Aspergilli. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:523. [PMID: 24965873 PMCID: PMC4102723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases can hydrolyze peptides in aqueous environments. This property has made proteases the most important industrial enzymes by taking up about 60% of the total enzyme market. Microorganisms are the main sources for industrial protease production due to their high yield and a wide range of biochemical properties. Several Aspergilli have the ability to produce a variety of proteases, but no comprehensive comparative study has been carried out on protease productivity in this genus so far. RESULTS We have performed a combined analysis of comparative genomics, proteomics and enzymology tests on seven Aspergillus species grown on wheat bran and sugar beet pulp. Putative proteases were identified by homology search and Pfam domains. These genes were then clusters based on orthology and extracellular proteases were identified by protein subcellular localization prediction. Proteomics was used to identify the secreted enzymes in the cultures, while protease essays with and without inhibitors were performed to determine the overall protease activity per protease class. All this data was then integrated to compare the protease productivities in Aspergilli. CONCLUSIONS Genomes of Aspergillus species contain a similar proportion of protease encoding genes. According to comparative genomics, proteomics and enzymatic experiments serine proteases make up the largest group in the protease spectrum across the species. In general wheat bran gives higher induction of proteases than sugar beet pulp. Interesting differences of protease activity, extracellular enzyme spectrum composition, protein occurrence and abundance were identified for species. By combining in silico and wet-lab experiments, we present the intriguing variety of protease productivity in Aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Ozturkoglu Budak
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy Technology, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Brouwer
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- />Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- />Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Nagampalli RSK, Gunasekaran K, Narayanan RB, Peters A, Bhaskaran R. A structural biology approach to understand human lymphatic filarial infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2662. [PMID: 24516678 PMCID: PMC3916234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of aspartic protease inhibitor in filarial parasite Brugia malayi (Bm-Aspin) makes it interesting to study because of the fact that the filarial parasite never encounters the host digestive system. Here, the aspartic protease inhibition kinetics of Bm-Aspin and its NMR structural characteristics have been investigated. The overall aim of this study is to explain the inhibition and binding properties of Bm-Aspin from its structural point of view. UV-spectroscopy and multi-dimensional NMR are the experiments that have been performed to understand the kinetic and structural properties of Bm-Aspin respectively. The human aspartic proteases that are considered for this study are pepsin, renin, cathepsin-E and cathepsin-D. The results of this analysis performed with the specific substrate [Phe-Ala-Ala-Phe (4-NO2)-Phe-Val-Leu (4-pyridylmethyl) ester] against aspartic proteases suggest that Bm-Aspin inhibits the activities of all four human aspartic proteases. The kinetics studies indicate that Bm-Aspin follows a competitive mode of inhibition for pepsin and cathepsin-E, non-competitive for renin and mixed mode for cathepsin-D. The triple resonance NMR experiments on Bm-Aspin suggested the feasibility of carrying out NMR studies to obtain its solution structure. The NMR titration studies on the interactions of Bm-Aspin with the proteases indicate that it undergoes fast-exchange phenomena among themselves. In addition to this, the chemical shift perturbations for some of the residues of Bm-Aspin observed from (15)N-HSQC spectra upon the addition of saturated amounts of aspartic proteases suggest the binding between Bm-Aspin and human aspartic proteases. They also provide information on the variations in the intensities and mode of binding between the proteases duly corroborating with the results from the protease inhibition assay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Sashi Krishna Nagampalli
- Claflin University, Department of Chemistry, Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States of America
- University of Madras, CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnasamy Gunasekaran
- University of Madras, CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail: (KG); (RB)
| | | | - Angela Peters
- Claflin University, Department of Chemistry, Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rajagopalan Bhaskaran
- Claflin University, Department of Chemistry, Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KG); (RB)
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Identification of rtl1, a retrotransposon-derived imprinted gene, as a novel driver of hepatocarcinogenesis. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003441. [PMID: 23593033 PMCID: PMC3616914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously utilized a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon mutagenesis screen to discover novel drivers of HCC. This approach identified recurrent mutations within the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted domain, indicating that alteration of one or more elements within the domain provides a selective advantage to cells during the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. For the current study, we performed transcriptome and small RNA sequencing to profile gene expression in SB–induced HCCs in an attempt to clarify the genetic element(s) contributing to tumorigenesis. We identified strong induction of Retrotransposon-like 1 (Rtl1) expression as the only consistent alteration detected in all SB–induced tumors with Dlk1-Dio3 integrations, suggesting that Rtl1 activation serves as a driver of HCC. While previous studies have identified correlations between disrupted expression of multiple Dlk1-Dio3 domain members and HCC, we show here that direct modulation of a single domain member, Rtl1, can promote hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. Overexpression of Rtl1 in the livers of adult mice using a hydrodynamic gene delivery technique resulted in highly penetrant (86%) tumor formation. Additionally, we detected overexpression of RTL1 in 30% of analyzed human HCC samples, indicating the potential relevance of this locus as a therapeutic target for patients. The Rtl1 locus is evolutionarily derived from the domestication of a retrotransposon. In addition to identifying Rtl1 as a novel driver of HCC, our study represents one of the first direct in vivo demonstrations of a role for such a co-opted genetic element in promoting carcinogenesis. HCC is the third deadliest cancer worldwide, largely due to a lack of effective treatment options. Therapeutic approaches targeted at the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor formation and progression have shown great efficacy for treating other tumor types. Unfortunately, however, much remains to be learned about the molecular pathogenesis of HCC. There is an urgent need to identify and characterize genetic alterations that drive HCC in order to facilitate the development of more effective targeted therapeutics for patients. Here, we present data showing that recurrent mutations identified in a mouse model of HCC result in overexpression of the Rtl1 gene. We have validated Rtl1 as a driver of HCC by demonstrating that its overexpression in mouse liver causes tumor formation. We also detected overexpression of this gene in a significant proportion of human HCC samples, suggesting that it may be a relevant therapeutic target for patients with this disease.
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41
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Gorris HH. Kinetic analysis of renin and its inhibitors by detecting double-labelled peptidic substrates with an immunoassay. Analyst 2013; 138:2104-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mechanistic insights into the inhibition of endo-β 1,4 xyloglucan hydrolase by a classical aspartic protease inhibitor. J Fluoresc 2012; 23:311-21. [PMID: 23212130 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-012-1149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of inactivation of xyloglucanase from Thermomonospora sp by pepstatin A, a specific inhibitor towards aspartic proteases. The steady state kinetics revealed a reversible, competitive, two-step inhibition mechanism with IC 50 and K i values of 3.5 ± 0.5 μM and 1.25 ± 0.5 μM respectively. The rate constants determined for the isomerization of EI to EI(*) and the dissociation of EI* were 14.5 ± 1.5 × 10(-5) s(-1) and 2.85 ± 1.2 × 10(-8) s(-1) respectively, whereas the overall inhibition constant K i(*) was 27 ± 1 nM. The conformational changes induced upon inhibitor binding to xyloglucanase were monitored by fluorescence analysis and the rate constants derived were in agreement with the kinetic data. The abolished isoindole fluorescence of o-phthalaldehyde (OPTA)-labeled xyloglucanase and far UV analysis suggested that pepstatin binds to the active site of the enzyme. Our results revealed that the inactivation of xyloglucanase is due to the interference in the electronic microenvironment and disruption of the hydrogen-bonding network between the essential histidine and other residues involved in catalysis.
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Aoki W, Kitahara N, Miura N, Morisaka H, Yamamoto Y, Kuroda K, Ueda M. Candida albicans possesses Sap7 as a pepstatin A-insensitive secreted aspartic protease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32513. [PMID: 22384266 PMCID: PMC3287985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans, a commensal organism, is a part of the normal flora of healthy individuals. However, once the host immunity is compromised, C. albicans opportunistically causes recurrent superficial or fatal systemic candidiasis. Secreted aspartic proteases (Sap), encoded by 10 types of SAP genes, have been suggested to contribute to various virulence processes. Thus, it is important to elucidate their biochemical properties for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that how Sap isozymes damage host tissues. Methodology/Principal Findings The SAP7 gene was cloned from C. albicans SC5314 and heterogeneously produced by Pichia pastoris. Measurement of Sap7 proteolytic activity using the FRETS-25Ala library showed that Sap7 was a pepstatin A-insensitive protease. To understand why Sap7 was insensitive to pepstatin A, alanine substitution mutants of Sap7 were constructed. We found that M242A and T467A mutants had normal proteolytic activity and sensitivity to pepstatin A. M242 and T467 were located in close proximity to the entrance to an active site, and alanine substitution at these positions widened the entrance. Our results suggest that this alteration might allow increased accessibility of pepstatin A to the active site. This inference was supported by the observation that the T467A mutant has stronger proteolytic activity than the wild type. Conclusions/Significance We found that Sap7 was a pepstatin A-insensitive protease, and that M242 and T467 restricted the accessibility of pepstatin A to the active site. This finding will lead to the development of a novel protease inhibitor beyond pepstatin A. Such a novel inhibitor will be an important research tool as well as pharmaceutical agent for patients suffering from candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aoki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao Kitahara
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Natsuko Miura
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morisaka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Industrial Technology Center, Kyoto Municipal Institute of Industrial Technology and Culture, Simogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kuroda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Acidophilic bacteria and archaea: acid stable biocatalysts and their potential applications. Extremophiles 2011; 16:1-19. [PMID: 22080280 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acidophiles are ecologically and economically important group of microorganisms, which thrive in acidic natural (solfataric fields, sulfuric pools) as well as artificial man-made (areas associated with human activities such as mining of coal and metal ores) environments. They possess networked cellular adaptations to regulate pH inside the cell. Several extracellular enzymes from acidophiles are known to be functional at much lower pH than the cytoplasmic pH. Enzymes like amylases, proteases, ligases, cellulases, xylanases, α-glucosidases, endoglucanases, and esterases stable at low pH are known from various acidophilic microbes. The possibility of improving them by genetic engineering and directed evolution will further boost their industrial applications. Besides biocatalysts, other biomolecules such as plasmids, rusticynin, and maltose-binding protein have also been reported from acidophiles. Some strategies for circumventing the problems encountered in expressing genes encoding proteins from extreme acidophiles have been suggested. The investigations on the analysis of crystal structures of some acidophilic proteins have thrown light on their acid stability. Attempts are being made to use thermoacidophilic microbes for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. The enzymes from acidophiles are mainly used in polymer degradation.
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Liang Z, Sorribas A, Sulzmaier FJ, Jiménez JI, Wang X, Sauvage T, Yoshida WY, Wang G, Ramos JW, Williams PG. Stictamides A-C, MMP12 inhibitors containing 4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid subunits. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3635-43. [PMID: 21500817 DOI: 10.1021/jo200241h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An extensive study of the secondary metabolites produced by a new Sticta sp. of lichen has led to the isolation of three new compounds containing the 4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid residue (Ahppa). The structures of stictamides A-C (1-3) were assigned by 2D NMR spectroscopic and chemical methods. Due to extensive epimerization of the Ahppa residue observed after acid hydrolysis, the configuration of this unit was deduced through conversion of 1 to an appropriate derivative and application of our recently developed statine NMR database. Evaluation of stictamide A against a panel of disease-relevant proteases showed that it inhibited MMP12 at 2.3 μM and significantly reduced invasion in the human glioma cell line U87MG. Docking studies suggest that stictamide A inhibits MMP12 by a non-zinc-binding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Liang
- Departmentsof Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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Szecsi PB. The aspartic proteases. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519209104650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tang J, Lin Y, Co E, Hartsuck JA, Lin X. Understanding HIV protease: Can it be translated into effective therapy against AIDS? Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519209104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Quantitative determination and localization of cathepsin D and its inhibitors. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 47:153-77. [PMID: 19995700 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature survey was performed of the methods of quantitative assessment of the activity and concentration of cathepsin D and its inhibitors. Usefulness of non-modified and modified proteins and synthetic peptides as measurement substrates was evaluated. The survey includes also chemical and immunochemical methods used to determine the distribution of cathepsin D and its inhibitors in cells and tissues.
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Suchý M, Ta R, Li AX, Wojciechowski F, Pasternak SH, Bartha R, Hudson RHE. A paramagnetic chemical exchange-based MRI probe metabolized by cathepsin D: design, synthesis and cellular uptake studies. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2560-6. [PMID: 20485791 DOI: 10.1039/b926639a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the aspartyl protease cathepsin D is associated with certain cancers and Alzheimer's disease; thus, it is a potentially useful imaging biomarker for disease. A dual fluorescence/MRI probe for the potential detection of localized cathepsin D activity has been synthesized. The probe design includes both MRI and optical reporter groups connected to a cell penetrating peptide by a cathepsin D cleavable sequence. This design results in the selective intracellular deposition (determined fluorimetrically) of the MRI and optical reporter groups in the presence of overexpressed cathepsin D. The probe also provided clearly detectable in vitro MRI contrast by the mechanism of paramagnetic chemical exchange effects (OPARACHEE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojmír Suchý
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Shelton CC, Tian Y, Shum D, Radu C, Djaballah H, Li YM. A miniaturized 1536-well format gamma-secretase assay. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 7:461-70. [PMID: 19715456 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2009.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma-Secretase is an aspartyl protease that cleaves multiple substrates including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the Notch proteins. Abnormal proteolysis of APP is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and overactive Notch signaling plays an oncogenic role in a variety of cancers. gamma-Secretase has emerged as a promising target for drug development in the treatment of AD and cancer. Assays with increased capacity for high-throughput screening would allow for quicker screening of chemical libraries and facilitate inhibitor development. We have developed a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF)-based assay that makes use of a novel biotinylated recombinant APP substrate and solubilized membrane preparation as the source of the gamma-secretase enzyme. The assay was miniaturized to a 1536-well format and validated in a pilot screen against a library of approximately 3,000 compounds. The overall assay performance was robust due to a calculated Z' factor of 0.74 and its demonstrated ability to identify known gamma-secretase inhibitors such as pepstatin A. This validated assay can readily be used for primary screening against large chemical libraries searching for novel inhibitors of gamma-secretase activity that may represent potential therapeutics for AD and a variety of neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Shelton
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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