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Sobala A, Hutvagner G. Transfer RNA-derived fragments: origins, processing, and functions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2011; 2:853-62. [PMID: 21976287 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deep sequencing approaches have revealed multiple types of small RNAs with known and unknown functions. In this review we focus on a recently identified group of small RNAs that are derived from transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA fragments (tRFs). We review the mechanism of their processing and their functions in mammalian cells, and highlight points of possible cross-talk between tRFs and the canonical small RNA pathway characterized by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). We also propose a nomenclature that is based on their processing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sobala
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Dundee University, Dundee, UK
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2
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WOODLEY CL, ROYCHOWDHURY M, OLSEN KW, WAHBA AJ, MACRAE TH. Protein Synthesis in Brine Shrimp Embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb06371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Among the 3 billion base pairs of the human genome, there are approximately 30,000-40,000 protein-coding genes, but the function of at least half of them remains unknown. A new tool - short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) - has now been developed for systematically deciphering the functions and interactions of these thousands of genes. siRNAs are an intermediate of RNA interference, the process by which double-stranded RNA silences homologous genes. Although the use of siRNAs to silence genes in vertebrate cells was only reported a year ago, the emerging literature indicates that most vertebrate genes can be studied with this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McManus
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 40 Ames Street E17-526, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Koesters R, Adams V, Betts D, Moos R, Schmid M, Siermann A, Hassam S, Weitz S, Lichter P, Heitz PU, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Briner J. Human eukaryotic initiation factor EIF2C1 gene: cDNA sequence, genomic organization, localization to chromosomal bands 1p34-p35, and expression. Genomics 1999; 61:210-8. [PMID: 10534406 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of the human eukaryotic protein translation initiation factor EIF2C1 gene. The human EIF2C1 gene consists of 19 exons and 18 introns that span a region of almost 50 kb. It is located on the short arm of chromosome 1 in the region 1p34-p35. This genomic region is frequently lost in human cancers such as Wilms tumors, neuroblastoma, and carcinomas of the breast, liver, and colon. The human EIF2C1 gene is ubiquitously expressed at low to medium levels. Differential polyadenylation and splicing result in a complex transcriptional pattern. The cDNA sequence is 7478 bp long and contains an extremely large 3' untranslated region of 4799 bp with multiple, short repeated segments composed of mono-, tri-, or quattronucleotides interspersed throughout. The human EIF2C1 gene belongs to a multigene family in human. It is highly conserved during evolution, sharing about 90% identity with rabbit eIF2C and 70% identity with plant AGO1 at the amino acid level. These facts suggest that human EIF2C1 might play an important physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koesters
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Rabbit eIF2C (94kDa) has been shown to play important roles in the eukaryotic peptide chain initiation process. In this study, the primary structure of rabbit eIF2C is determined by cDNA cloning. Based on the partial amino acid sequences of Endolys C cleaved fragments, degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized and used as primers for the polymerase chain reaction to amplify the corresponding cDNA fragment from a rabbit liver cDNA library. This fragment was subsequently used to screen for larger cDNAs. Marathon cDNA amplification and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends were used to confirm the translation start site. Sequences from the overlapping clones were assembled into a 3599-bp composite sequence, which contains a single open reading frame that translates into a 813-deduced amino acid sequence. Northern blot analysis of rabbit liver ploy(A)+ RNA yielded a single message species at approximately 4.6kb. Western blot analysis of rabbit reticulocyte lysate using polyclonal antibody against the 94kDa eIF2C detected a higher-molecular-weight polypeptide (140kDa). No 94kDa polypeptide was detected. The cloned cDNA was further characterized by in-vitro transcription-coupled translation in reticulocyte lysate. The translated product was precipitated with antibodies against eIF2C. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicates that the rabbit eIF2C is a single copy gene. Sequence analysis reveals that rabbit eIF2C has strong homology with a hypothetical protein in Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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6
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Azuma K, Ariki M, Miyauchi T, Usui H, Takeda M, Semba K, Matsuzawa Y, Yamamoto T, Toyoshima K. Purification and characterization of a rat liver membrane tyrosine-protein kinase, the possible protooncogene c-yes product, p60c-yes. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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7
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Roy AL, Chakrabarti D, Datta B, Hileman RE, Gupta NK. Natural mRNA is required for directing Met-tRNA(f) binding to 40S ribosomal subunits in animal cells: involvement of Co-eIF-2A in natural mRNA-directed initiation complex formation. Biochemistry 1988; 27:8203-9. [PMID: 3233204 DOI: 10.1021/bi00421a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two protein factors, eIF-2 as well as a high molecular weight protein complex from reticulocyte ribosomal high-salt wash which we term Co-eIF-2, promote Met-tRNA(f) binding to 40S ribosomes. This binding is dependent on the presence of an AUG codon or natural mRNAs [Roy et al. (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122, 1418-1425]. Co-eIF-2 contains two component activities, Co-eIF-2A and Co-eIF-2C. Previously, we have purified an 80-kDa polypeptide containing Co-eIF-2A activity and showed that this polypeptide is a component of Co-eIF-2 and is responsible for Co-eIF-2A activity in Co-eIF-2 [Chakravarty et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6945-6949]. We now report purification of a protein complex (subunits of Mr 180K, 110K, 65K, 63K, 53K, 50K, 43K, and 40K) containing Co-eIF-2C activity and devoid of Co-eIF-2A activity. In SDS-PAGE, the purified Co-eIF-2C preparation and an eIF-3 preparation (purified in Dr. A. Wahba's laboratory) separated into seven similar major polypeptides (Mr 110K, 65K, 63K, 53K, 50K, 43K, and 40K). The 50-kDa polypeptide in Co-eIF-2C was immunoreactive with a monoclonal antibody against eIF-4A (50 kDa). We have studied the roles of purified Co-eIF-2A and Co-eIF-2C activities in ternary and Met-tRNA(f).40S ribosome complex formation. The results are as follows: (1) At low and presumably physiological factor concentration (30 nM), eIF-2 did not form detectable levels of ternary complex. Moreover, such complex formation was totally dependent on the presence of Co-eIF-2A and/or Co-eIF-2C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588-0304
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8
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Nasrin N, Ahmad MF, Nag MK, Tarburton P, Gupta NK. Protein synthesis in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification of Co-eIF-2A and 'mRNA-binding factor(s)' and studies of their roles in Met-tRNAf.40S.mRNA complex formation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 161:1-6. [PMID: 3096729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies prepared against a homogeneous preparation of Co-eIF-2A20 [Ahmad et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6955-6959] reacted with several polypeptides including an 80-kDa polypeptide present in a crude yeast ribosomal salt wash. This 80-kDa polypeptide, containing Co-eIF-2A (Co-eIF-2A80) activity, has been extensively purified using a two-step purification procedure involving an immunoaffinity column chromatograph prepared using antibodies against Co-eIF-2A20 (fraction II) and hydroxyapatite chromatography (fraction III). The factors, eIF-2 + homogeneous Co-eIF-2A80 (fraction III) promoted Met-tRNAf.40S complex formation with an AUG codon but not with a physiological mRNA or a polyribonucleotide messenger poly(U,G) whereas eIF-2 + a partially purified Co-eIF-2A80 preparation (fraction II) promoted Met-tRNAf.40S complex formation with an AUG codon as well as with globin mRNA and poly(U,G) messenger. This factor-promoted Met-tRNAf binding to 40S ribosomes depends absolutely on the presence of a polyribonucleotide messenger containing an initiation codon (such as AUG or GUG). Other polyribonucleotide messengers tested, such as poly(U), poly(A) and poly(A,C) were completely ineffective in this binding reaction. This result indicates that the Met-tRNAf.40S.mRNA complex is formed by a direct interaction between Met-tRNAf, 40S ribosomes and the initiation site in mRNA. A mechanism has been proposed for Met-tRNAf.40S.mRNA complex formation in yeast.
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Bagchi MK, Chakravarty I, Datta B, Chakrabarti D, Gupta NK. Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. A study of the mechanism of Co-eIF-2 action. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)95689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Chakravarty I, Bagchi MK, Roy R, Banerjee AC, Gupta NK. Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. Purification and properties of an Mr 80,000 polypeptide (Co-eIF-2A80) with Co-eIF-2A activity. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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A comparative study of the characteristics of eIF-2 and eIF-2-ancillary factor activities from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rabbit reticulocytes. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Ahmad MF, Nasrin N, Banerjee AC, Gupta NK. Purification and properties of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and its ancillary protein factor (Co-eIF-2A) from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Bagchi MK, Chakravarty I, Ahmad MF, Nasrin N, Banerjee AC, Olson C, Gupta NK. Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. A study of the roles of Co-eIF-2, Co-eIF-2A80, and GDP in peptide chain initiation. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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14
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Wheat germ eIF2 and CoeIF2. Resolution and functional characterization in in vitro protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Dasgupta A. Antibody to host factor precipitates poliovirus RNA polymerase from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Virology 1983; 128:252-9. [PMID: 6308896 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An antibody to a host cell protein (host factor) which inhibited the host factor-dependent transcription of poliovirion RNA was used to characterize the immunoprecipitated proteins from both uninfected and poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. The antibody specifically precipitated a major protein of approximately 67,000 Da and a 40,000-Da minor protein from uninfected HeLa cells. The immune serum also specifically precipitated poliovirus RNA polymerase (P63, NCVP4) from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells indicating an association of the viral RNA polymerase with the host factor in vivo. A physical interaction between purified host factor and P63 could also be demonstrated in vitro. The antibody was further used to determine the distribution of host factor among different subcellular fractions of HeLa cells. Most of the cellular host factor was present in the cytoplasmic fraction (70%). Approximately 30% of the total host factor was found to be associated with the ribosomes.
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Osterhout JJ, Lax SR, Ravel JM. Factors from wheat germ that enhance the activity of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2. Isolation and characterization of Co-eIF-2 alpha. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)82062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Voorma HO, Goumans H, Amesz H, Benne R. The control of the rate of initiation of eukaryotic protein synthesis. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1983; 22:51-70. [PMID: 6347527 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152822-5.50006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Feinberg B, McLaughlin CS, Moldave K. Analysis of temperature-sensitive mutant ts 187 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae altered in a component required for the initiation of protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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20
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Factors from wheat germ that enhance the activity of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2. Isolation and characterization of Co-eIF-2 beta. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Gonzatti-Haces MI, Traugh JA. Kinetics of Phosphorylation of eIF-2 by the hemin-controlled repressor and casein kinase II. Inhibition by hemin and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Studies on the mechanism of action of a eukaryotic codon-dependent factor specific for initiator Met-tRNAf and ribosomal 40 S subunits. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Das A, Bagchi M, Ghosh-Dastidar P, Gupta N. Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. A study of peptide chain initiation using native and beta-subunit-depleted eukaryotic initiation factor 2. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Das A, Bagchi M, Roy R, Ghosh-Dastidar P, Gupta NK. Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes XXXI: Purification of Co-eIF-2C and studies of its roles in peptide chain initiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 104:89-98. [PMID: 7073685 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)91944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gupta NK. Roles of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 ancillary factors in the regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1982; 21:1-33. [PMID: 6754267 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152821-8.50005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Roy R, Ghosh-Dastidar P, Das A, Yaghmai B, Gupta N. Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. Co-eIF-2A reverses mRNA inhibition of ternary complex (Met-tRNAf.eIF-2.GTP) formation by eIF-2. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Wu J. Control of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. Inhibition of polypeptide synthesis by ethanol. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Jagus R, Anderson WF, Safer B. The regulation of initiation of mammalian protein synthesis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1981; 25:127-85. [PMID: 6164076 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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29
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Ghosh-Dastidar P, Giblin D, Yaghmai B, Das A, Das H, Parkhurst L, Gupta N. Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. A study of the mechanism of interreaction of fluorescently labeled co-eIF-2A with eIF-2 using fluorescence polarization. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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30
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Pain V, Lewis J, Huvos P, Henshaw E, Clemens M. The effects of amino acid starvation on regulation of polypeptide chain initiation in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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31
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Wu JM. Certain phosphorylated sugars can prevent the mRNA-induced inhibition of Met-tRNA f Met binding to initiation factor eIF-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 92:452-8. [PMID: 6898441 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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32
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Clemens MJ, Echetebu CO, Tilleray VJ, Pain VM. Stimulation of initiation factor eIF-2 by a rat liver protein with GDPase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 92:60-7. [PMID: 6101948 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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33
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Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. Demonstration of the requirements for eIF-2 and Co-eIF-2A for peptide chain initiation using immune sera. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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34
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Malathi VG, Mazumder R. An Artemia salina factor which counteracts the mRNA-induced inhibition of initiator Met-tRNA binding to initiation factor eIF-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 89:585-90. [PMID: 258601 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)90670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Dasgupta A, Das A, Roy R, Ralston R, Majumdar A, Gupta NK. Purification and properties of rabbit reticulocyte initiation factor Co-EIF-1. Methods Enzymol 1979; 60:53-61. [PMID: 572465 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(79)60007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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