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Ye W, Xu S, Liu Y, Ye Z. Role of endothelial glycocalyx in central nervous system diseases and evaluation of the targeted therapeutic strategies for its protection: a review of clinical and experimental data. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2024-0039. [PMID: 39034663 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia, and demyelinating diseases, are generally characterized by high morbidity and mortality, which impose a heavy economic burden on patients and their caregivers throughout their lives as well as on public health. The occurrence and development of CNS diseases are closely associated with a series of pathophysiological changes including inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and abnormal coagulation. Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) plays a key role in these changes, making it a novel intervention target for CNS diseases. Herein, we review the current understanding of the role of EG in common CNS diseases, from the perspective of individual pathways/cytokines in pathophysiological and systematic processes. Furthermore, we emphasize the recent developments in therapeutic agents targeted toward protection or restoration of EG. Some of these treatments have yielded unexpected pharmacological results, as previously unknown mechanisms underlying the degradation and destruction of EG has been brought to light. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulative, and antioxidation effects of EG and its protective role exerted via the blood-brain barrier have been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Shang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 117742The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Ziming Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
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2
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Chen Y, Gu M, Patterson J, Zhang R, Statz JK, Reed E, Abutarboush R, Ahlers ST, Kawoos U. Temporal Alterations in Cerebrovascular Glycocalyx and Cerebral Blood Flow after Exposure to a High-Intensity Blast in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3580. [PMID: 38612392 PMCID: PMC11011510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a proteoglycan-glycoprotein structure lining the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium and is susceptible to damage due to blast overpressure (BOP) exposure. The glycocalyx is essential in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the vasculature and regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Assessment of alterations in the density of the glycocalyx; its components (heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG/syndecan-2), heparan sulphate (HS), and chondroitin sulphate (CS)); CBF; and the effect of hypercapnia on CBF was conducted at 2-3 h, 1, 3, 14, and 28 days after a high-intensity (18.9 PSI/131 kPa peak pressure, 10.95 ms duration, and 70.26 PSI·ms/484.42 kPa·ms impulse) BOP exposure in rats. A significant reduction in the density of the glycocalyx was observed 2-3 h, 1-, and 3 days after the blast exposure. The glycocalyx recovered by 28 days after exposure and was associated with an increase in HS (14 and 28 days) and in HSPG/syndecan-2 and CS (28 days) in the frontal cortex. In separate experiments, we observed significant decreases in CBF and a diminished response to hypercapnia at all time points with some recovery at 3 days. Given the role of the glycocalyx in regulating physiological function of the cerebral vasculature, damage to the glycocalyx after BOP exposure may result in the onset of pathogenesis and progression of cerebrovascular dysfunction leading to neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Ming Gu
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Jacob Patterson
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- Parsons Corporation, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Statz
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Eileen Reed
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- Parsons Corporation, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ahlers
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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Wishart TFL, Lovicu FJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of the ocular lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101118. [PMID: 36068128 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) reside in most cells; on their surface, in the pericellular milieu and/or extracellular matrix. In the eye, HSPGs can orchestrate the activity of key signalling molecules found in the ocular environment that promote its development and homeostasis. To date, our understanding of the specific roles played by individual HSPG family members, and the heterogeneity of their associated sulfated HS chains, is in its infancy. The crystalline lens is a relatively simple and well characterised ocular tissue that provides an ideal stage to showcase and model the expression and unique roles of individual HSPGs. Individual HSPG core proteins are differentially localised to eye tissues in a temporal and spatial developmental- and cell-type specific manner, and their loss or functional disruption results in unique phenotypic outcomes for the lens, and other ocular tissues. More recent work has found that different HS sulfation enzymes are also presented in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, and that disruption of these different sulfation patterns affects specific HS-protein interactions. Not surprisingly, these sulfated HS chains have also been reported to be required for lens and eye development, with dysregulation of HS chain structure and function leading to pathogenesis and eye-related phenotypes. In the lens, HSPGs undergo significant and specific changes in expression and function that can drive pathology, or in some cases, promote tissue repair. As master signalling regulators, HSPGs may one day serve as valuable biomarkers, and even as putative targets for the development of novel therapeutics, not only for the eye but for many other systemic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler F L Wishart
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Gianesini S, Rimondi E, Raffetto JD, Melloni E, Pellati A, Menegatti E, Avruscio GP, Bassetto F, Costa AL, Rockson S. Human collecting lymphatic glycocalyx identification by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3022. [PMID: 36810649 PMCID: PMC9945466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood flow is translated into biochemical inflammatory or anti-inflammatory signals based onshear stress type, by means of sensitive endothelial receptors. Recognition of the phenomenon is of paramount importance for enhanced insights into the pathophysiological processes of vascular remodeling. The endothelial glycocalyx is a pericellular matrix, identified in both arteries and veins, acting collectively as a sensor responsive to blood flow changes. Venous and lymphatic physiology is interconnected; however, to our knowledge, a lymphatic glycocalyx structure has never been identified in humans. The objective of this investigation is to identify glycocalyx structures from ex vivo lymphatic human samples. Lower limb vein and lymphatic vessels were harvested. The samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The specimens were also examined by immunohistochemistry. Transmission electron microscopy identified a glycocalyx structure in human venous and lymphatic samples. Immunohistochemistry for podoplanin, glypican-1, mucin-2, agrin and brevican characterized lymphatic and venous glycocalyx-like structures. To our knowledge, the present work reports the first identification of a glycocalyx-like structure in human lymphatic tissue. The vasculoprotective action of the glycocalyx could become an investigational target in the lymphatic system as well, with clinical implications for the many patients affected by lymphatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gianesini
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Translational Medicine, LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy ,grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA
| | - E. Rimondi
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Translational Medicine, LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J. D. Raffetto
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XSurgery Department, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - E. Melloni
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Translational Medicine, LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - A. Pellati
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Translational Medicine, LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E. Menegatti
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Environmental Sciences and Prevention Department, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G. P. Avruscio
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Hospital-University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - F. Bassetto
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Neuroscience, Clinic of Plastic Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. L. Costa
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Neuroscience, Clinic of Plastic Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - S. Rockson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
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Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Kij A, Olkowicz M, Fels B, Kusche-Vihrog K, Walczak M, Chlopicki S. Simultaneous quantification of selected glycosaminoglycans by butanolysis-based derivatization and LC-SRM/MS analysis for assessing glycocalyx disruption in vitro and in vivo. Talanta 2022; 238:123008. [PMID: 34857342 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) constitute the main building blocks of the endothelial glycocalyx (GLX), and disruption of GLX initiates and promotes endothelial dysfunction. Here, we aimed to develop a novel, specific and accurate LC-SRM/MS-based method for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) profiling. The method involved butanolysis derivatization to facilitate GAG-specific disaccharide generation and its subsequent retention in LC-reversed-phase mode followed by mass spectrometric detection performed in positive ion-selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. GAG contents were measured in media of endothelial cells (EA.hy926) subjected to various GAG-degrading enzymes, as well as in murine plasma and urine in apolipoprotein E/low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (ApoE/LDLR -/-) mice and age-matched wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Alternatively, GLX disruption was verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based analysis of GLX thickness. The proposed assay to quantify GAG-specific disaccharides presented high sensitivity for each of the analytes (LLOQ: 0.05-0.1 μg/mL) as well as accuracy and precision (86.8-114.9% and 2.0-14.3%, respectively). In medium of EA.hy926 cells subjected to GAG-degrading enzymes various GAG-specific disaccharides indicating the degradation of keratan sulphate (KS), heparan sulphate (HS), chondroitin sulphate (CHS) or hyaluronan (HA) were detected as predicted based on the characteristics of individual enzyme activity. In turn, AFM-based assessment of GLX thickness was reduced to a similar extent by all single enzyme treatments, whereas the most prominent reduction of GLX thickness was detected following the enzyme mixture. Plasma measurements of GAGs revealed age- and hypercholesterolemia-dependent decrease in GAGs concentration. In summary, a novel LC-SRM/MS-based method for GAG profiling was proposed that may inform on GLX status in cell culture for both in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Benedikt Fels
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institut für Physiologie, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Gebäude 61, D-23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institut für Physiologie, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Gebäude 61, D-23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair of Pharmacology, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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6
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Jin J, Fang F, Gao W, Chen H, Wen J, Wen X, Chen J. The Structure and Function of the Glycocalyx and Its Connection With Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:739699. [PMID: 34690703 PMCID: PMC8529036 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.739699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial glycocalyx is a dense, bush-like structure that is synthesized and secreted by endothelial cells and evenly distributed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly composed of pericytes endothelial cells, glycocalyx, basement membranes, and astrocytes. The glycocalyx in the BBB plays an indispensable role in many important physiological functions, including vascular permeability, inflammation, blood coagulation, and the synthesis of nitric oxide. Damage to the fragile glycocalyx can lead to increased permeability of the BBB, tissue edema, glial cell activation, up-regulation of inflammatory chemokines expression, and ultimately brain tissue damage, leading to increased mortality. This article reviews the important role that glycocalyx plays in the physiological function of the BBB. The review may provide some basis for the research direction of neurological diseases and a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Zhejiang Center for Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuquan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanjian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Wen
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfa Chen
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Syndecan-1 (CD138), Carcinomas and EMT. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084227. [PMID: 33921767 PMCID: PMC8072910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteoglycans are known to be important regulators of many aspects of cell behavior. The principal family of transmembrane proteoglycans is the syndecans, of which there are four in mammals. Syndecan-1 is mostly restricted to epithelia, and bears heparan sulfate chains that are capable of interacting with a large array of polypeptides, including extracellular matrix components and potent mediators of proliferation, adhesion and migration. For this reason, it has been studied extensively with respect to carcinomas and tumor progression. Frequently, but not always, syndecan-1 levels decrease as tumor grade, stage and invasiveness and dedifferentiation increase. This parallels experiments that show depletion of syndecan-1 can be accompanied by loss of cadherin-mediated adhesion. However, in some tumors, levels of syndecan-1 increase, but the characterization of its distribution is relevant. There can be loss of membrane staining, but acquisition of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining that is abnormal. Moreover, the appearance of syndecan-1 in the tumor stroma, either associated with its cellular component or the collagenous matrix, is nearly always a sign of poor prognosis. Given its relevance to myeloma progression, syndecan-1-directed antibody—toxin conjugates are being tested in clinical and preclinical trials, and may have future relevance to some carcinomas.
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Metabolic Glycoengineering in hMSC-TERT as a Model for Skeletal Precursors by Using Modified Azide/Alkyne Monosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062820. [PMID: 33802220 PMCID: PMC7999278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic glycoengineering enables a directed modification of cell surfaces by introducing target molecules to surface proteins displaying new features. Biochemical pathways involving glycans differ in dependence on the cell type; therefore, this technique should be tailored for the best results. We characterized metabolic glycoengineering in telomerase-immortalized human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC-TERT) as a model for primary hMSC, to investigate its applicability in TERT-modified cell lines. The metabolic incorporation of N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManNAz) and N-alkyneacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManNAl) into the glycocalyx as a first step in the glycoengineering process revealed no adverse effects on cell viability or gene expression, and the in vitro multipotency (osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential) was maintained under these adapted culture conditions. In the second step, glycoengineered cells were modified with fluorescent dyes using Cu-mediated click chemistry. In these analyses, the two mannose derivatives showed superior incorporation efficiencies compared to glucose and galactose isomers. In time-dependent experiments, the incorporation of Ac4ManNAz was detectable for up to six days while Ac4ManNAl-derived metabolites were absent after two days. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the successful metabolic glycoengineering of immortalized hMSC resulting in transient cell surface modifications, and thus present a useful model to address different scientific questions regarding glycosylation processes in skeletal precursors.
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Moore KH, Murphy HA, George EM. The glycocalyx: a central regulator of vascular function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R508-R518. [PMID: 33501896 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a specialized extracellular matrix that covers the apical side of vascular endothelial cells, projecting into the lumen of blood vessels. The composition of the glycocalyx has been studied in great detail, and it is known to be composed of a mixture of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins. Although this structure was once believed to be a passive physical barrier, it is now recognized as a multifunctional and dynamic structure that participates in many vascular processes, including but not limited to vascular permeability, inflammation, thrombosis, mechanotransduction, and cytokine signaling. Because of its participation in many physiological and pathophysiological states, comprehensive knowledge of the glycocalyx will aid future vascular biologists in their research. With that in mind, this review discusses the biochemical structure of the glycocalyx and its function in many vascular physiological processes. We also briefly review a more recent discovery in glycocalyx biology, the placental glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Moore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Hayley A Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Korakas E, Ikonomidis I, Markakis K, Raptis A, Dimitriadis G, Lambadiari V. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Key Mediator of Albumin Handling and the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:619-631. [PMID: 31889495 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666191224120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a complex mesh of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and other soluble components, which cover the vascular endothelium. It plays an important role in many physiological processes including vascular permeability, transduction of shear stress and interaction of blood cells and other molecules with the vascular wall. Its complex structure makes its precise assessment challenging, and many different visualization techniques have been used with varying results. Diabetes, one of the main disease models where disorders of the glycocalyx are present, causes degradation of the glycocalyx through a variety of molecular pathways and especially through oxidative stress due to the action of reactive oxygen species. As the glycocalyx has been primarily studied in the glomerular endothelium, more evidence points towards a vital role in albumin handling and, consequently, in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the maintenance or restoration of the integrity of the glycocalyx seems a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we consider the structural and functional capacities of the endothelial glycocalyx, the available methods for its evaluation, the mechanisms through which diabetes leads to glycocalyx degradation and albuminuria, and possible treatment options targeting the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Rangarajan S, Richter JR, Richter RP, Bandari SK, Tripathi K, Vlodavsky I, Sanderson RD. Heparanase-enhanced Shedding of Syndecan-1 and Its Role in Driving Disease Pathogenesis and Progression. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:823-840. [PMID: 32623935 PMCID: PMC7711244 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both heparanase and syndecan-1 are known to be present and active in disease pathobiology. An important feature of syndecan-1 related to its role in pathologies is that it can be shed from the surface of cells as an intact ectodomain composed of the extracellular core protein and attached heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains. Shed syndecan-1 remains functional and impacts cell behavior both locally and distally from its cell of origin. Shedding of syndecan-1 is initiated by a variety of stimuli and accomplished predominantly by the action of matrix metalloproteinases. The accessibility of these proteases to the core protein of syndecan-1 is enhanced, and shedding facilitated, when the heparan sulfate chains of syndecan-1 have been shortened by the enzymatic activity of heparanase. Interestingly, heparanase also enhances shedding by upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Recent studies have revealed that heparanase-induced syndecan-1 shedding contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of cancer and viral infection, as well as other septic and non-septic inflammatory states. This review discusses the heparanase/shed syndecan-1 axis in disease pathogenesis and progression, the potential of targeting this axis therapeutically, and the possibility that this axis is widespread and of influence in many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Israel Vlodavsky
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, and Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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12
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Timmen M, Hidding H, Götte M, Khassawna TE, Kronenberg D, Stange R. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan-1 influences local bone cell communication via the RANKL/OPG axis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20510. [PMID: 33239699 PMCID: PMC7688641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan-1, a mediator of signals between the extracellular matrix and cells involved is able to interact with OPG, one of the major regulators of osteoclastogenesis. The potential of osteoblasts to induce osteoclastogenesis is characterized by a switch of OPG (low osteoclastogenic potential) towards RANKL production (high osteoclastogenic potential). In the present study, we investigated the influence of endogenous Syndecan-1 on local bone-cell-communication via the RANKL/OPG-axis in murine osteoblasts and osteoclasts in wild type and Syndecan-1 lacking cells. Syndecan-1 expression and secretion was increased in osteoblasts with high osteoclastogenic potential. Syndecan-1 deficiency led to increased OPG release by osteoblasts that decreased the availability of RANKL. In co-cultures of Syndecan-1 deficient osteoblasts with osteoclast these increased OPG in supernatant caused decreased development of osteoclasts. Syndecan-1 and RANKL level were increased in serum of aged WT mice, whereas Syndecan-1 deficient mice showed high serum OPG concentration. However, bone structure of Syndecan-1 deficient mice was not different compared to wild type. In conclusion, Syndecan-1 could be regarded as a new modulator of bone-cell-communication via RANKL/OPG axis. This might be of high impact during bone regeneration or bone diseases like cancer where Syndecan-1 expression is known to be even more prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Timmen
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Heriburg Hidding
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thaqif El Khassawna
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kronenberg
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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13
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Ravikumar M, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Key Mediators of Stem Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581213. [PMID: 33330458 PMCID: PMC7710810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an evolutionarily ancient subclass of glycoproteins with exquisite structural complexity. They are ubiquitously expressed across tissues and have been found to exert a multitude of effects on cell behavior and the surrounding microenvironment. Evidence has shown that heterogeneity in HSPG composition is crucial to its functions as an essential scaffolding component in the extracellular matrix as well as a vital cell surface signaling co-receptor. Here, we provide an overview of the significance of HSPGs as essential regulators of stem cell function. We discuss the various roles of HSPGs in distinct stem cell types during key physiological events, from development through to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The contribution of aberrant HSPG production to altered stem cell properties and dysregulated cellular homeostasis characteristic of cancer is also reviewed. Finally, we consider approaches to better understand and exploit the multifaceted functions of HSPGs in influencing stem cell characteristics for cell therapy and associated culture expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanasa Ravikumar
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Syndecan-1 Promotes Hepatocyte-Like Differentiation of Hepatoma Cells Targeting Ets-1 and AP-1. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101356. [PMID: 32977498 PMCID: PMC7598270 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan which is indispensable in the structural and functional integrity of epithelia. Normal hepatocytes display strong cell surface expression of syndecan-1; however, upon malignant transformation, they may lose it from their cell surfaces. In this study, we demonstrate that re-expression of full-length or ectodomain-deleted syndecan-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells downregulates phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, with the truncated form exerting an even stronger effect than the full-length protein. Furthermore, overexpression of syndecan-1 in hepatoma cells is associated with a shift of heparan sulfate structure toward a highly sulfated type specific for normal liver. As a result, cell proliferation and proteolytic shedding of syndecan-1 from the cell surface are restrained, which facilitates redifferentiation of hepatoma cells to a more hepatocyte-like phenotype. Our results highlight the importance of syndecan-1 in the formation and maintenance of differentiated epithelial characteristics in hepatocytes partly via the HGF/ERK/Ets-1 signal transduction pathway. Downregulation of Ets-1 expression alone, however, was not sufficient to replicate the phenotype of syndecan-1 overexpressing cells, indicating the need for additional molecular mechanisms. Accordingly, a reporter gene assay revealed the inhibition of Ets-1 as well as AP-1 transcription factor-induced promoter activation, presumably an effect of the heparan sulfate switch.
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15
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Kleiser S, Nyström A. Interplay between Cell-Surface Receptors and Extracellular Matrix in Skin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1170. [PMID: 32796709 PMCID: PMC7465455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin consists of the epidermis and dermis, which are connected by a specialized basement membrane-the epidermal basement membrane. Both the epidermal basement membrane and the underlying interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) created by dermal fibroblasts contain distinct network-forming macromolecules. These matrices play various roles in order to maintain skin homeostasis and integrity. Within this complex interplay of cells and matrices, cell surface receptors play essential roles not only for inside-out and outside-in signaling, but also for establishing mechanical and biochemical properties of skin. Already minor modulations of this multifactorial cross-talk can lead to severe and systemic diseases. In this review, major epidermal and dermal cell surface receptors will be addressed with respect to their interactions with matrix components as well as their roles in fibrotic, inflammatory or tumorigenic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Kleiser
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Moore KH, Chapman H, George EM. Unfractionated heparin displaces sFlt-1 from the placental extracellular matrix. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:34. [PMID: 32600401 PMCID: PMC7325113 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) is an anti-angiogenic protein which is secreted by numerous cell types and acts as a decoy receptor for the angiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Despite its physiologic importance in maintaining angiogenic balance, excess sFlt-1 levels are associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially those with angiogenic imbalance, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension. Although sFlt-1 is a soluble protein, it contains a binding site for the extracellular matrix component heparan sulfate. This allows cells to retain and localize sFlt-1 in order to prevent excessive VEGF signaling. During pregnancy, placental syncytiotrophoblasts develop a large extracellular matrix which contains significant amounts of heparan sulfate. Consequently, the placenta becomes a potential storage site for large amounts of sFlt-1 bound to extracellular heparan sulfate. Additionally, it should be noted that sFlt-1 can bind to the anticoagulant unfractionated heparin due to its molecular mimicry to heparan sulfate. However, it remains unknown whether unfractionated heparin can compete with heparan sulfate for binding of localized sFlt-1. In this study, we hypothesized that administration of unfractionated heparin would displace and solubilize placental extracellular matrix(ECM)-bound sFlt-1. If unfractionated heparin can displace this large reservoir of sFlt-1 in the placenta and mobilized it into the maternal circulation, we should be able to observe its effects on maternal angiogenic balance and blood pressure. To test this hypothesis, we utilized in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo methods. Using the BeWo placental trophoblast cell line, we observed increased sFlt-1 in the media of cells treated with unfractionated heparin compared to controls. The increase in media sFlt-1 was found in conjunction with decreased localized cellular Flt (sFlt-1 and Flt-1) as measured by total cell fluorescence. Similar results were observed using ex vivo placental villous explants treated with unfractionated heparin. Real-time quantitative PCR of the explants showed no change in sFlt-1 or heparanase-1 mRNA expression, eliminating increased production and enzymatic cleavage of heparan sulfate as causes for sFlt-1 media increase. Timed-pregnant rats given a continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin exhibited an increased mean arterial pressure as well as decreased bioavailable VEGF compared to vehicle-treated animals. These data demonstrate that chronic unfractionated heparin treatment is able to displace matrix-bound sFlt-1 into the maternal circulation to such a degree that mean arterial pressure is significantly affected. Here we have shown that the placental ECM is a storage site for large quantities of sFlt-1, and that it should be carefully considered in future studies concerning angiogenic balance in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Moore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Heather Chapman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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17
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Gaudette S, Hughes D, Boller M. The endothelial glycocalyx: Structure and function in health and critical illness. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:117-134. [PMID: 32067360 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a narrative review of the current literature in reference to the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) and its contribution to the pathophysiology of conditions relevant to the veterinary emergency and critical care clinician. Novel therapies for restoring or preserving the EG will also be discussed. DATA SOURCES Online databases (PubMed, CAB abstracts, Scopus) were searched between January 1st 2017 and May 1st 2017 for English language articles without publication date restriction. Keywords included EG, endothelial surface layer, degradation, syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, critical illness, sepsis, trauma, and therapeutics. DATA SYNTHESIS The EG is a complex and important structure located on the luminal surface of all blood vessels throughout the body. It plays an important role in normal vascular homeostasis including control of fluid exchange across the vascular barrier. Loss or degradation of the EG has an impact on inflammation, coagulation, and vascular permeability and tone. These changes are essential components in the pathophysiology of many conditions including sepsis and trauma. A substantial body of experimental animal and human clinical research over the last decade has demonstrated increased circulating concentrations of EG degradation products in these conditions. However, veterinary-specific research into the EG and critical illness is currently lacking. The utility of EG degradation products as diagnostic and prognostic tools continues to be investigated and new therapies to preserve or improve EG structure and function are under development. CONCLUSIONS The recognition of the presence of the EG has changed our understanding of transvascular fluid flux and the pathophysiology of many conditions of critical illness. The EG is an exciting target for novel therapeutics to improve morbidity and mortality in conditions such as sepsis and trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gaudette
- U-Vet Animal Hospital, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Dez Hughes
- U-Vet Animal Hospital, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.,Translational Research and Clinical Trials (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Manuel Boller
- U-Vet Animal Hospital, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.,Translational Research and Clinical Trials (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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18
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Yang H, Xiong H, Mi K, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Chen G. The surface syndecan protein from Macrobrachium rosenbergii could function as mediator in bacterial infections. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:62-68. [PMID: 31704203 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the aquatic animal pathogens are numerous and specific, the pathogen invasion mechanisms are more complicated. The cell surface receptors play vital roles to understand these mechanisms. Syndecan is a cell surface protein and could function as a receptor involved bacteria and virus infections. But there are few studies on the function of syndecan in shrimp and their interaction with aquatic bacterial pathogens. In the present study, we identified a syndecan receptor gene from Macrobrachium rosenbergii and analyzed its functions during the bacterial infections. The MrSDC was expressed in various tissues and presented a constitutive expression distribution except in eyestalk. Recombinant MrSDC-his tag protein was expressed in the E. coli BL21 with pET30a/MrSDC plasmid and exhibited a broad bacterial binding activities. The inhibition of MrSDC expression by dsRNA interference and antibody blocked could significantly reduce the number of Aeromonas hydrophila in hepatopancreas compared with the control. The overexpression of MrSDC by mRNA injection could significantly increase the number of A. hydrophila. In addition, the functional role of syndecan heparan sulfate chains in bacterial recognition was also studied. After extra injection of heparan sulfate in vivo, the bacterial numbers and accumulative mortality of M. rosenbergii were significantly higher than control groups and exhibit a dose effect. All these data could indicate that the cell surface syndecan protein could function as mediator in bacterial infections by the heparan sulfate chains. Our present study will provide new insights into the functions of shrimp syndecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haoran Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kaihang Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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19
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Mouse Cytomegalovirus Differentially Exploits Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans in a Cell Type-Dependent and MCK-2-Independent Manner. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010031. [PMID: 31892128 PMCID: PMC7019585 DOI: 10.3390/v12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses initiate interaction with target cells by binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Heparan sulfate (HS) appears to be particularly important in fibroblasts, epithelial cells and endothelial cells, where it represents the dominant GAG. How GAGs influence viral infectivity in HS-poor target cells such as macrophages has not been clearly defined. Here, we show that mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) targets HS in susceptible fibroblasts and cultured salivary gland acinar cells (SGACs), but not in macrophage cell lines and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, where chondroitin sulfate was the dominant virus-binding GAG. MCK-2, an MCMV-encoded GAG-binding chemokine that promotes infection of macrophages as part of a gH/gL/MCK-2 entry complex, was dispensable for MCMV attachment to the cell surface and for direct infection of SGACs. Thus, MCMV tropism for target cells is markedly influenced by differential GAG expression, suggesting that the specificity of anti-GAG peptides now under development as HCMV therapeutics may need to be broadened for effective application as anti-viral agents.
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20
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Lipowsky HH. Relative shedding of glycosaminoglycans from the endothelial glycocalyx during inflammation and their contribution to stiffness of the glycocalyx. Biorheology 2019; 56:191-205. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-190225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Membrane tension regulates syndecan-1 expression through actin remodelling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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22
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Jenkins LM, Horst B, Lancaster CL, Mythreye K. Dually modified transmembrane proteoglycans in development and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 39:124-136. [PMID: 29291930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cell signaling in response to secreted growth factors has been linked to the development of multiple diseases, including cancer. As such, understanding mechanisms that control growth factor availability and receptor-growth factor interaction is vital. Dually modified transmembrane proteoglycans (DMTPs), which are classified as cell surface macromolecules composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked heparan sulfated (HS) and/or chondroitin sulfated (CS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, provide one type of regulatory mechanism. Specifically, DMTPs betaglycan and syndecan-1 (SDC1) play crucial roles in modulating key cell signaling pathways, such as Wnt, transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor signaling, to affect epithelial cell biology and cancer progression. This review outlines current and potential functions for betaglycan and SDC1, with an emphasis on comparing individual roles for HS and CS modified DMTPs. We highlight the mutual dependence of DMTPs' GAG chains and core proteins and provide comprehensive knowledge on how these DMTPs, through regulation of ligand availability and receptor internalization, control cell signaling pathways involved in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Ben Horst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Carly L Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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23
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Derler R, Gesslbauer B, Weber C, Strutzmann E, Miller I, Kungl A. Glycosaminoglycan-Mediated Downstream Signaling of CXCL8 Binding to Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122605. [PMID: 29207576 PMCID: PMC5751208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of leukocytes, mediated by endothelium bound chemokine gradients, is a vital process in inflammation. The highly negatively charged, unbranched polysaccharide family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate mediate chemokine immobilization. Specifically the binding of CXCL8 (interleukin 8) to GAGs on endothelial cell surfaces is known to regulate neutrophil recruitment. Currently, it is not clear if binding of CXCL8 to GAGs leads to endothelial downstream signaling in addition to the typical CXCR1/CXCR2 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 and 2)-mediated signaling which activates neutrophils. Here we have investigated the changes in protein expression of human microvascular endothelial cells induced by CXCL8. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) stimulation was used to mimic an inflammatory state which allowed us to identify syndecan-4 (SDC4) as the potential proteoglycan co-receptor of CXCL8 by gene array, real-time PCR and flow cytometry experiments. Enzymatic GAG depolymerization via heparinase III and chondroitinase ABC was used to emulate the effect of glycocalyx remodeling on CXCL8-induced endothelial downstream signaling. Proteomic analyses showed changes in the expression pattern of a number of endothelial proteins such as Zyxin and Caldesmon involved in cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion and cell mobility. These results demonstrate for the first time a potential role of GAG-mediated endothelial downstream signaling in addition to the well-known CXCL8-CXCR1/CXCR2 signaling pathways in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Derler
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Bernd Gesslbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Corinna Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Strutzmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Kungl
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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24
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Zarska M, Novotny F, Havel F, Sramek M, Babelova A, Benada O, Novotny M, Saran H, Kuca K, Musilek K, Hvezdova Z, Dzijak R, Vancurova M, Krejcikova K, Gabajova B, Hanzlikova H, Kyjacova L, Bartek J, Proska J, Hodny Z. Two-Step Mechanism of Cellular Uptake of Cationic Gold Nanoparticles Modified by (16-Mercaptohexadecyl)trimethylammonium Bromide. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2558-2574. [PMID: 27602782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cationic colloidal gold nanorods (GNRs) have a great potential as a theranostic tool for diverse medical applications. GNRs' properties such as cellular internalization and stability are determined by physicochemical characteristics of their surface coating. GNRs modified by (16-mercaptohexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (MTAB), MTABGNRs, show excellent cellular uptake. Despite their promise for biomedicine, however, relatively little is known about the cellular pathways that facilitate the uptake of GNRs, their subcellular fate and intracellular persistence. Here we studied the mechanism of cellular internalization and long-term fate of GNRs coated with MTAB, for which the synthesis was optimized to give higher yield, in various human cell types including normal diploid versus cancerous, and dividing versus nondividing (senescent) cells. The process of MTABGNRs internalization into their final destination in lysosomes proceeds in two steps: (1) fast passive adhesion to cell membrane mediated by sulfated proteoglycans occurring within minutes and (2) slower active transmembrane and intracellular transport of individual nanorods via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and of aggregated nanorods via macropinocytosis. The expression of sulfated proteoglycans was the major factor determining the extent of uptake by the respective cell types. Upon uptake into proliferating cells, MTABGNRs were diluted equally and relatively rapidly into daughter cells; however, in nondividing/senescent cells the loss of MTABGNRs was gradual and very modest, attributable mainly to exocytosis. Exocytosed MTABGNRs can again be internalized. These findings broaden our knowledge about cellular uptake of gold nanorods, a crucial prerequisite for future successful engineering of nanoparticles for biomedical applications such as photothermal cancer therapy or elimination of senescent cells as part of the emerging rejuvenation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zarska
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotny
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague , CZ-115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Havel
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague , CZ-115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sramek
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Babelova
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences , 945 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Oldrich Benada
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove , 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital , CZ-500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hilal Saran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove , 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove , 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital , CZ-500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove , 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital , CZ-500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hvezdova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Dzijak
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vancurova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Krejcikova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Gabajova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hanzlikova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kyjacova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center , DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science For Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute , 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jan Proska
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague , CZ-115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Hodny
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i. , CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Nikolovska K, Spillmann D, Seidler DG. Uronyl 2-O sulfotransferase potentiates Fgf2-induced cell migration. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:460-71. [PMID: 25480151 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.152660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2) is involved in several biological functions. Fgf2 requires glycosaminoglycans, like chondroitin and dermatan sulfates (hereafter denoted CS/DS) as co-receptors. CS/DS are linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units [-4GlcUAb1-3-GalNAc-b1-] and [-4IdoUAa1-3-GalNAc-b1-],which can be sulfated. Uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Ust)introduces sulfation at the C2 of IdoUA and GlcUA resulting inover-sulfated units. Here, we investigated the role of Ust-mediated CS/DS 2-O sulfation in Fgf2-induced cell migration. We found that CHO-K1 cells overexpressing Ust contain significantly more CS/DS2-O sulfated units, whereas Ust knockdown abolished CS/DS 2-O sulfation. These structural differences in CS/DS resulted in altered Fgf2 binding and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively). As a functional consequence of CS/DS 2-O sulfation and altered Fgf2 binding, cell migration and paxillin activation were increased. Inhibition of sulfation, knockdown of Ust and inhibition of FgfR resulted in reduced migration. Similarly, in 3T3 cells Fgf2 treatment increased migration, which was abolished by Ust knockdown. The proteoglycan controlling the CHO migration was syndecan 1. Knockdown of Sdc1 in CHO-K1 cells overexpressing Ust abolished cell migration.We conclude that the presence of distinctly sulfated CS/DS can tune the Fgf2 effect on cell migration.
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Heparanase-induced shedding of syndecan-1/CD138 in myeloma and endothelial cells activates VEGFR2 and an invasive phenotype: prevention by novel synstatins. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e202. [PMID: 26926788 PMCID: PMC5154350 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma arises when malignant plasma cells invade and form multiple tumors in the bone marrow. High levels of heparanase (HPSE) correlate with poor prognosis in myeloma patients. A likely target of the enzyme is the heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan syndecan-1 (Sdc1, CD138), which is highly expressed on myeloma cells and contributes to poor prognosis in this disease. We find that HPSE promotes an invasive phenotype mediated by the very late antigen-4 (VLA-4, or α4β1 integrin) in myeloma cells plated on either fibronectin (FN) or vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), ligands that are prevalent in the bone marrow. The phenotype depends on vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2), which is aberrantly expressed in myeloma, and is characterized by a highly protrusive lamellipodium and cell invasion. HPSE-mediated trimming of the HS on Sdc1 and subsequent matrix metalloproteinase-9-mediated shedding of the syndecan exposes a juxtamembrane site in Sdc1 that binds VEGFR2 and VLA-4, thereby coupling VEGFR2 to the integrin. Shed Sdc1 can be mimicked by recombinant Sdc1 ectodomain or by a peptide based on its binding motif, which causes VLA-4 to re-orient from the lagging edge (uropod) to the leading edge of migrating cells, couple with and activate VEGFR2. Peptides (called 'synstatins') containing only the VLA-4 or VEGFR2 binding sites competitively inhibit invasion, as they block coupling of the receptors. This mechanism is also utilized by vascular endothelial cells, in which it is also activated by HPSE, during endothelial cell tube formation. Collectively, our findings reveal for the first time the mechanism through which HPSE modulates Sdc1 function to promote both tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis, thereby driving multiple myeloma progression. The inhibitory synstatins, or inhibitors of HPSE enzyme activity, are likely to show promise as therapeutics against myeloma extravasation and spread.
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Function of Membrane-Associated Proteoglycans in the Regulation of Satellite Cell Growth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:61-95. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang H, Jin H, Rapraeger AC. Syndecan-1 and Syndecan-4 Capture Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Members and the α3β1 Integrin Via Binding Sites in Their Ectodomains: NOVEL SYNSTATINS PREVENT KINASE CAPTURE AND INHIBIT α6β4-INTEGRIN-DEPENDENT EPITHELIAL CELL MOTILITY. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26103-13. [PMID: 26350464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The α6β4 integrin is known to associate with receptor tyrosine kinases when engaged in epithelial wound healing and in carcinoma invasion and survival. Prior work has shown that HER2 associates with α6β4 integrin and syndecan-1 (Sdc1), in which Sdc1 engages the cytoplasmic domain of the β4 integrin subunit allowing HER2-dependent motility and carcinoma cell survival. In contrast, EGFR associates with Sdc4 and the α6β4 integrin, and EGFR-dependent motility depends on cytoplasmic engagement of β4 integrin with Sdc4. However, how HER2 and EGFR assimilate into a complex with the syndecans and integrin, and why kinase capture is syndecan-specific has remained unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that HER2 is captured via a site, comprised of amino acids 210-240, in the extracellular domain of human Sdc1, and EGFR is captured via an extracellular site comprised of amino acids 87-131 in human Sdc4. Binding assays using purified recombinant proteins demonstrate that the interaction between the EGFR family members and the syndecans is direct. The α3β1 integrin, which is responsible for the motility of the cells, is captured at these sites as well. Peptides based on the interaction motifs in Sdc1 and Sdc4, called synstatins (SSTN210-240 and SSTN87-131) competitively displace the receptor tyrosine kinase and α3β1 integrin from the syndecan with an IC50 of 100-300 nm. The syndecans remain anchored to the α6β4 integrin via its cytoplasmic domain, but the activation of cell motility is disrupted. These novel SSTN peptides are potential therapeutics for carcinomas that depend on these HER2- and EGFR-coupled mechanisms for their invasion and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan C Rapraeger
- From the Department of Human Oncology and the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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Yang H, Li S, Li F, Wen R, Xiang J. Analysis on the expression and function of syndecan in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:278-286. [PMID: 25847874 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan is considered to be a multifunctional protein which functions as a cell surface receptor involved in cell adhesion, migration, cytoskeleton organization and differentiation. Previous bioinformatic analysis has revealed that syndecan in shrimp might interact with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In the present study, we experimentally studied the function of syndecan in shrimp immunity. The syndecan from Litopenaeus vannamei (LvSDC) was cloned and analyzed. The full-length cDNA of LvSDC was 1005 bp, consisting of 59 bp 5'-UTR, 253 bp 3'-UTR, and 693 bp open reading frame encoding 230 amino acids. LvSDC consisted of an extracellular domain (ED), a transmembrane domain (TM) and a cytoplasmic domain (CD). TM and CD shared high similarities with those of syndecan proteins from other species. LvSDC was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues, with the highest level in Oka. After WSSV challenge, the transcription level of LvSDC in Oka was apparently up-regulated. Recombinant LvSDC protein and its rabbit polyclonal antibody were prepared for detecting the location of LvSDC in hemocytes using immunocytochemistry approach. Data showed that LvSDC mainly located at the cell membrane and the cytoplasm of hemocytes. After silencing of LvSDC with siRNA, the WSSV copy numbers and mortality of shrimp after WSSV infection were both significantly decreased. These data provide useful information for understanding the immune mechanism of shrimp to WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Rong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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van Golen RF, Reiniers MJ, Vrisekoop N, Zuurbier CJ, Olthof PB, van Rheenen J, van Gulik TM, Parsons BJ, Heger M. The mechanisms and physiological relevance of glycocalyx degradation in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1098-118. [PMID: 24313895 PMCID: PMC4123469 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable side effect of major liver surgery that can culminate in liver failure. The bulk of I/R-induced liver injury results from an overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which inflict both parenchymal and microcirculatory damage. A structure that is particularly prone to oxidative attack and modification is the glycocalyx (GCX), a meshwork of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that covers the lumenal endothelial surface and safeguards microvascular homeostasis. ROS/RNS-mediated degradation of the GCX may exacerbate I/R injury by, for example, inducing vasoconstriction, facilitating leukocyte adherence, and directly activating innate immune cells. RECENT ADVANCES Preliminary experiments revealed that hepatic sinusoids contain a functional GCX that is damaged during murine hepatic I/R and major liver surgery in patients. There are three ROS that mediate GCX degradation: hydroxyl radicals, carbonate radical anions, and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). HOCl converts GAGs in the GCX to GAG chloramides that become site-specific targets for oxidizing and reducing species and are more efficiently fragmented than the parent molecules. In addition to ROS/RNS, the GAG-degrading enzyme heparanase acts at the endothelial surface to shed the GCX. CRITICAL ISSUES The GCX seems to be degraded during major liver surgery, but the underlying cause remains ill-defined. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The relative contribution of the different ROS and RNS intermediates to GCX degradation in vivo, the immunogenic potential of the shed GCX fragments, and the role of heparanase in liver I/R injury all warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Syndecan promotes axon regeneration by stabilizing growth cone migration. Cell Rep 2014; 8:272-83. [PMID: 25001284 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth cones facilitate the repair of nervous system damage by providing the driving force for axon regeneration. Using single-neuron laser axotomy and in vivo time-lapse imaging, we show that syndecan, a heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, is required for growth cone function during axon regeneration in C. elegans. In the absence of syndecan, regenerating growth cones form but are unstable and collapse, decreasing the effective growth rate and impeding regrowth to target cells. We provide evidence that syndecan has two distinct functions during axon regeneration: (1) a canonical function in axon guidance that requires expression outside the nervous system and depends on HS chains and (2) an intrinsic function in growth cone stabilization that is mediated by the syndecan core protein, independently of HS. Thus, syndecan is a regulator of a critical choke point in nervous system repair.
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Miller T, Goude MC, McDevitt TC, Temenoff JS. Molecular engineering of glycosaminoglycan chemistry for biomolecule delivery. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1705-19. [PMID: 24121191 PMCID: PMC3960340 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear, negatively charged polysaccharides that interact with a variety of positively charged growth factors. In this review article the effects of engineering GAG chemistry for molecular delivery applications in regenerative medicine are presented. Three major areas of focus at the structure-function-property interface are discussed: (1) macromolecular properties of GAGs; (2) effects of chemical modifications on protein binding; (3) degradation mechanisms of GAGs. GAG-protein interactions can be based on: (1) GAG sulfation pattern; (2) GAG carbohydrate conformation; (3) GAG polyelectrolyte behavior. Chemical modifications of GAGs, which are commonly performed to engineer molecular delivery systems, affect protein binding and are highly dependent on the site of modification on the GAG molecules. The rate and mode of degradation can determine the release of molecules as well as the length of GAG fragments to which the cargo is electrostatically coupled and eventually released from the delivery system. Overall, GAG-based polymers are a versatile biomaterial platform offering novel means to engineer molecular delivery systems with a high degree of control in order to better treat a range of degenerated or injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Miller
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Melissa C Goude
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Todd C McDevitt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Johnna S Temenoff
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Maksimenko AV, Turashev AD. Endothelial glycocalyx of blood circulation system. I. Detection, components, and structural organization. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014; 40:131-41. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Bøgsted M, Bilgrau AE, Wardell CP, Bertsch U, Schmitz A, Bødker JS, Kjeldsen MK, Goldschmidt H, Morgan GJ, Dybkaer K, Johnsen HE. Proof of the concept to use a malignant B cell line drug screen strategy for identification and weight of melphalan resistance genes in multiple myeloma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83252. [PMID: 24376673 PMCID: PMC3869769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a conceptual study of drug resistance we have used a preclinical model of malignant B-cell lines by combining drug induced growth inhibition and gene expression profiling. In the current report a melphalan resistance profile of 19 genes were weighted by microarray data from the MRC Myeloma IX trial and time to progression following high dose melphalan, to generate an individual melphalan resistance index. The resistance index was subsequently validated in the HOVON65/GMMG-HD4 trial data set to prove the concept. Biologically, the assigned resistance indices were differentially distributed among translocations and cyclin D expression classes. Clinically, the 25% most melphalan resistant, the intermediate 50% and the 25% most sensitive patients had a median progression free survival of 18, 32 and 28 months, respectively (log-rank P-value = 0.05). Furthermore, the median overall survival was 45 months for the resistant group and not reached for the intermediate and sensitive groups (log-rank P-value = 0.003) following 38 months median observation. In a multivariate analysis, correcting for age, sex and ISS-staging, we found a high resistance index to be an independent variable associated with inferior progression free survival and overall survival. This study provides clinical proof of concept to use in vitro drug screen for identification of melphalan resistance gene signatures for future functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center (AHSIC), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders E. Bilgrau
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center (AHSIC), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christopher P. Wardell
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Bertsch
- Department of Internal Medicine V and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center (AHSIC), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Julie S. Bødker
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center (AHSIC), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malene K. Kjeldsen
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center (AHSIC), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gareth J. Morgan
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Dybkaer
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center (AHSIC), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hans E. Johnsen
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center (AHSIC), Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Khanlari A, Detamore MS, Gehrke SH. Increasing Cross-Linking Efficiency of Methacrylated Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogels by Copolymerization with Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Diacrylates. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401838h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Khanlari
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael S. Detamore
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering
Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Stevin H. Gehrke
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering
Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Park PJ, Shukla D. Role of heparan sulfate in ocular diseases. Exp Eye Res 2013; 110:1-9. [PMID: 23410824 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a ubiquitous and structurally diverse cell surface polysaccharide and extracellular matrix component, is a factor common to several major eye pathologies. Its multitude of functions and variable distribution among the different ocular tissues makes it an important contributor to a variety of disease states. Although HS facilitates the pathogenesis of many disorders, its role in each varies. Unique functions of HS have been particularly noted in viral and bacterial keratitis and age-related macular degeneration. Combined, these pathologies comprise a large portion of conditions leading to visual impairment worldwide. Given this prevalence of diseases facilitated by HS, it is prudent to take an in-depth look at this compound in the context of these pathologic states. While the initial part of the review will discuss the pathogenic aspects of HS, it is also important to consider the wider implications of such roles for HS. The remainder of the article will specifically address one such implication, the possibility for future use of novel HS-based therapeutics to combat these eye pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Eriksson AS, Spillmann D. The mutual impact of syndecan-1 and its glycosaminoglycan chains--a multivariable puzzle. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:936-42. [PMID: 22899864 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412460242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans, with their core proteins and attached glycosaminoglycan chains, are recognized as important partners in many biological processes, yet often experimental analysis of their molecular action is considered for only part of these molecules: either the protein or the carbohydrate unit. In this article, we have tried to summarize, with an example of the syndecan family in general and more specifically with syndecan-1, what is known considering the mutual influence of these different components, and we follow whether the nature of the glycosaminoglycan chains matters for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play important roles in the normal physiology and in pathological states including inflammation and cancer. While much is known about the biosynthesis and biological activities of eicosanoids derived from ω6 PUFA, our understanding of the corresponding ω3 series lipid mediators is still rudimentary. The purpose of this review is not to offer a comprehensive summary of the literature on fatty acids in prostate cancer but rather to highlight some of the areas where key questions remain to be addressed. These include substrate preference and polymorphic variants of enzymes involved in the metabolism of PUFA, the relationship between de novo lipid synthesis and dietary lipid metabolism pathways, the contribution of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases as well as terminal synthases and prostanoid receptors in prostate cancer, and the potential role of PUFA in angiogenesis and cell surface receptor signaling.
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McCarthy KJ, Wassenhove-McCarthy DJ. The glomerular basement membrane as a model system to study the bioactivity of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:3-21. [PMID: 22258721 PMCID: PMC3351113 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611012682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The glomerular basement membrane and its associated cells are critical elements in the renal ultrafiltration process. Traditionally the anionic charge associated with several carbohydrate moieties in the glomerular basement membrane are thought to form a charge selective barrier that restricts the transmembrane flux of anionic proteins across the glomerular basement membrane into the urinary space. The charge selective function, along with the size selective component of the basement membrane, serves to limit the efflux of plasma proteins from the capillary lumen. Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are anionically charged carbohydrate structures attached to proteoglycan core proteins and have a role in establishing the charge selective function of the glomerular basement membrane. Although there are a large number of studies in the literature that support this concept, the results of several recent studies using molecular genetic approaches to minimize the anionic charge of the glomerular basement membrane would suggest that the role of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans in the glomerular capillary wall are still not yet entirely resolved, suggesting that this research area still requires new and novel exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J McCarthy
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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Ramani VC, Pruett PS, Thompson CA, DeLucas LD, Sanderson RD. Heparan sulfate chains of syndecan-1 regulate ectodomain shedding. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9952-9961. [PMID: 22298773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.330803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases release intact syndecan-1 ectodomains from the cell surface giving rise to a soluble, shed form of the proteoglycan. Although it is known that shed syndecan-1 controls diverse pathophysiological responses in cancer, wound healing, inflammation, infection, and immunity, the mechanisms regulating shedding remain unclear. We have discovered that the heparan sulfate chains present on syndecan core proteins suppress shedding of the proteoglycan. Syndecan shedding is dramatically enhanced when the heparan sulfate chains are enzymatically degraded or absent from the core protein. Exogenous heparan sulfate or heparin does not inhibit shedding, indicating that heparan sulfate must be attached to the core protein to suppress shedding. Regulation of shedding by heparan sulfate occurs in multiple cell types, for both syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 and in murine and human syndecans. Mechanistically, the loss of heparan sulfate enhances the susceptibility of the core protein to proteolytic cleavage by matrix metalloproteinases. Enhanced shedding of syndecan-1 following loss of heparan sulfate is accompanied by a dramatic increase in core protein synthesis. This suggests that in response to an increase in the rate of shedding, cells attempt to maintain a significant level of syndecan-1 on the cell surface. Together these data indicate that the amount of heparan sulfate present on syndecan core proteins regulates both the rate of syndecan shedding and core protein synthesis. These findings assign new functions to heparan sulfate chains, thereby broadening our understanding of their physiological importance and implying that therapeutic inhibition of heparan sulfate degradation could impact the progression of some diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Ramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Pamela S Pruett
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Camilla A Thompson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Lawrence D DeLucas
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.
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41
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Weinbaum S, Duan Y, Thi MM, You L. An Integrative Review of Mechanotransduction in Endothelial, Epithelial (Renal) and Dendritic Cells (Osteocytes). Cell Mol Bioeng 2011; 4:510-537. [PMID: 23976901 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-011-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we will examine from a biomechanical and ultrastructural viewpoint how the cytoskeletal specialization of three basic cell types, endothelial cells (ECs), epithelial cells (renal tubule) and dendritic cells (osteocytes), enables the mechano-sensing of fluid flow in both their native in vivo environment and in culture, and the downstream signaling that is initiated at the molecular level in response to fluid flow. These cellular responses will be discussed in terms of basic mysteries and paradoxes encountered by each cell type. In ECs fluid shear stress (FSS) is nearly entirely attenuated by the endothelial glycocalyx that covers their apical membrane and yet FSS is communicated to both intracellular and junctional molecular components in activating a wide variety of signaling pathways. The same is true in proximal tubule (PT) cells where a dense brush border of microvilli covers the apical surface and the flow at the apical membrane is negligible. A four decade old unexplained mystery is the ability of PT epithelia to reliably reabsorb 60% of the flow entering the tubule regardless of the glomerular filtration rate. In the cortical collecting duct (CCD) the flow rates are so low that a special sensing apparatus, a primary cilia is needed to detect very small variations in tubular flow. In bone it has been a century old mystery as to how osteocytes embedded in a stiff mineralized tissue are able to sense miniscule whole tissue strains that are far smaller than the cellular level strains required to activate osteocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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42
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Boegsted M, Holst JM, Fogd K, Falgreen S, Sørensen S, Schmitz A, Bukh A, Johnsen HE, Nyegaard M, Dybkaer K. Generation of a predictive melphalan resistance index by drug screen of B-cell cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19322. [PMID: 21559449 PMCID: PMC3084810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports indicate that in vitro drug screens combined with gene expression profiles (GEP) of cancer cell lines may generate informative signatures predicting the clinical outcome of chemotherapy. In multiple myeloma (MM) a range of new drugs have been introduced and now challenge conventional therapy including high dose melphalan. Consequently, the generation of predictive signatures for response to melphalan may have a clinical impact. The hypothesis is that melphalan screens and GEPs of B-cell cancer cell lines combined with multivariate statistics may provide predictive clinical information. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray based GEPs and a melphalan growth inhibition screen of 59 cancer cell lines were downloaded from the National Cancer Institute database. Equivalent data were generated for 18 B-cell cancer cell lines. Linear discriminant analyses (LDA), sparse partial least squares (SPLS) and pairwise comparisons of cell line data were used to build resistance signatures from both cell line panels. A melphalan resistance index was defined and estimated for each MM patient in a publicly available clinical data set and evaluated retrospectively by Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Both cell line panels performed well with respect to internal validation of the SPLS approach but only the B-cell panel was able to predict a significantly higher risk of relapse and death with increasing resistance index in the clinical data sets. The most sensitive and resistant cell lines, MOLP-2 and RPMI-8226 LR5, respectively, had high leverage, which suggests their differentially expressed genes to possess important predictive value. CONCLUSION The present study presents a melphalan resistance index generated by analysis of a B-cell panel of cancer cell lines. However, the resistance index needs to be functionally validated and correlated to known MM biomarkers in independent data sets in order to better understand the mechanism underlying the preparedness to melphalan resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Boegsted
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Bacsa S, Karasneh G, Dosa S, Liu J, Valyi-Nagy T, Shukla D. Syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 play key roles in herpes simplex virus type-1 infection. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:733-43. [PMID: 21148276 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an important human pathogen and a leading cause of infectious blindness in the developed world. HSV-1 exploits heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) for attachment to cells. While the significance of heparan sulphate (HS) moieties in HSV-1 infection is well established, the role of specific proteoglycan core proteins in the infection process remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to assess the roles of syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 core proteins in HSV-1 infection, both of which are expressed by many HSV-1 target cell types. Our results demonstrate that syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 gene silencing by RNA interference reduces HSV-1 entry, plaque formation and facilitates cell survival. Furthermore, HSV-1 infection increases syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 protein synthesis and a resultant increase in cell surface expression of HS. Our observations suggest that changes in syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 expression levels may be related to active viral infection. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into HSPG functions during HSV-1 entry and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarolta Bacsa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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44
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Kotsovilis S, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Charonis A, Fourmousis I, Nikolidakis D, Vrotsos JA. Syndecan-1 immunohistochemical expression in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis patients correlated with various putative factors. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:520-31. [PMID: 20412418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Limited information is available on the expression and distribution of syndecan-1 within human gingival tissues/cells and on putative factors that might affect its expression. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine immunohistochemically the expression and distribution of syndecan-1 in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis and to examine the correlation of syndecan-1 expression with various putative factors (environmental, patient/systemic and local factors). MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival specimens were surgically excised from the area of the junctional/pocket epithelium (study group 1, including 30 chronic periodontitis patients) or the gingival oral epithelium (study group 2, comprising another 30 chronic periodontitis patients), adjacent to teeth with poor prognosis. Standard two-step immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative evaluation of immunohistochemical staining were used to determine syndecan-1 expression. Statistical analyses on the impact of various putative factors were performed. RESULTS In the junctional/pocket epithelium or the oral epithelium, syndecan-1 expression was weak to moderate in the suprabasal and basal epithelial cells and absent to weak in the internal basal lamina, external basal lamina and gingival connective tissue matrix. Syndecan-1 expression in the junctional/pocket epithelium was statistically significantly stronger than in the oral epithelium in inflammatory cells within the underlying gingival connective tissue (primarily plasma cells and lymphocytes) and in scattered fibroblast-like cells. CONCLUSIONS Syndecan-1 expression in the junctional/pocket epithelium or the oral epithelium can exhibit a significant positive correlation with the severity/degree of histologically evaluated local gingival inflammation, but in general is not significantly correlated with age, smoking, full-mouth and local clinical (probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) and radiographical parameters (radiographical bone loss) of periodontal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kotsovilis
- Department of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Hellas.
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Foley EM, Esko JD. Hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycans and endocytic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:213-33. [PMID: 20807647 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia, characterized by the accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the blood, affects 10-20% of the population in western countries and increases the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and pancreatitis. The etiology of hypertriglyceridemia is complex, and much interest exists in identifying and characterizing the biological and environmental factors that affect the synthesis and turnover of plasma triglycerides. Genetic studies in mice have recently identified that heparan sulfate proteoglycans are a class of receptors that mediate the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the liver. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are expressed by endothelial cells that line the hepatic sinusoids and the underlying hepatocytes, and are present in the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse). This chapter discusses the dependence of lipoprotein binding on heparan sulfate structure and the identification of hepatocyte syndecan-1 as the primary proteoglycan that mediates triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Foley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Tillgren V, Onnerfjord P, Haglund L, Heinegård D. The tyrosine sulfate-rich domains of the LRR proteins fibromodulin and osteoadherin bind motifs of basic clusters in a variety of heparin-binding proteins, including bioactive factors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28543-53. [PMID: 19700767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The small leucine-rich repeat proteins, fibromodulin and osteoadherin, have N-terminal extensions with a variable number of O-sulfated tyrosine residues. This modification combined with a number of aspartic and glutamic acid residues results in a highly negatively charged domain of less than 30 amino acids. We hypothesized that this domain shares functional properties with heparin regarding binding to proteins and polypeptides containing clusters of basic amino acids. Two other family members, PRELP and chondroadherin, have distinctly different clusters of basic amino acids in their N and C termini, respectively, and PRELP is known to bind to heparin via this domain. Another heparin-binding protein is the cytokine Oncostatin M, with a different cluster of basic amino acids in its C terminus. We used polypeptides representing these basic domains in solid phase assays and demonstrate interactions with the negatively charged N-terminal domain of fibromodulin and full-length osteoadherin. The tyrosine sulfate domains also bound heparin-binding proteins such as basic fibroblast growth factor-2, thrombospondin I, MMP13, the NC4 domain of collagen IX, and interleukin-10. Fibronectin with large heparin-binding domains did not bind, neither did CILP containing a heparin-binding thrombospondin type I motif without clustered basic amino acids. Affinity depends on the number and position of the sulfated tyrosine residues shown by different binding properties of 10-kDa fragments subfractionated by ion-exchange chromatography. These interactions may sequester growth factors, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases in the extracellular matrix as well as contribute to its organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Tillgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Lund University, Biomedical Center Plan C12, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
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Nijenhuis N, Mizuno D, Spaan JAE, Schmidt CF. Viscoelastic response of a model endothelial glycocalyx. Phys Biol 2009; 6:025014. [PMID: 19571362 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/6/2/025014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many cells cover themselves with a multifunctional polymer coat, the pericellular matrix (PCM), to mediate mechanical interactions with the environment. A particular PCM, the endothelial glycocalyx (EG), is formed by vascular endothelial cells at their luminal side, forming a mechanical interface between the flowing blood and the endothelial cell layer. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronan (HA) is involved in the main functions of the EG, mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress and molecular sieving. HA, due to its length, is the only GAG in the EG or any other PCM able to form an entangled network. The mechanical functions of the EG are, however, impaired when any one of its components is removed. We here used microrheology to measure the effect of the EG constituents heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, whole blood plasma and albumin on the high-bandwidth mechanical properties of a HA solution. Furthermore, we probed the effect of the hyaldherin aggrecan, a constituent of the PCM of chondrocytes, and very similar to versican (present in the PCM of various cells, and possibly in the EG). We show that components directly interacting with HA (chondroitin sulfate and aggrecan) can increase the viscoelastic shear modulus of the polymer composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Nijenhuis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bret C, Hose D, Reme T, Sprynski AC, Mahtouk K, Schved JF, Quittet P, Rossi JF, Goldschmidt H, Klein B. Expression of genes encoding for proteins involved in heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate chain synthesis and modification in normal and malignant plasma cells. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:350-68. [PMID: 19298595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a proteoglycan that concentrates heparin-binding factors on the surface of multiple myeloma cells, and probably plays a major role in multiple myeloma biology. As heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate are the bioactive components of syndecan-1, we analysed the signature of genes encoding 100 proteins involved in synthesis of these chains, i.e. from precursor uptake to post-translational modifications, using Affymetrix microarrays. The expression of enzymes required for heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis was shown to increase in parallel with syndecan-1 expression, throughout the differentiation of memory B cells into plasmablasts and normal bone marrow plasma cells. Sixteen genes were significantly different between normal and malignant plasma cells, nine of these genes -EXT2, CHSY3, CSGALNACT1, HS3ST2, HS2ST1, CHST11, CSGALNACT2, HPSE, SULF2 - encode proteins involved in glycosaminoglycan chain synthesis or modifications. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed in two independent series of patients: B4GALT7, CSGALNACT1, HS2ST1 were associated with a good prognosis whereas EXT1 was linked to a bad prognosis. This study provides an overall picture of the major genes encoding for proteins involved in heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate synthesis and modifications that can be implicated in normal and malignant plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bret
- INSERM U847, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2006, Université Montpellier, UFR Méldecine, Montpellier, France
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Syndecan-1 mediates the coupling of positively charged submicrometer amorphous silica particles with actin filaments across the alveolar epithelial cell membrane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 236:210-20. [PMID: 19371605 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cellular interactions and pathways of engineered submicro- and nano-scale particles dictate the cellular response and ultimately determine the level of toxicity or biocompatibility of the particles. Positive surface charge can increase particle internalization, and in some cases can also increase particle toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we identify the cellular interaction and pathway of positively charged submicrometer synthetic amorphous silica particles, which are used extensively in a wide range of industrial applications, and are explored for drug delivery and medical imaging and sensing. Using time lapse fluorescence imaging in living cells and other quantitative imaging approaches, it is found that heparan sulfate proteoglycans play a critical role in the attachment and internalization of the particles in alveolar type II epithelial cell line (C10), a potential target cell type bearing apical microvilli. Specifically, the transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1, is found to mediate the initial interactions of the particles at the cell surface, their coupling with actin filaments across the cell membrane, and their subsequent internalization via macropinocytosis. The observed interaction of syndecan molecules with the particle prior to their engagement with actin filaments suggests that the particles initiate their own internalization by facilitating the clustering of the molecules, which is required for the actin coupling and subsequent internalization of syndecan. Our observations identify a new role for syndecan-1 in mediating the cellular interactions and fate of positively charged submicrometer amorphous silica particles in the alveolar type II epithelial cell, a target cell for inhaled particles.
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