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Knight B, Mondal R, Han N, Pietra NF, Hall BA, Edgar KJ, Vaissier Welborn V, Madsen LA, De Yoreo JJ, Dove PM. Kinetics of Calcite Nucleation onto Sulfated Chitosan Derivatives and Implications for Water-Polysaccharide Interactions during Crystallization of Sparingly Soluble Salts. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:6338-6353. [PMID: 39131446 PMCID: PMC11311137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Anionic macromolecules are found at sites of CaCO3 biomineralization in diverse organisms, but their roles in crystallization are not well-understood. We prepared a series of sulfated chitosan derivatives with varied positions and degrees of sulfation, DS(SO3 -), and measured calcite nucleation rate onto these materials. Fitting the classical nucleation theory model to the kinetic data reveals the interfacial free energy of the calcite-polysaccharide-solution system, γnet, is lowest for nonsulfated controls and increases with DS(SO3 -). The kinetic prefactor also increases with DS(SO3 -). Simulations of Ca2+-H2O-chitosan systems show greater water structuring around sulfate groups compared to uncharged substituents, independent of sulfate location. Ca2+-SO3 - interactions are solvent-separated by distances that are inversely correlated with DS(SO3 -) of the polysaccharide. The simulations also predict SO3 - and NH3 + groups affect the solvation waters and HCO3 - ions associated with Ca2+. Integrating the experimental and computational evidence suggests sulfate groups influence nucleation by increasing the difficulty of displacing near-surface water, thereby increasing γnet. By correlating γnet and net charge per monosaccharide for diverse polysaccharides, we suggest the solvent-separated interactions of functional groups with Ca2+ influence thermodynamic and kinetic components to crystallization by similar solvent-dominated processes. The findings reiterate the importance of establishing water structure and properties at macromolecule-solution interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna
M. Knight
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ronnie Mondal
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nizhou Han
- Department
of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Pietra
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brady A. Hall
- GlycoMIP, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J. Edgar
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Valerie Vaissier Welborn
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - James J. De Yoreo
- Physical
Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Patricia M. Dove
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Macromolecules
Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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2
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Qin Y, Xu Y, Yi H, Shi L, Wang X, Wang W, Li F. Unique structural characteristics and biological activities of heparan sulfate isolated from the mantle of the scallop Chlamys farreri. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121431. [PMID: 37985034 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Marine animals are a huge resource of various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with specific structures and functions. A large number of byproducts, such as low-edible mantle, are produced during the processing of Chlamys farreri, which is one of the most cultured scallops in China. In this study, a major GAG component was isolated from the mantle of C. farreri, and its structural characteristics and biological activities were determined in detail. Preliminary analysis by agarose electrophoresis combined with specific enzymatic degradation evaluations showed that this component was heparan sulfate and was named CMHS. Further analysis by HPLC and NMR revealed that CMHS has an average molecular weight of 35.9 kDa and contains a high proportion (80%) of 6-O-sulfated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine/N-sulfated-D-glucosamine (6-O-sulfated GlcNAc/GlcNS) residues and rare 3-O-sulfated β-D-glucuronic acid residues. Bioactivity analysis showed that CMHS has much lower anticoagulant activity than heparin and it can interact with various growth factors with high affinity. Moreover, CMHS binds strongly to the morphogen Wnt 3a to inhibit glypican-3-stimulated Wnt 3a signaling. Thus, the identification of CMHS with unique structural and bioactive features will provide a promising candidate for the development of GAG-type pharmaceutical products and promote the high-value utilization of C. farreri mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Yi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Liran Shi
- CSPC Megalith Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuang Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China.
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Liu B, Liu H, Ai C, Zhu Z, Wen C, Song S, Zhu B. Distribution of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides in 5 species of shellfishes. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 164:195-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Investigating the relationship between temperature, conformation and calcium binding in heparin model oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2016; 438:58-64. [PMID: 27987423 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate (HS) are major components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) of all multicellular animals, connecting cells to each other as well as to their environment. The ECM must, therefore, both sense and accommodate changes to external conditions. Heparin, a model compound for HS, responds to increased temperatures, involving changes in the populations of conformational states with implications for the binding of HS to proteins, cations and, potentially, for its activity. A fully 13C and 15N labelled model octasasccharide; D-GlcNS6S α(1-4) L-IdoA2S [α(1-4) D-GlcNS6S α(1-4) L-IdoA2S]2 α(1-4) D-GlcNS6S α(1-4) L-IdoA1,6an, was studied by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR, revealing complex changes in chemical shifts and conformation, over temperatures (280-305 K), comfortably within the range relevant to terrestrial biology. These complex conformational changes indicated an interaction between the carboxylate group of L-iduronate and D-glucosamine residues that was susceptible to temperature changes in this range, while the well-documented hydrogen bond between the N-sulfamido group of glucosamine and the hydroxyl group at position-3 of iduronate remained intact. Unexpectedly, despite the presence of similar thermally-induced conformational changes in a heparin octasaccharide fraction in the sodium ion form, its subsequent binding to calcium ions and their resulting conformation was stringently maintained, as judged by comparisons of 1H NMR chemical shifts.
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Liu B, Lu J, Ai C, Zhang B, Guo L, Song S, Zhu B. Quick characterization of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides in 5 shellfishes by oligosaccharide analysis upon acid hydrolysis. Carbohydr Res 2016; 435:149-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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6
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Jeske WP, McDonald MK, Hoppensteadt DA, Bau EC, Mendes A, Dietrich CP, Walenga JM, Coyne E. Isolation and Characterization of Heparin From Tuna Skins. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 13:137-45. [PMID: 17456622 DOI: 10.1177/1076029606298982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized heparin isolated from tuna skins. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from tuna skin after digestion using anion exchange resin. Heparin was eluted from the resin by sodium chloride gradient and was further fractionated by acetone fractionation. Anticoagulant activity was determined using the activated partial thromboplastin time and Heptest assays. Potency was determined using amidolytic antifactor IIa and antifactor Xa assays. The presence of heparin in the extracted tuna skin glycosaminoglycans was confirmed using13C-nuclear magnetic resonance. The activated partial thromboplastin time and Heptest clotting times were doubled at concentrations of about 4 and 1 µg/mL, respectively. The clotting time prolongation and antiprotease activity induced by tuna heparin was readily neutralized by 25 µg/mL protamine sulfate. These results demonstrate that biologically active heparin with properties similar to clinical grade heparin can be derived from tuna skin, a raw material with otherwise relatively little economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P Jeske
- Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Giji S, Arumugam M. Isolation and characterization of hyaluronic acid from marine organisms. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2014; 72:61-77. [PMID: 25081077 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800269-8.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) being a viscous slippery substance is a multifunctional glue with immense therapeutic applications such as ophthalmic surgery, orthopedic surgery and rheumatology, drug delivery systems, pulmonary pathology, joint pathologies, and tissue engineering. Although HA has been isolated from terrestrial origin (human umbilical cord, rooster comb, bacterial sources, etc.) so far, the increasing interest on this polysaccharide significantly aroused the alternative search from marine sources since it is at the preliminary level. Enthrallingly, marine environments are considered more biologically diverse than terrestrial environments. Although numerous methods have been described for the extraction and purification of HA, the hitch on the isolation methods which greatly influences the yield as well as the molecular weight of the polymer still exists. Adaptation of suitable method is essential in this venture. Stimulated by the developed technology, to sketch the steps involved in isolation and analytical techniques for characterization of this polymer, a brief report on the concerned approach has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhasivam Giji
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthuvel Arumugam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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8
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Ramachandra R, Namburi RB, Ortega-Martinez O, Shi X, Zaia J, Dupont ST, Thorndyke MC, Lindahl U, Spillmann D. Brittlestars contain highly sulfated chondroitin sulfates/dermatan sulfates that promote fibroblast growth factor 2-induced cell signaling. Glycobiology 2013; 24:195-207. [PMID: 24253764 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) isolated from brittlestars, Echinodermata class Ophiuroidea, were characterized, as part of attempts to understand the evolutionary development of these polysaccharides. A population of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) chains with a high overall degree of sulfation and hexuronate epimerization was the major GAG found, whereas heparan sulfate (HS) was below detection level. Enzymatic digestion with different chondroitin lyases revealed exceptionally high proportions of di- and trisulfated CS/DS disaccharides. The latter unit appears much more abundant in one of four individual species of brittlestars, Amphiura filiformis, than reported earlier in other marine invertebrates. The brittlestar CS/DS was further shown to bind to growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 and to promote FGF-stimulated cell signaling in GAG-deficient cell lines in a manner similar to that of heparin. These findings point to a potential biological role for the highly sulfated invertebrate GAGs, similar to those ascribed to HS in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ramachandra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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de Oliveira-Santos J, Abreu Nunes V, Cruz-Silva I, Praxedes-Garcia P, Gozzo AJ, Rydlewski M, González YG, Nader HB, Araújo MDS. Glycosaminoglycans Modify Elastase Action In Vitro and Enhance Elastase-Induced Cell Death in Cultured Fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/973983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) has been shown to be involved on death of different cell types, including epithelial lung cells, which is related to several pulmonary diseases. Since HNE activity may be influenced by extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and fibroblasts are the most common ECM-producing cells of lung connective tissue, the aim of this work was to verify if HNE can induce fibroblast death and to study the enzyme modulation by GAGs. HNE-like activity was mimicked by using human neutrophils conditioned medium (NCM). Heparan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate reduce the enzyme activity and modify its secondary structure. NCM reduced cell viability, and this effect was higher in the presence of those GAGs. NCM also increased DNA fragmentation, suggesting the occurrence of apoptosis, but without influence of GAGs. These results can contribute to the understanding of HNE modulation in physio- and pathological processes where this enzyme is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de Oliveira-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Abreu Nunes
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, 03828-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilana Cruz-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrezza Justino Gozzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rydlewski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yamile González González
- Centro de Estúdio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de la Habana, Calle 25 No. 455 Vedado, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bravo Portela I, Martinez-Zorzano VS, Molist-Perez I, Molist García P. Ultrastructure and glycoconjugate pattern of the foot epithelium of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda, Haliotidae). ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:960159. [PMID: 22645482 PMCID: PMC3356765 DOI: 10.1100/2012/960159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot epithelium of the gastropod Haliotis tuberculata is studied by light and electron microscopy in order to contribute to the understanding of the anatomy and functional morphology of the mollusks integument. Study of the external surface by scanning electron microscopy reveals that the side foot epithelium is characterized by a microvillus border with a very scant presence of small ciliary tufts, but the sole foot epithelium bears a dense field of long cilia. Ultrastructural examination by transmission electron microscopy of the side epithelial cells shows deeply pigmented cells with high electron-dense granular content which are not observed in the epithelial sole cells. Along the pedal epithelium, seven types of secretory cells are present; furthermore, two types of subepithelial glands are located just in the sole foot. The presence and composition of glycoconjugates in the secretory cells and subepithelial glands are analyzed by conventional and lectin histochemistry. Subepithelial glands contain mainly N-glycoproteins rich in fucose and mannose whereas secretory cells present mostly acidic sulphated glycoconjugates such as glycosaminoglycans and mucins, which are rich in galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-glucosamine. No sialic acid is present in the foot epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bravo Portela
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Apdo 1552, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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Periyasamy N, Arularasan S, Gayathri S. Antibacterial activity of the tissue extracts of Conus betulinus and Conus inscriptus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Nagapattinam, Southeast coast of India. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Karthikeyan V, Gopalakrishnan A, Vijayakumar R, Bharathirajan P. Anticoagulant activity of marine bivalve Donax incarnates Lin, 1758 Collected from Thazhanguda, Southeast coast of India. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: insights on subcellular distribution and biochemical properties of heparin-binding proteins. Parasitology 2011; 139:200-7. [PMID: 22053722 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease and an important public health issue. Glycosaminoglycan ligands in Leishmania parasites are potential targets for new strategies to control this disease. We report the subcellular distribution of heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and specific biochemical characteristics of L. (V.) braziliensis HBPs. Promastigotes were fractionated, and flagella and membrane samples were applied to HiTrap Heparin affinity chromatography columns. Heparin-bound fractions from flagella and membrane samples were designated HBP Ff and HBP Mf, respectively. Fraction HBP Ff presented a higher concentration of HBPs relative to HBP Mf, and SDS-PAGE analyses showed 2 major protein bands in both fractions (65 and 55 kDa). The 65 kDa band showed gelatinolytic activity and was sensitive to inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline. The localization of HBPs on the promastigote surfaces was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor analysis by binding the parasites to a heparin-coated sensor chip; that was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by pre-incubating the parasites with variable concentrations of heparin, thus indicating distinct heparin-binding capacities for the two fractions. In conclusion, protein fractions isolated from either the flagella or membranes of L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes have characteristics of metallo-proteinases and are able to bind to glycosaminoglycans.
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Heparin affects the interaction of kininogen on endothelial cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:1839-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Ogata FT, Farias EHC, Cavalheiro RP, de Lima MA, Cunha GLA, Nakayasu ES, Almeida IC, Toma L, Nader HB. A novel approach for the characterisation of proteoglycans and biosynthetic enzymes in a snail model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1862-9. [PMID: 21854878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans encompass a heterogeneous group of glycoconjugates where proteins are substituted with linear, highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan chains. Sulphated glycosaminoglycans are ubiquitous to the animal kingdom of the Eukarya domain. Information on the distribution and characterisation of proteoglycans in invertebrate tissues is limited and restricted to a few species. By the use of multidimensional protein identification technology and immunohistochemistry, this study shows for the first time the presence and tissue localisation of different proteoglycans, such as perlecan, aggrecan, and heparan sulphate proteoglycan, amongst others, in organs of the gastropoda Achatina fulica. Through a proteomic analysis of Golgi proteins and immunohistochemistry of tissue sections, we detected the machinery involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, related to polymer formation (polymerases), as well as secondary modifications (sulphation and uronic acid epimerization). Therefore, this work not only identifies both the proteoglycan core proteins and glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzymes in invertebrates but also provides a novel method for the study of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Gesteira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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e Silva EDM, Lopes Filho GDJ, Nader HB, Gonçalves RDO, Kobayashi EY, Dreyfuss JL. Biochemical study of dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan in adult male patients with Nyhus type II inguinal hernia. Rev Col Bras Cir 2011; 38:167-71. [PMID: 21789454 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-69912011000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the amount of the dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan between male patients with Nyhus type II inguinal hernias and subjects without inguinal hernia, aged between 20 and 40 years. METHODS Two groups were formed: One with 15 male patients with Nyhus type II inguinal hernia and aged between 20 and 40 years with ASA risk I and II, and a control group of ten individuals, also males between 20 and 40, who had died up to 24 h before. We excluded female patients, diabetic patients with connective tissue disease, smokers and surgical risk ASA III and IV. We resected a sample of 1 cm² of the transversalis fascia in the middle of the inguinal trigone, and 1 cm² of the anterior sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle in the groin for the quantification of dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans by densitometry after agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The amount of dermatan sulfate showed no statistically significant difference between patients with inguinal hernia and individuals without inguinal hernia in both the transverse fascia (p = 0.108) and anterior sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle (p = 0.292). CONCLUSION There was no difference in the amount of the dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan among patients with Nyhus type II inguinal hernias and subjects without inguinal hernia in adult males.
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17
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Nunes JMVC, Feldner PC, Castro RA, Nader HB, Sartori MGF, Girão MJBC. Uterine prolapse: evaluation of glycosaminoglycans in postmenopausal women after estrogen therapy. Climacteric 2011; 14:121-5. [DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2010.500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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19
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Kati LM, Feldner PC, de Castro RA, Kobayashi EY, Sartori MGF, Nader HB, Castello Girão MJB. Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans in the Parametrium and Vaginal Apex of Women with and without Uterine Prolapse. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010; 19:1341-4. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Mina Kati
- Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Feldner
- Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aquino de Castro
- Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elsa Yoko Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marair Gracio Ferreira Sartori
- Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena B. Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chemical properties of the extracellular matrix of the snail nervous system: a comprehensive study using a combination of histochemical techniques. Micron 2010; 41:461-71. [PMID: 20219380 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of various types of protein and carbohydrate polymers with red-ox and acid-base properties that have a crucial impact on tissue homeostasis. In the present study, a combination of both frequently applied and also specialized histochemical staining methods were used to reveal the chemical properties of the ECM of the snail central nervous system (CNS) which has a long been favored experimental model for comparative neurobiologists. Reactions such as silver ion reduction to label oxidative elements and different protein fibers, visible and fluorescent periodic-Schiff (PAS) reaction for the detection of unbranched chain of carbohydrates, and cationic dyes (acridine orange and alcian blue) for differentiating acidic carbohydrates were used. Illumination of sections stained with toluidine blue at pH 4.0 by a fluorescent light (lambda ex546/em580 nm), visualized components of the extraneural space (ECM molecules and glial cells) of the adult and also the developing CNS. Silver, toluidine blue and azure A were used to detect specific molecule bands in CNS extracts separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Some molecules showed both negative character and had carbohydrate side chains revealed by the Solanum tuberosum lectin probe. In a comparison of a freshwater aquatic (Lymnaea stagnalis) and a terrestrial (Helix pomatia) species, the ECM showed similarities in the composition of the periganglionic sheath and interperikaryonal space. The sheath was rich in alcian blue-positive sulfated proteoglycans infiltrated the space between collagen and reticular fibers, whereas in the interperikaryonal space PAS- and acridine orange-positive neutral and weakly acidic carbohydrates were detected. The ganglionic neuropil was mostly filled with PAS-positive material, but negatively charged sulfated and carboxylated molecules detected by acridine orange and alcian blue were present only in Helix. A low carbohydrate content was also found in the neuropil of both adult and developing Lymnaea, but most of the ECM components appeared only during the postembryonic juvenile stages. Comparing the SDS-PAGE of the periganglionic sheath and neural tissue extracts, toluidine blue (pH 4.0) and azure A (pH 2.0) revealed negatively charged molecules; some were found in both fractions. These results show, for the first time, the general chemical characteristics of the ECM of the snail CNS, indicating differences in the composition of the ganglion neuropil between aquatic and terrestrial species. Hence, a different strategy for retaining water by the neural tissue is suggested in species living in different environments.
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Dreyfuss JL, Regatieri CV, Jarrouge TR, Cavalheiro RP, Sampaio LO, Nader HB. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: structure, protein interactions and cell signaling. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:409-29. [PMID: 19722012 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ubiquitously found at the cell surface and extracellular matrix in all the animal species. This review will focus on the structural characteristics of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans related to protein interactions leading to cell signaling. The heparan sulfate chains due to their vast structural diversity are able to bind and interact with a wide variety of proteins, such as growth factors, chemokines, morphogens, extracellular matrix components, enzymes, among others. There is a specificity directing the interactions of heparan sulfates and target proteins, regarding both the fine structure of the polysaccharide chain as well precise protein motifs. Heparan sulfates play a role in cellular signaling either as receptor or co-receptor for different ligands, and the activation of downstream pathways is related to phosphorylation of different cytosolic proteins either directly or involving cytoskeleton interactions leading to gene regulation. The role of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cellular signaling and endocytic uptake pathways is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L Dreyfuss
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Gomes AM, Kozlowski EO, Pomin VH, de Barros CM, Zaganeli JL, Pavão MSG. Unique extracellular matrix heparan sulfate from the bivalve Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) safely inhibits arterial thrombosis after photochemically induced endothelial lesion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7312-23. [PMID: 20053999 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-like glycans with diverse disaccharide composition and high anticoagulant activity have been described in several families of marine mollusks. The present work focused on the structural characterization of a new heparan sulfate (HS)-like polymer isolated from the mollusk Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) and on its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties. Total glycans were extracted from the mollusk and fractionated by ethanol precipitation. The main component (>90%) was identified as HS-like glycosaminoglycan, representing approximately 4.6 mg g(-1) of dry tissue. The mollusk HS resists degradation with heparinase I but is cleaved by nitrous acid. Analysis of the mollusk glycan by one-dimensional (1)H, two-dimensional correlated spectroscopy, and heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance revealed characteristic signals of glucuronic acid and glucosamine residues. Signals corresponding to anomeric protons of nonsulfated, 3- or 2-sulfated glucuronic acid as well as N-sulfated and/or 6-sulfated glucosamine were also observed. The mollusk HS has an anticoagulant activity of 36 IU mg(-1), 5-fold lower than porcine heparin (180 IU mg(-1)), as measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time assay. It also inhibits factor Xa (IC(50) = 0.835 microg ml(-1)) and thrombin (IC(50) = 9.3 microg ml(-1)) in the presence of antithrombin. In vivo assays demonstrated that at the dose of 1 mg kg(-1), the mollusk HS inhibited thrombus growth in photochemically injured arteries. No bleeding effect, factor XIIa-mediated kallikrein activity, or toxic effect on fibroblast cells was induced by the invertebrate HS at the antithrombotic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Gomes
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Glicobiologia and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-590, Brasil
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Lectin-binding glycoproteins in the developing and adult snail CNS. Brain Struct Funct 2009; 214:67-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mataveli FD, Han SW, Nader HB, Mendes A, Kanishiro R, Tucci P, Lopes AC, Baptista-Silva JCC, Marolla APC, de Carvalho LP, Denapoli PMA, Pinhal MADS. Long-term effects for acute phase myocardial infarct VEGF165 gene transfer cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling. Growth Factors 2009; 27:22-31. [PMID: 19107652 DOI: 10.1080/08977190802574765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac remodeling is ultimately regulated by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). We investigated the important role that growth factors play in the regulation of ECM remodeling that occurs as a consequence of myocardium damage. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were submitted to the ligation of the left anterior coronary artery and pcDNA3-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(165) was immediately injected intramyocardially in the treated group. The animals were divided into large size myocardium infarction (LMI) and small size myocardium infarction, with or without gene transfer. The plasmid-containing DNA encoding VEGF(165) was injected into the cardiac muscle and its effect was observed on the ECM components. Glycosaminoglycans were identified and quantified by agarose gel based electrophoresis and ELISA as well as immunocytochemistry to examine specific cathepsin B, heparanase, and syndecan-4 changes. The amounts of hyaluronic acid (HA; p < 0.005), DS, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate (p < 0.001) were significantly increased in the LMI treated group in comparison to the other groups, which correlates with the decrease in the expression of heparanase. A decrease in the molecular mass of HA was found in the scar tissue of treated group. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained strongly support the idea that changes in the ECM and its components are important determinants of cardiac remodeling after myocardium infarct and may be essential for inflammatory response and attempt to stabilize the damage and provide a compensatory mechanisms to maintain cardiac output since the ECM components analyzed are involved with angiogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Structural characterization and antithrombin activity of dermatan sulfate purified from marine clam Scapharca inaequivalvis. Glycobiology 2008; 19:356-67. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lawrence R, Olson SK, Steele RE, Wang L, Warrior R, Cummings RD, Esko JD. Evolutionary differences in glycosaminoglycan fine structure detected by quantitative glycan reductive isotope labeling. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33674-84. [PMID: 18818196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804288200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans, we tagged the reducing end of lyase-generated disaccharides with aniline-containing stable isotopes (12C6 and 13C6). Because different isotope tags have no effect on chromatographic retention times but can be discriminated by a mass detector, differentially isotope-tagged samples can be compared simultaneously by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantified by admixture with known amounts of standards. The technique is adaptable to all types of glycosaminoglycans, and its sensitivity is only limited by the type of mass spectrometer available. We validated the method using commercial heparin and keratan sulfate as well as heparan sulfate isolated from mutant and wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cells, and select tissues from mutant and wild-type mice. This new method provides more robust, reliable, and sensitive means of quantitative evaluation of glycosaminoglycan disaccharide compositions than existing techniques allowing us to compare the chondroitin and heparan sulfate compositions of Hydra vulgaris, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mammalian cells. Our results demonstrate significant differences in glycosaminoglycan structure among these organisms that might represent evolutionarily distinct functional motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Sulfated glycosaminoglycans of periurethral tissue in pre- and postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 139:252-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Feldner PC, Kati LM, Sartori MGF, Baracat EC, Rodrigues de Lima G, Nader HB, Dietrich CP, Girão MJBC. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the periurethral tissue in women with and without stress urinary incontinence, according to genital prolapse stage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 126:250-4. [PMID: 16314024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in women with and without stress urinary incontinence according to genital prolapse stage. STUDY DESIGN Periurethral tissue was obtained from 30 women who underwent surgery for urinary incontinence, for pelvic organ prolapse, or for other benign gynecologic conditions. Biopsy specimens were assessed by biochemical methods to characterize and quantify sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Measurements were made of total glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and of heparan sulfate. Data were compared using the t-test. RESULTS In two groups, dermatan sulfate was the most predominant glycosaminoglycan. Women with stress urinary incontinence had significantly more total sulfated glycosaminoglycans (p<0.05) and dermatan sulfate (p<0.05) than women without stress urinary incontinence. We did not observe any differences in chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate. CONCLUSIONS Women with stress urinary incontinence showed quantitative and qualitative differences in the biochemical characteristics of the extracellular matrix in periurethral tissue by analysis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, according to genital prolapse stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cezar Feldner
- Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua dos Otonis 567, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA, Giannopoulos M, Weeks SD, Sadler IH, Lauder RM. Characterization of oligosaccharides from the chondroitin/dermatan sulfates. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR studies of reduced trisaccharides and hexasaccharides. FEBS J 2006; 272:6276-86. [PMID: 16336265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin and dermatan sulfate (CS and DS) chains were isolated from bovine tracheal cartilage and pig intestinal mucosal preparations and fragmented by enzymatic methods. The oligosaccharides studied include a disaccharide and hexasaccharides from chondroitin ABC lyase digestion as well as trisaccharides already present in some commercial preparations. In addition, other trisaccharides were generated from tetrasaccharides by chemical removal of nonreducing terminal residues. Their structures were examined by high-field 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, after reduction using sodium borohydride. The main hexasaccharide isolated from pig intestinal mucosal DS was found to be fully 4-O-sulfated and have the structure: DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc4S(beta1-4)L-IdoA(alpha1-3)GalNAc4S(beta1-4)L-IdoA(alpha1-3)GalNAc4S-ol, whereas one from bovine tracheal cartilage CS comprised only 6-O-sulfated residues and had the structure: DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S-ol. No oligosaccharide showed any uronic acid 2-sulfation. One novel disaccharide was examined and found to have the structure: GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA-ol. The trisaccharides isolated from the CS/DS chains were found to have the structures: DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc4S(beta1-4)GlcA-ol and DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA-ol. Such oligosaccharides were found in commercial CS/DS preparations and may derive from endogenous glucuronidase and other enzymatic activity. Chemically generated trisaccharides were confirmed as models of the CS/DS chain caps and included: GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc4S-ol and GalNAc6S(beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc6S-ol. The full assignment of all signals in the NMR spectra are given, and these data permit the further characterization of CS/DS chains and their nonreducing capping structures.
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Sampaio LO, Nader HB. Emergence and structural characteristics of chondroitin sulfates in the animal kingdom. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2006; 53:233-51. [PMID: 17239769 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia O Sampaio
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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Volpi N, Maccari F. Glycosaminoglycan Composition of the Large Freshwater Mollusc Bivalve Anodonta anodonta. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:3174-80. [PMID: 16283743 DOI: 10.1021/bm0505033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, glycosaminoglycans from the body of the large freshwater mollusc bivalve Anodonta anodonta were recovered at about 0.6 mg/g of dry tissue, composed of chondroitin sulfate (approximately 38%), nonsulfated chondroitin (about 21%), and heparin (41%). This last polysaccharide was found to consist of a large percentage (approximately 88%) of a fast-moving species possessing a lower molecular mass and sulfate group amount and about 12% of a more sulfated, slow-moving component having a greater molecular mass. The chondroitin sulfate was composed of approximately 28% of the 6-sulfated disaccharide, 46% of the 4-sulfated disaccharide, and about 26% of the nonsulfated disaccharide, with a charge density value of 0.74. Heparin was subjected to the oligosaccharide mapping after treatment with heparinase and then separation of the resulting unsaturated oligosaccharides by SAX-HPLC. A heparin sample from Anodonta anodonta showed a degree of sulfation similar to that of bovine mucosal heparin because of the presence of approximately the same mol % of the trisulfated disaccharide (DeltaUA2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcN2S6S), a slight modification of the other oligosaccharides, and a significant increase of the disaccharide bearing the sulfate group in position 3 of the N-sulfoglucosamine 6-sulfate (-->4)-beta-D-GlcA(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcN2S3S6S(1-->) part of the ATIII-binding region. However, the anticoagulant activity of mollusc heparin was quite similar to that of pharmaceutical grade heparin. The data obtained again emphasize the heterogeneity of GAGs from molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Luppi E, Cesaretti M, Volpi N. Purification and Characterization of Heparin from the Italian Clam Callista chione. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1672-8. [PMID: 15877393 DOI: 10.1021/bm049196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An unusual heparin (approximately 1.9 mg/g of dry tissue) was isolated from the marine italian bivalve mollusk Callista chione. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed a high content of the fast-moving heparin component (85 +/- 7.6%) and 15 +/- 1.3% of the slow-moving species. An average molecular mass of 10 950 was calculated by PAGE analysis. The anticoagulant properties were measured as APTT (97 +/- 12.1 IU/mg) and anti-Xa activity (52 +/- 7.4 IU/mg). Structural analysis of clam heparin, performed by depolymerizing heparin samples with heparinase (EC 4.2.2.7) and then separating the resulting unsaturated oligosaccharides by SAX-HPLC, revealed the presence of low amounts of the trisulfated disaccharide [DeltaUA2S(1-->4)-alpha-d-GlcN2S6S] and a significant increase of the disaccharides bearing nonsulfated iduronic and glucuronic acids, [-->4)-alpha-l-IdoA(1-->4)-alpha-d-GlcNAc6S(1-->] and [-->4)-alpha-l-IdoA(1-->4)-alpha-d-GlcN2S6S(1-->], and [-->4)-beta-d-GlcA(1-->4)-alpha-d-GlcN2S6S(1-->]. As a consequence, Callista chione heparin is a low-sulfated polysaccharide showing a specific decrease of the sulfatation in position 2 of the uronic acid units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Luppi
- Department of Biologia Animale, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41100 Modena, Italy
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Bezerra LRPS, Feldner PC, Kati LM, Girão MJBC, Sartori MG, Baracat EC, de Lima GR, Nader HB, Dietrich CP. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the vagina and perineal skin in pre- and postmenopausal women, according to genital prolapse stage. Int Urogynecol J 2004; 15:266-71. [PMID: 15517672 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-004-1150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the amount and types of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the posterior vaginal wall and perineal skin in menacme and postmenopausal women, according to genital prolapse stage. Samples of vaginal tissue and perineal skin were obtained from 40 women who underwent vaginal surgery. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans were extracted by extensive tissue maxatase digestion, submitted to electrophoresis on agarose gel, and their concentrations were determined by densitometry. Dermatan sulphate (DS) was the predominant GAG, followed by chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS). In the vagina there was a significant decrease in total GAGs, CS, DS and HS in postmenopausal women with prolapse stage 2 and 3 compared to the premenopausal group, independent of the stage. In stage 2 and 3 postmenopausal patients there was a significant decrease of DS and HS compared to the stage 1 postmenopausal group. In perineal skin there was no significant difference between total GAG amount, DS and HS. However, the amount of CS in premenopausal stage 1 patients was significantly than that in postmenopausal patients stage 1 and stages 2 and 3. In conclusions, there are quantitative and qualitative differences in GAGs of the ECM in vaginal wall and perineal skin between women in menacme and the postmenopause, according to genital prolapse stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R P S Bezerra
- Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua dos Otonis 567, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Nagahata M, Tsuchiya T, Ishiguro T, Matsuda N, Nakatsuchi Y, Teramoto A, Hachimori A, Abe K. A novel function of N-cadherin and Connexin43: marked enhancement of alkaline phosphatase activity in rat calvarial osteoblast exposed to sulfated hyaluronan. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:603-11. [PMID: 14975744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the interaction of the osteoblast which forms bone and sulfated hyaluronan (SHya). For the purpose of the creation of a new functional polysaccharide, we introduced a sulfate group in hyaluronan (Hya) of high molecular weight, and SHya of high molecular weight could be obtained for the first time. When rat calvarial osteoblast (rOB) cells were cultured with a high concentration of SHya, they formed aggregated spheroids after 4h and the spheroids grew to about 200microm after 24h. We examined the expression of cell adhesion molecules in order to clarify the mechanism of aggregate formation. The N-cadherin (N-cad) and Connexin43 (Cx43) expression level of rOB cells cultured with SHya remarkably increased after 2h. A difference in the expression of Integrin beta1 (Intbeta1) could not be observed between the SHya addition and control group. The alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity of rOB cells cultured with SHya after 8h was significantly enhanced in comparison with control. Therefore, the sulfate group of SHya seems to enhance expression of cell adhesion protein such as N-cad and Cx43, resulting in aggregate formation and further remarkable induction of the ALPase activity of rOB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misao Nagahata
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 158-8501, Japan.
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de Deus JM, Girão MJBC, Sartori MGF, Baracat EC, Rodrigues de Lima G, Nader HB, Dietrich CP. Glycosaminoglycan profile in bladder and urethra of castrated rats treated with estrogen, progestogen, and raloxifene. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 189:1654-9. [PMID: 14710093 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(03)00867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to evaluate the action of conjugated equine estrogens alone, medroxyprogesterone, the combination of these estrogens with progestogens, and of raloxifene on the glycosaminoglycan profile in the bladder and urethra of adult oophorectomized rats in comparison with noncastrated rats. STUDY DESIGN Sixty adult rats, of which 50 were submitted to bilateral oophorectomy, were studied. After 4 days, the latter were assigned to five groups of 10 animals each. For 30 consecutive days the following treatments were given: group 1, conjugated equine estrogens; group 2, conjugated equine estrogens combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate; group 3, medroxyprogesterone; group 4, raloxifene; and group 5, placebo. Thereafter the bladders and urethras of the animals were removed, processed to yield a dry powder of which the sulfated glycosaminoglycan content was determined by densitometry after agarose gel electrophoresis and that of hyaluronic acid by a fluorimetric assay. RESULTS Glycosaminoglycans found in the bladder and urethra were dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. In the bladder, hypoestrogenism or replacement with estrogens led to a lower sulfated glycosaminoglycan content. Replacement with estrogens and/or medroxyprogesterone reverted this effect. Hypoestrogenism decreased the dermatan sulfate/heparan sulfate ratio and reduced hyaluronic acid content. Estrogen therapy reverted this alteration and medroxyprogesterone addition annulled the estrogenic effect. In the urethra, castration did not alter hyaluronic acid content and sulfated glycosaminoglycan content, but raloxifene decreased the latter. CONCLUSION Castrated rats had a decrease in sulfated glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid content in the bladder. Hormonal replacement altered the quantity and quality of glycosaminoglycans. In the urethra, raloxifene reduced sulfated glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M de Deus
- Departments of Gynecology and Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gozzo AJ, Nunes VA, Nader HB, Dietrich CP, Carmona AK, Sampaio MU, Sampaio CAM, Araújo MS. Glycosaminoglycans affect the interaction of human plasma kallikrein with plasminogen, factor XII and inhibitors. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:1055-9. [PMID: 12886459 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003000800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasma kallikrein, a serine proteinase, plays a key role in intrinsic blood clotting, in the kallikrein-kinin system, and in fibrinolysis. The proteolytic enzymes involved in these processes are usually controlled by specific inhibitors and may be influenced by several factors including glycosaminoglycans, as recently demonstrated by our group. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of glycosaminoglycans (30 to 250 micro/ml) on kallikrein activity on plasminogen and factor XII and on the inhibition of kallikrein by the plasma proteins C1-inhibitor and antithrombin. Almost all available glycosaminoglycans (heparin, heparan sulfate, bovine and tuna dermatan sulfate, chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates) reduced (1.2 to 3.0 times) the catalytic efficiency of kallikrein (in a nanomolar range) on the hydrolysis of plasminogen (0.3 to 1.8 microM) and increased (1.9 to 7.7 times) the enzyme efficiency in factor XII (0.1 to 10 microM) activation. On the other hand, heparin, heparan sulfate, and bovine and tuna dermatan sulfate improved (1.2 to 3.4 times) kallikrein inhibition by antithrombin (1.4 microM), while chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates reduced it (1.3 times). Heparin and heparan sulfate increased (1.4 times) the enzyme inhibition by the C1-inhibitor (150 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Gozzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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37
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Volpi N, Maccari F. Purification and characterization of hyaluronic acid from the mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. Biochimie 2003; 85:619-25. [PMID: 12829379 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(03)00083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA) was for the first time extracted, purified and characterized from the species of mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. HA was characterized by agarose-gel electrophoresis, 13C-NMR, HPLC and normal polarity capillary electrophoresis by evaluating the unsaturated disaccharide, DeltaDiHA (Delta-hexuronic acid-N-acetyl-glucosamine) after treatment with chondroitin ABC lyase, and by separating Delta-tetrasaccharide and Delta-hexasaccharide generated by the specific action of hyaluronate lyase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus. The weight average molecular weight (M(w)) was found to be about 200 kDa as determined by HPSEC. HA from M. galloprovincialis was not able to interact with aggrecan from bovine cartilage to form high molecular mass aggregate and also had a very low specific viscosity, but it showed the same capacity to inhibit cell proliferation (50 microg per 10(3) human fibroblasts inhibit cell proliferation by about 50%) than high molecular mass HA. HA of M. galloprovincialis could have a physiological role in the regulation of cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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38
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Calvet CM, Toma L, De Souza FR, Meirelles MDNSLD, Pereira MCS. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate the invasion of cardiomyocytes by Trypanosoma cruzi. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50:97-103. [PMID: 12744521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytoadherence is an important step for the invasion of a mammalian host cell by Trypanosoma cruzi. Cell surface macromolecules are implicated in the T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte recognition process. Therefore, we investigated the role of cell surface proteoglycans during this invasion process and analyzed their expression after the parasite infected the target cells. Treatment of trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi with soluble heparan sulfate resulted in a significant inhibition in successful invasion, while chondroitin sulfate had no effect. Removal of sulfated glycoconjugates from the cardiomyocyte surface using glycosaminoglycan (GAG) lyases demonstrated the specific binding of the parasites to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Infection levels were reduced by 42% whenthe host cells were previously treated with heparitinase II. No changes were detected in the expression of GAGs infected cardiomyocytes even after 96 h of infection. Our data demonstrate that heparan sulfate proteoglycans, but not chondroitin sulfate, mediate both attachment and invasion of cardiomyocytes by T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Calvet
- Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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39
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Gozzo AJ, Nunes VA, Carmona AK, Nader HB, von Dietrich CP, Silveira VLF, Shimamoto K, Ura N, Sampaio MU, Sampaio CAM, Araújo MS. Glycosaminoglycans affect the action of human plasma kallikrein on kininogen hydrolysis and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1861-5. [PMID: 12489800 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human plasma kallikrein (huPK) is a serine proteinase involved in many biological processes including those of the kallikrein-kinin system. The action of huPK on kininogen results in bradykinin (BK) release, a potent mediator of inflammatory responses. BK generation may be influenced by several agents, and the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on human high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK) hydrolysis by huPK and on inflammation. huPK was pre-incubated in the absence and presence of different GAGs, followed by the addition of kininogen. Bradykinin released at different times was measured by radioimmunoassay, and KM and kcat were calculated. Tuna and bovine dermatan sulfates, the most potent GAGs studied, reduced by 80% and 68%, respectively, the catalytic efficiency of huPK (control = 4. x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) in BK release. The effect of bovine dermatan sulfate (BDS) on inflammatory response was studied in rat paw edema induced by carrageenin and hourly determined (1-4 h) by plethysmography. BDS significantly reduced the inflammatory response in the first and second hours of measurements (24% and 28%, respectively), p < 0.05. GAGs were shown to reduce bradykinin release "in vitro" and in an inflammation model. This reduction may play a role in the control or maintenance of some pathological and physiological processes.
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40
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Yamada S, Okada Y, Ueno M, Iwata S, Deepa SS, Nishimura S, Fujita M, Van Die I, Hirabayashi Y, Sugahara K. Determination of the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region oligosaccharide structures of proteoglycans from Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:31877-86. [PMID: 12058048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205078200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster are relevant models for studying the roles of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) during the development of multicellular organisms. The genome projects of these organisms have revealed the existence of multiple genes related to GAG-synthesizing enzymes. Although the putative genes encoding the enzymes that synthesize the GAG-protein linkage region have also been identified, there is no direct evidence that the GAG chains bind covalently to core proteins. This study aimed to clarify whether GAG chains in these organisms are linked to core proteins through the conventional linkage region tetrasaccharide sequence found in vertebrates and whether modifications by phosphorylation and sulfation reported for vertebrates are present also in invertebrates. The linkage region oligosaccharides were isolated from C. elegans chondroitin in addition to D. melanogaster heparan and chondroitin sulfate after digestion with the respective bacterial eliminases and were then derivatized with a fluorophore 2-aminobenzamide. Their structures were characterized by gel filtration and anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with enzymatic digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight spectrometry, which demonstrated a uniform linkage tetrasaccharide structure of -GlcUA-Gal-Gal-Xyl- or -GlcUA-Gal-Gal-Xyl(2-O-phosphate)- for C. elegans chondroitin and D. melanogaster CS, respectively. In contrast, the unmodified and phosphorylated counterparts were demonstrated in heparan sulfate of adult flies at a molar ratio of 73:27, and in that of the immortalized D. melanogaster S2 cell line at a molar ratio of 7:93, which suggests that the linkage region in the fruit fly first becomes phosphorylated uniformly on the Xyl residue and then dephosphorylated. It has been established here that GAG chains in both C. elegans and D. melanogaster are synthesized on the core protein through the ubiquitous linkage region tetrasaccharide sequence, suggesting that indispensable functions of the linkage region in the GAG synthesis have been well conserved during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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41
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Karst N, Jacquinet JC. Stereocontrolled Total Syntheses of Shark Cartilage Chondroitin Sulfate D-Related Tetra- and Hexasaccharide Methyl Glycosides. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200203)2002:5<815::aid-ejoc815>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Huckerby TN, Lauder RM, Brown GM, Nieduszynski IA, Anderson K, Boocock J, Sandall PL, Weeks SD. Characterization of oligosaccharides from the chondroitin sulfates. (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR studies of reduced disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:1181-9. [PMID: 11231269 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates were fragmented using the enzymes chondroitin sulfate ABC endolyase and chondroitin ACII lyase; both disaccharide and tetrasaccharide fragments were isolated after reduction to the corresponding 2-deoxy-2-N-acetylamino-D-galactitol (GalNAc-ol) form. These have the structures: Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S-ol, Delta UA2S(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S(beta 1--4)L-IdoA(alpha 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol, Delta UA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S-ol, Delta UA2S(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc4S-ol and Delta UA2S(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S(beta 1--4)GlcA(beta 1--3)GalNAc6S-ol, where Delta UA represents a 4,5-unsaturated hexuronic acid (4-deoxy-alpha-Lthreo-hex-4-enepyranosyluronic acid) and 6S/4S/2S represent O-ester sulfate groups at C6/C4/C2 sites. Complete (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR data are derived for these species, which may help to alleviate some of the significant difficulties resulting from signal complexity that are currently hindering the characterization and assignment of major and minor structural components within chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Huckerby
- The Polymer Centre, School of Physics and Chemistry, Lancaster University, UK.
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43
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Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA. A fingerprinting method for chondroitin/dermatan sulfate and hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2000; 10:393-401. [PMID: 10764827 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.4.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously published method for the analysis of glycosaminoglycan disaccharides by high pH anion exchange chromatography (Midura,R.J., Salustri,A., Calabro,A., Yanagishita,M. and Hascall,V.C. (1994), Glycobiology,4, 333-342) has been modified and calibrated for chondroitin and dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides up to hexasaccharide in size and hyaluronan oligosaccharides up to hexadecasaccharide. For hyaluronan oligosaccharides chain length controls elution position; however, for chondroitin and dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides elution times primarily depend upon the level of sulfation, although chain length and hence charge density plays a role. The sulfation position of GalNAc residues within an oligosaccharide is also important in determining its elution position. Compared to 4-sulfation a reducing terminal 6-sulfate retards elution; however, when present on an internal GalNAc residue it is the 4-sulfate containing oligosaccharide which elutes later. These effects allow discrimination between oligosaccharides differing only in the position of GalNAc sulfation. Using this simple methodology, a Dionex CarboPac PA-1 column with NaOH/NaCl eluents and detection by absorbance at 232 nm, a quantitative analytical fingerprint of a chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain may be obtained, allowing a determination of the abundance of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronan along with an analysis of structural features with a linear response to approximately 0.1 nmol. The method may readily be calibrated using either commercial disaccharides or the di- and tetrasaccharide products of a limit digest of commercial chondroitin sulfate by chondroitin ABC endolyase. Commercially available and freshly prepared shark, whale, bovine, and human cartilage chondroitin sulfates have been examined by this methodology and we have confirmed that freshly isolated shark cartilage CS contains significant amounts of the biologically important GlcA2Sbeta(1-3)GalNAc6S structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lauder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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44
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Chavante SF, Santos EA, Oliveira FW, Guerrini M, Torri G, Casu B, Dietrich CP, Nader HB. A novel heparan sulphate with high degree of N-sulphation and high heparin cofactor-II activity from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Int J Biol Macromol 2000; 27:49-57. [PMID: 10704986 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the aid of heparinase and heparitinases from Flavobacterium heparinum and 13C and IH NMR spectroscopy it was shown that the heparan sulphate isolated from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana exhibits structural features intermediate between those of mammalian heparins and heparan sulphates. These include an unusually high degree of N-sulphation (with corresponding very low degree of N-acetylation), a relatively high content of iduronic acid residues (both unsulphated and 2-O-sulphated) and a relatively low degree of 6-O-sulphation of the glucosamine residues. The major sequences (glucuronic acid-->N-sulphated glucosamine and glucuronic acid-->N, 6-disulphated glucosamine) are most probably arranged in blocks. Although exhibiting negligible anticlotting activity in the APTT and anti-factor Xa assays the A. franciscana heparan sulphate has a high heparin cofactor-II activity (about 1/3 that of heparin).
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Chavante
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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45
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Nader HB, Chavante SF, dos-Santos EA, Oliveira TW, de-Paiva JF, Jerônimo SM, Medeiros GF, de-Abreu LR, Leite EL, de-Sousa-Filho JF, Castro RA, Toma L, Tersariol IL, Porcionatto MA, Dietrich CP. Heparan sulfates and heparins: similar compounds performing the same functions in vertebrates and invertebrates? Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32:529-38. [PMID: 10412563 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and structure of heparan sulfate and heparin are briefly reviewed. Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous compound of animal cells whose structure has been maintained throughout evolution, showing an enormous variability regarding the relative amounts of its disaccharide units. Heparin, on the other hand, is present only in a few tissues and species of the animal kingdom and in the form of granules inside organelles in the cytoplasm of special cells. Thus, the distribution as well as the main structural features of the molecule, including its main disaccharide unit, have been maintained through evolution. These and other studies led to the proposal that heparan sulfate may be involved in the cell-cell recognition phenomena and control of cell growth, whereas heparin may be involved in defense mechanisms against bacteria and other foreign materials. All indications obtained thus far suggest that these molecules perform the same functions in vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
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46
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Shinjo SK, Prates NE, Oba SM, Sampaio LO, Nader HB. Distribution and composition of glycosaminoglycans in the left human coronary arterial branches under myocardial bridge. Atherosclerosis 1999; 143:363-8. [PMID: 10217365 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and composition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are reported in the anterior interventricular branch under the intermyocardial bridge (MB) and the ventricular branch without bridge, both from the left human coronary artery. Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) were purified and quantified by a combination of electrophoretic migration and enzymatic degradation. The absolute amounts of GAGs in the intermyocardial bridge segment (MB) increased by 47%, when compared to the pre (PreMB) and post (PostMB) segments and the ventricular arterial branch (VB). Furthermore, the relative distribution of GAGs in the intermyocardial bridge segment differs when compared to the pre and post segments as well as in the ventricular arterial branch, due to a change in the proportion of DS and CS of 41.9 and 32.4%, compared to 36.4 and 39.7%, respectively. These findings give support to the possible involvement of GAGs in the intermyocardial bridge segment, avoiding local thrombus deposition, reducing atherosclerotic development and moreover giving protection against vessel deformation caused by the systolic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Shinjo
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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47
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Lee KB, Kim JS, Kwak ST, Sim W, Kwak JH, Kim YS. Isolation and identification of chondroitin sulfates from the mud snail. Arch Pharm Res 1998; 21:555-8. [PMID: 9875494 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates were isolated from the mud snail. For the quantitative analysis of enzymatic digestion products of isolated chondroitin sulfates, strong anion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) was performed. By the action of chondroitinase ABC, three unsaturated disaccharides 2-acetamide-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose (delta Di-OS), 2-acetamide-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-6-O-sulfo-D-galactose (delta Di-6S) and 2-acetamide-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose (delta Di-4S) were produced from the mud snail chondroitin sulfates. The analysis showed that relative proportion of delta Di-OS/delta Di-6S/delta Di-4S was 58.7/3.1/38.2. The immunomodulating activity of chondroitin sulfate was examined by cell proliferation assay and these results suggest that it might be a immunosuppressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konyang University, Nonsan, Chungnam, Korea
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48
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Volpi N, Dondi M, Bolognani AM. Characterization of a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan isolated from the mucus surrounding the embryos of Viviparus ater (Mollusca Gastropoda). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1380:239-48. [PMID: 9565694 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan was isolated and partially characterized for core protein and glycosaminoglycan structures from the mucus surrounding embryos in the developmental pouch of Viviparus ater (Mollusca Gastropoda). The protein bearing polysaccharide nature was confirmed by gel-permeation chromatography separation of fractions positive to the uronic acid dosage, 7.5% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, sequential staining with alcian blue and ammoniacal silver. Its molecular mass was calculated at about 228,800. After degradation of the galactosaminoglycan components by chondroitinase ABC in the presence of proteinase inhibitors, the molecular mass of the core protein was determined at about 72,200. Treatment of the proteoglycan with keratanase did not modify its electrophoretic migration. Isoelectric focusing of the core protein demonstrated a micro-heterogeneity with the presence of two isoforms with different isoelectric point, pI=8.2 and 6.6, in a ratio of about 1:2.2. The glycosaminoglycan component of the proteoglycan was characterized as chondroitin sulfate with a molecular mass of about 30,750 composed of 5% non-sulfated unsaturated disaccharide, 94% monosulfated disaccharides (4-monosulfated to 6-monosulfated disaccharide ratio of 1.36) and 1. 5% disulfated disaccharides (in particular 1.3% 2,6-disulfated disaccharide) with a sulfate to carboxyl ratio of 0.96. Degradation of the chondroitin sulfate with chondroitinase ABC and ACII permitted to determine a percentage of glucuronic acid of about 78.4. The proteoglycan isolated from the mucus surrounding the embryos of Viviparus ater is formed by a small core protein bearing about five chondroitin sulfate chains (80% chondroitin sulfate/20% dermatan sulfate) with potential function in the developmental processes of molluscs embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Volpi
- Department of "Biologia Animale", Department of Biological Chemistry Section, via Berengario 14, University of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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49
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Hovingh P, Linker A. Glycosaminoglycans in two mollusks, Aplysia californica and Helix aspersa, and in the leech, Nephelopsis obscura. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Colburn P, Kobayashi E, Buonassisi V. Heparan sulfate-binding peptide promotes the deposition of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. J Cell Biochem 1997; 65:574-90. [PMID: 9178106 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970615)65:4<574::aid-jcb12>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic peptide, which was shown to bind extracellular matrix heparan sulfate chains with a high degree of affinity and specificity [Colburn et al. (1996): Arch Biochem Biophys 325:129-138], has now been found to promote the transfer and the deposition of endothelial cell surface proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. The peptide also induces preferential binding of extracellular matrix heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which have been added to the supernatant growth medium, and the requirement for its presence is stringent in that only a negligible amount of proteoglycans are bound to the cell layer in the absence of the peptide. In addition, antibodies directed against the peptide detect the accumulation of the peptide in the matrix compartment where the peptide is found associated with the proteoglycans transferred from the cell surface. The sequence of events induced by the peptide appears to be an extension of a naturally occurring process since proteoglycans with properties similar to those of the species ordinarily present in the extracellular matrix have been observed to transfer from the cell surface to the matrix during a pulse-chase experiment. We suggest that formation of the complex peptide-proteoglycan with consequent displacement of the proteoglycan from its anchorage on the cell initiates the process of transfer of the heparan sulfate-bound peptide from the cell surface to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Colburn
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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