1
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Differential viral RNA methylation contributes to pathogen blocking in Wolbachia-colonized arthropods. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010393. [PMID: 35294495 PMCID: PMC8959158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis is part of a global biocontrol strategy to reduce the replication of mosquito-borne RNA viruses such as alphaviruses. We previously demonstrated the importance of a host cytosine methyltransferase, DNMT2, in Drosophila and viral RNA as a cellular target during pathogen-blocking. Here we report a role for DNMT2 in Wolbachia-induced alphavirus inhibition in Aedes species. Expression of DNMT2 in mosquito tissues, including the salivary glands, is elevated upon virus infection. Notably, this is suppressed in Wolbachia-colonized animals, coincident with reduced virus replication and decreased infectivity of progeny virus. Ectopic expression of DNMT2 in cultured Aedes cells is proviral, increasing progeny virus infectivity, and this effect of DNMT2 on virus replication and infectivity is dependent on its methyltransferase activity. Finally, examining the effects of Wolbachia on modifications of viral RNA by LC-MS show a decrease in the amount of 5-methylcytosine modification consistent with the down-regulation of DNMT2 in Wolbachia colonized mosquito cells and animals. Collectively, our findings support the conclusion that disruption of 5-methylcytosine modification of viral RNA is a vital mechanism operative in pathogen blocking. These data also emphasize the essential role of epitranscriptomic modifications in regulating fundamental alphavirus replication and transmission processes.
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2
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Neupane B, Fendereski M, Nazneen F, Guo YL, Bai F. Murine Trophoblast Stem Cells and Their Differentiated Cells Attenuate Zika Virus In Vitro by Reducing Glycosylation of the Viral Envelope Protein. Cells 2021; 10:3085. [PMID: 34831310 PMCID: PMC8619372 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause devastating fetal neuropathological abnormalities, including microcephaly. Most studies of ZIKV infection in pregnancy have focused on post-implantation stage embryos. Currently, we have limited knowledge about how a pre-implantation stage embryo deals with a viral infection. This study investigates ZIKV infection on mouse trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and their in vitro differentiated TSCs (DTSCs), which resemble the cellular components of the trophectoderm layer of the blastocyst that later develops into the placenta. We demonstrate that TSCs and DTSCs are permissive to ZIKV infection; however, ZIKV propagated in TSCs and DTSCs exhibit substantially lower infectivity, as shown in vitro and in a mouse model compared to ZIKV that was generated in Vero cells or mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We further show that the low infectivity of ZIKV propagated in TSCs and DTSCs is associated with a reduced level of glycosylation on the viral envelope (E) proteins, which are essential for ZIKV to establish initial attachment by binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The decreased level of glycosylation on ZIKV E is, at least, partially due to the low-level expression of a glycosylation-related gene, Hexa, in TSCs and DTSCs. Furthermore, this finding is not limited to ZIKV since similar observations have been made as to the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and West Nile virus (WNV) propagated in TSCs and DTSCs. In conclusion, our results reveal a novel phenomenon suggesting that murine TSCs and their differentiated cells may have adapted a cellular glycosylation system that can limit viral infectivity by altering the glycosylation of viral envelope proteins, therefore serving as a unique, innate anti-viral mechanism in the pre-implantation stage embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (B.N.); (M.F.); (F.N.); (Y.-L.G.)
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3
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Flavivirus Envelope Protein Glycosylation: Impacts on Viral Infection and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00104-20. [PMID: 32161171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00104-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses encode one, two, or no N-linked glycosylation sites on their envelope proteins. Glycosylation can impact virus interactions with cell surface attachment factors and also may impact virion stability and virus replication. Envelope protein glycosylation has been identified as a virulence determinant for multiple flaviviruses, but the mechanisms by which glycosylation mediates pathogenesis remain unclear. In this Gem, we summarize current knowledge on flavivirus envelope protein glycosylation and its impact on viral infection and pathogenesis.
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4
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Dunbar CA, Rayaprolu V, Wang JCY, Brown CJ, Leishman E, Jones-Burrage S, Trinidad JC, Bradshaw HB, Clemmer DE, Mukhopadhyay S, Jarrold MF. Dissecting the Components of Sindbis Virus from Arthropod and Vertebrate Hosts: Implications for Infectivity Differences. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:892-902. [PMID: 30986033 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus, which is transmitted via mosquitos to a wide range of vertebrate hosts. SINV produced by vertebrate, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells is more than an order of magnitude less infectious than SINV produced from mosquito (C6/36) cells. The cause of this difference is poorly understood. In this study, charge detection mass spectrometry was used to determine the masses of intact SINV particles isolated from BHK and C6/36 cells. The measured masses are substantially different: 52.88 MDa for BHK derived SINV and 50.69 MDa for C6/36 derived. Further analysis using several mass spectrometry-based methods and biophysical approaches indicates that BHK derived SINV has a substantially higher mass than C6/36 derived because in the lipid bilayer, there is a higher portion of lipids containing long chain fatty acids. The difference in lipid composition could influence the organization of the lipid bilayer. As a result, multiple stages of the viral lifecycle may be affected including assembly and budding, particle stability during transmission, and fusion events, all of which could contribute to the differences in infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joseph C.-Y. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christopher J. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sara Jones-Burrage
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Trinidad
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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5
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Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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6
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Encapsidated Host Factors in Alphavirus Particles Influence Midgut Infection of Aedes aegypti. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050263. [PMID: 29772674 PMCID: PMC5977256 DOI: 10.3390/v10050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of mosquito-borne viruses requires the efficient infection of both a permissive vertebrate host and a competent mosquito vector. The infectivity of Sindbis virus (SINV), the type species of the Alphavirus genus, is influenced by both the original and new host cell. We have shown that infection of vertebrate cells by SINV, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Ross River virus (RRV) produces two subpopulations of virus particles separable based on density. In contrast, a single population of viral particles is produced by mosquito cells. Previous studies demonstrated that the denser vertebrate-derived particles and the mosquito-derived particles contain components of the small subunit of the host cell ribosome, whereas the less dense vertebrate-derived particles do not. Infection of mice with RRV showed that both particle subpopulations are produced in an infected vertebrate, but in a tissue specific manner with serum containing only the less dense version of the virus particles. Previous infectivity studies using SINV particles have shown that the denser particles (SINVHeavy) and mosquito derived particles SINVC6/36 are significantly more infectious in vertebrate cells than the less dense vertebrate derived particles (SINVLight). The current study shows that SINVLight particles, initiate the infection of the mosquito midgut more efficiently than SINVHeavy particles and that this enhanced infectivity is associated with an exacerbated immune response to SINVLight infection in midgut tissues. The enhanced infection of SINVLight is specific to the midgut as intrathoracically injected virus do not exhibit the same fitness advantage. Together, our data indicate a biologically significant role for the SINVLight subpopulation in the efficient transmission from infected vertebrates to the mosquito vector.
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7
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Losfeld ME, Scibona E, Lin CW, Villiger TK, Gauss R, Morbidelli M, Aebi M. Influence of protein/glycan interaction on site-specific glycan heterogeneity. FASEB J 2017; 31:4623-4635. [PMID: 28679530 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700403r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To study how the interaction between N-linked glycans and the surrounding amino acids influences oligosaccharide processing, we used protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a glycoprotein bearing 5 N-glycosylation sites, as a model system and expressed it transiently in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-S cell line. PDI was produced as both secreted Sec-PDI and endoplasmic reticulum-retained glycoprotein (ER)-PDI, to study glycan processing by ER and Golgi resident enzymes. Quantitative site-specific glycosylation profiles were obtained, and flux analysis enabled modeling site-specific glycan processing. By altering the primary sequence of PDI, we changed the glycan/protein interaction and thus the site-specific glycoprofile because of the improved enzymatic fluxes at enzymatic bottlenecks. Our results highlight the importance of direct interactions between N-glycans and surface-exposed amino acids of glycoproteins on processing in the ER and the Golgi and the possibility of changing a site-specific N-glycan profile by modulating such interactions and thus the associated enzymatic fluxes. Altering the primary protein sequence can therefore be used to glycoengineer recombinant proteins.-Losfeld, M.-E., Scibona, E., Lin, C.-W., Villiger, T. K., Gauss, R., Morbidelli, M., Aebi, M. Influence of protein/glycan interaction on site-specific glycan heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Estelle Losfeld
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Gauss
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
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8
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Characterization of N-glycosylation profiles from mammalian and insect cell derived chikungunya VLP. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:218-223. [PMID: 27157808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes severe arthralgia. The envelope of CHIKV is composed of 240 copies of two glycoproteins: E1 and E2. In this work, we have characterized the N-glycosylation patterns of CHIKV virus-like particles (VLPs), containing both E1 and E2 proteins, derived from mammalian and insect cells using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with fluorescence (FL) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. While HEK293 derived CHIKV VLPs contain oligomannose, hybrid and complex glycans, VLPs derived from SfBasic predominantly contain oligomannose glycans. This strong host dependence of N-glycosylation pattern resembles other alphaviruses such as SINV. The VLPs from HEK293 and SfBasic, with significantly different N-glycosylation profiles, are valuable reagents enabling future in-depth correlation studies between immunogenicity and glycosylation. In addition, the characterization tools presented here allow one to monitor glycosylation during vaccine process development and ensure process consistency.
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9
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Nelson MA, Herrero LJ, Jeffery JAL, Hoehn M, Rudd PA, Supramaniam A, Kay BH, Ryan PA, Mahalingam S. Role of envelope N-linked glycosylation in Ross River virus virulence and transmission. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1094-1106. [PMID: 26813162 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With an expanding geographical range and no specific treatments, human arthritogenic alphaviral disease poses a significant problem worldwide. Previous in vitro work with Ross River virus (RRV) demonstrated that alphaviral N-linked glycosylation contributes to type I IFN (IFN-αβ) induction in myeloid dendritic cells. This study further evaluated the role of alphaviral N-linked glycans in vivo, assessing the effect of glycosylation on pathogenesis in a mouse model of RRV-induced disease and on viral infection and dissemination in a common mosquito vector, Aedes vigilax. A viral mutant lacking the E1-141 glycosylation site was attenuated for virus-induced disease, with reduced myositis and higher levels of IFN-γ induction at peak disease contributing to improved viral clearance, suggesting that glycosylation of the E1 glycoprotein plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RRV. Interestingly, RRV lacking E2-200 glycan had significantly reduced replication in the mosquito vector A. vigilax, whereas loss of either of the E1 or E2-262 glycans had little effect on the competence of the mosquito vector. Overall, these results indicate that glycosylation of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of RRV provides important determinants of viral virulence and immunopathology in the mammalian host and replication in the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Nelson
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jason A L Jeffery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Marion Hoehn
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Aroon Supramaniam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Brian H Kay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Peter A Ryan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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10
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Hang I, Lin CW, Grant OC, Fleurkens S, Villiger TK, Soos M, Morbidelli M, Woods RJ, Gauss R, Aebi M. Analysis of site-specific N-glycan remodeling in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1335-49. [PMID: 26240167 PMCID: PMC4634314 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of N-linked protein glycosylation is the generation of diverse glycan structures in the secretory pathway. Dynamic, non-template-driven processes of N-glycan remodeling in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi provide the cellular setting for structural diversity. We applied newly developed mass spectrometry-based analytics to quantify site-specific N-glycan remodeling of the model protein Pdi1p expressed in insect cells. Molecular dynamics simulation, mutational analysis, kinetic studies of in vitro processing events and glycan flux analysis supported the defining role of the protein in N-glycan processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hang
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology
| | - Chia-wei Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Gauss
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology
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11
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Acharya D, Paul AM, Anderson JF, Huang F, Bai F. Loss of Glycosaminoglycan Receptor Binding after Mosquito Cell Passage Reduces Chikungunya Virus Infectivity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004139. [PMID: 26484530 PMCID: PMC4615622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that can cause fever and chronic arthritis in humans. CHIKV that is generated in mosquito or mammalian cells differs in glycosylation patterns of viral proteins, which may affect its replication and virulence. Herein, we compare replication, pathogenicity, and receptor binding of CHIKV generated in Vero cells (mammal) or C6/36 cells (mosquito) through a single passage. We demonstrate that mosquito cell-derived CHIKV (CHIKVmos) has slower replication than mammalian cell-derived CHIKV (CHIKVvero), when tested in both human and murine cell lines. Consistent with this, CHIKVmos infection in both cell lines produce less cytopathic effects and reduced antiviral responses. In addition, infection in mice show that CHIKVmos produces a lower level of viremia and less severe footpad swelling when compared with CHIKVvero. Interestingly, CHIKVmos has impaired ability to bind to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) receptors on mammalian cells. However, sequencing analysis shows that this impairment is not due to a mutation in the CHIKV E2 gene, which encodes for the viral receptor binding protein. Moreover, CHIKVmos progenies can regain GAG receptor binding capability and can replicate similarly to CHIKVvero after a single passage in mammalian cells. Furthermore, CHIKVvero and CHIKVmos no longer differ in replication when N-glycosylation of viral proteins was inhibited by growing these viruses in the presence of tunicamycin. Collectively, these results suggest that N-glycosylation of viral proteins within mosquito cells can result in loss of GAG receptor binding capability of CHIKV and reduction of its infectivity in mammalian cells. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a chronic arthritis-causing pathogen in humans, for which no licensed vaccine or specific antiviral drug is currently available. Due to the global spread of its mosquito vectors, CHIKV is now becoming a public health threat worldwide. CHIKV can replicate in both mammalian and mosquito cells, however it does not cause apparent damage to mosquito cells, yet it rapidly kills mammalian cells within a day after infection. In addition, mosquito and mammalian cells have different mechanism of protein glycosylation, which can result in different glycan structures of viral glycoproteins. In this study, we report that mosquito cell-generated CHIKV has lower infectivity in cell culture and causes less severe disease in mice, when compared to mammalian cell-generated CHIKV. We demonstrate that only mammalian cell-generated CHIKV, but not mosquito-cell generated CHIKV, binds to mammalian cell surface glycosaminoglycan receptors. Interestingly, mosquito-cell generated CHIKV can re-acquire glycosaminoglycan receptor binding capability after a single passage in mammalian cells and replicate at similar levels with mammalian cell-generated CHIKV, suggesting that passage of CHIKV in mosquito cells can reduce its infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Amber M. Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - John F. Anderson
- Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Faqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Shytuhina A, Pristatsky P, He J, Casimiro DR, Schwartz RM, Hoang VM, Ha S. Development and application of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitation and characterization of a Chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:192-7. [PMID: 25234500 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To effectively support the development of a Chikungunya (CHIKV) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, a sensitive and robust high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that can quantitate CHIKV VLPs and monitor product purity throughout the manufacturing process is needed. We developed a sensitive reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method that separates capsid, E1, and E2 proteins in CHIKV VLP vaccine with good resolution. Each protein component was verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry (MS). The post-translational modifications on the viral glycoproteins E1 and E2 were further identified by intact protein mass measurements with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The RP-HPLC method has a linear range of 0.51-12 μg protein, an accuracy of 96-106% and a precision of 12% RSD, suitable for vaccine product release testing. In addition, we demonstrated that the RP-HPLC method is useful for characterizing viral glycoprotein post-translational modifications, monitoring product purity during process development and assessing product stability during formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasija Shytuhina
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, United States
| | - Pavlo Pristatsky
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, United States
| | - Jian He
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, United States
| | - Danilo R Casimiro
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, United States
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Van M Hoang
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, United States
| | - Sha Ha
- Vaccine Bioprocess Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, United States.
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13
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Crispin M, Harvey DJ, Bitto D, Bonomelli C, Edgeworth M, Scrivens JH, Huiskonen JT, Bowden TA. Structural plasticity of the Semliki Forest virus glycome upon interspecies transmission. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1702-12. [PMID: 24467287 PMCID: PMC4428802 DOI: 10.1021/pr401162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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Cross-species
viral transmission subjects parent and progeny alphaviruses
to differential post-translational processing of viral envelope glycoproteins.
Alphavirus biogenesis has been extensively studied, and the Semliki
Forest virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins have been shown to exhibit differing
degrees of processing of N-linked glycans. However the composition
of these glycans, including that arising from different host cells,
has not been determined. Here we determined the chemical composition
of the glycans from the prototypic alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus,
propagated in both arthropod and rodent cell lines, by using ion-mobility
mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation analysis. We
observe that both the membrane-proximal E1 fusion glycoprotein and
the protruding E2 attachment glycoprotein display heterogeneous glycosylation
that contains N-linked glycans exhibiting both limited and extensive
processing. However, E1 contained predominantly highly processed glycans
dependent on the host cell, with rodent and mosquito-derived E1 exhibiting
complex-type and paucimannose-type glycosylation, respectively. In
contrast, the protruding E2 attachment glycoprotein primarily contained
conserved under-processed oligomannose-type structures when produced
in both rodent and mosquito cell lines. It is likely that glycan processing
of E2 is structurally restricted by steric-hindrance imposed by local
viral protein structure. This contrasts E1, which presents glycans
characteristic of the host cell and is accessible to enzymes. We integrated
our findings with previous cryo-electron microscopy and crystallographic
analyses to produce a detailed model of the glycosylated mature virion
surface. Taken together, these data reveal the degree to which virally
encoded protein structure and cellular processing enzymes shape the
virion glycome during interspecies transmission of Semliki Forest
virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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14
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Pertusa M, Madrid R, Morenilla-Palao C, Belmonte C, Viana F. N-glycosylation of TRPM8 ion channels modulates temperature sensitivity of cold thermoreceptor neurons. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18218-29. [PMID: 22493431 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPM8 is a member of the transient receptor potential ion channel superfamily, which is expressed in sensory neurons and is activated by cold and cooling compounds, such as menthol. Activation of TRPM8 by agonists takes place through shifts in its voltage activation curve, allowing channel opening at physiological membrane potentials. Here, we studied the role of the N-glycosylation occurring at the pore loop of TRPM8 on the function of the channel. Using heterologous expression of recombinant channels in HEK293 cells we found that the unglycosylated TRPM8 mutant (N934Q) displays marked functional differences compared with the wild type channel. These differences include a shift in the threshold of temperature activation and a reduced response to menthol and cold stimuli. Biophysical analysis indicated that these modifications are due to a shift in the voltage dependence of TRPM8 activation toward more positive potentials. By using tunicamycin, a drug that prevents N-glycosylation of proteins, we also evaluated the effect of the N-glycosylation on the responses of trigeminal sensory neurons expressing TRPM8. These experiments showed that the lack of N-glycosylation affects the function of native TRPM8 ion channels in a similar way to heterologously expressed ones, causing an important shift of the temperature threshold of cold-sensitive thermoreceptor neurons. Altogether, these results indicate that post-translational modification of TRPM8 is an important mechanism modulating cold thermoreceptor function, explaining the marked differences in temperature sensitivity observed between recombinant and native TRPM8 ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pertusa
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Alicante, Spain
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15
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Lim PY, Louie KL, Styer LM, Shi PY, Bernard KA. Viral pathogenesis in mice is similar for West Nile virus derived from mosquito and mammalian cells. Virology 2010; 400:93-103. [PMID: 20167345 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen. During replication, WNV acquires different carbohydrates and lipid membranes, depending on its mosquito or vertebrate hosts. Consequently, WNV derived from mosquito and vertebrate cell lines differ in their infectivity for dendritic cells (DCs) and induction of type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) in vitro. We evaluated the pathogenesis of WNV derived from mosquito (WNV(C6/36)) and vertebrate (WNV(BHK)) cell lines in mice. The tissue tropism, infectivity, clinical disease, and mortality did not differ for mice inoculated with WNV(C6/36) or WNV(BHK), and there were only minor differences in viral load and serum levels of IFN-alpha/beta. The replication kinetics of WNV(C6/36) and WNV(BHK) were equivalent in primary DCs and skin cells although primary DCs were more susceptible to WNV(C6/36) infection than to WNV(BHK) infection, suggesting that less virus is produced per infected cell for WNV(C6/36). In conclusion, viral source has minimal effect on WNV pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yin Lim
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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16
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Cano-Monreal GL, Williams JC, Heidner HW. An arthropod enzyme, Dfurin1, and a vertebrate furin homolog display distinct cleavage site sequence preferences for a shared viral proprotein substrate. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2010; 10:29. [PMID: 20578951 PMCID: PMC3014772 DOI: 10.1673/031.010.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses replicate in vertebrate and arthropod cells and utilize a cellular enzyme called furin to process the PE2 glycoprotein precursor during virus replication in both cell types. Furin cleaves PE2 at a site immediately following a highly conserved four residue cleavage signal. Prior studies demonstrated that the amino acid immediately adjacent to the cleavage site influenced PE2 cleavage differently in vertebrate and mosquito cells (HW Heidner et al. 1996 . Journal of Virology 70: 2069-2073.). This finding was tentatively attributed to potential differences in the substrate specificities of the vertebrate and arthropod furin enzymes or to differences in the carbohydrate processing phenotypes of arthropod and vertebrate cells. To further address this issue, we evaluated Sindbis virus replication and PE2 cleavage in the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus Milne-Edwards (Rodentia: Cricetidae) ovary cells (CHO-K1) and in a CHO-K1-derived furin-negative cell line (RPE.40) engineered to stably express the Dfurin1 enzyme of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Expression of Dfurin1 enhanced Sindbis virus titers in RPE.40 cells by a factor of 10(2)-10(3), and this increase correlated with efficient cleavage of PE2. The PE2-cleavage phenotypes of viruses containing different amino acid substitutions adjacent to the furin cleavage site were compared in mosquito (C6/36), CHO-K1, and Dfurin1-expressing RPE.40 cells. This analysis confirmed that the substrate specificities of Dfurin1 and the putative mosquito furin homolog present in C6/36 cells are similar and suggested that the alternative PE2 cleavage phenotypes observed in vertebrate and arthropod cells were due to differences in substrate specificity between the arthropod and vertebrate furin enzymes and not to differences in host cell glycoprotein processing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L. Cano-Monreal
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0662
| | - Jacqueline C. Williams
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0662
| | - Hans W. Heidner
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0662
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17
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Role of N-linked glycosylation for sindbis virus infection and replication in vertebrate and invertebrate systems. J Virol 2009; 83:5640-7. [PMID: 19297464 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02427-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Each Sindbis virus (SINV) surface glycoprotein has two sites for N-linked glycosylation (E1 positions 139 and 245 [E1-139 and E1-245] and E2 positions 196 and 318 [E2-196 and E2-318]). Studies of SINV strain TE12 mutants with each site eliminated identified the locations of carbohydrates by cryo-electron microscopy (S. V. Pletnev et al., Cell 105:127-136, 2001). In the current study, the effects of altered glycosylation on virion infectivity, growth in cells of vertebrates and invertebrates, heparin binding, virulence in mice, and replication in mosquitoes were assessed. Particle-to-PFU ratios for E1-139 and E2-196 mutant strains were similar to that for TE12, but this ratio for the E1-245 mutant was 100-fold lower than that for TE12. Elimination of either E2 glycosylation site increased virus binding to heparin and increased replication in BHK cells. Elimination of either E1 glycosylation site had no effect on heparin binding but resulted in an approximately 10-fold decrease in virus yield from BHK cells compared to the TE12 amount. No differences in pE2 processing were detected. E2-196 and E2-318 mutants were more virulent in mice after intracerebral inoculation, while E1-139 and E1-245 mutants were less virulent. The E1-245 mutant showed impaired replication in C7/10 mosquito cells and in Culex quinquefasciatus after intrathoracic inoculation. We conclude that the increased replication and virulence of E2-196 and E2-318 mutants are primarily due to increased efficiency of binding to heparan sulfate on mammalian cells. Lack of glycosylation at E1-139 or E1-245 impairs replication in vertebrate cells, while E1-245 also severely affects replication in invertebrate cells.
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18
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Opitz L, Zimmermann A, Lehmann S, Genzel Y, Lübben H, Reichl U, Wolff MW. Capture of cell culture-derived influenza virus by lectins: strain independent, but host cell dependent. J Virol Methods 2008; 154:61-8. [PMID: 18840469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to control influenza outbreaks are focused mainly on prophylactic vaccination. Human influenza vaccines are trivalent blends of different virus subtypes. Therefore and due to frequent antigenic drifts, strain independent manufacturing processes are required for vaccine production. This study verifies the strain independency of a capture method based on Euonymus europaeus lectin-affinity chromatography (EEL-AC) for downstream processing of influenza viruses under various culture conditions propagated in MDCK cells. A comprehensive lectin binding screening was conducted for two influenza virus types from the season 2007/2008 (A/Wisconsin/67/2005, B/Malaysia/2506/2004) including a comparison of virus-lectin interaction by surface plasmon resonance technology. EEL-AC resulted in a reproducible high product recovery rate and a high degree of contaminant removal in the case of both MDCK cell-derived influenza virus types demonstrating clearly the general applicability of EEL-AC. In addition, host cell dependency of EEL-AC was studied with two industrial relevant cell lines: Vero and MDCK cells. However, the choice of the host cell lines is known to lead to different product glycosylation profiles. Hence, altered lectin specificities have been observed between the two cell lines, requiring process adaptations between different influenza vaccine production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Opitz
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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19
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Ross River virus envelope glycans contribute to type I interferon production in myeloid dendritic cells. J Virol 2008; 82:12374-83. [PMID: 18922878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00985-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted viruses that cause significant human disease, and understanding how these pathogens successfully transition from the mosquito vector to the vertebrate host is an important area of research. Previous studies demonstrated that mosquito and mammalian-cell-derived alphaviruses differentially induce type I interferons (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-alpha/beta]) in myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), where the mosquito cell-derived virus is a poor inducer of IFN-alpha/beta compared to the mammalian-cell-derived virus. Furthermore, the reduced IFN-alpha/beta induction by the mosquito cell-derived virus is attributed to differential N-linked glycosylation. To further evaluate the role of viral envelope glycans in regulating the IFN-alpha/beta response, studies were performed to assess whether the mosquito cell-derived virus actively inhibits IFN-alpha/beta induction or is simply a poor inducer of IFN-alpha/beta. Coinfection studies using mammalian- and mosquito cell-derived Ross River virus (mam-RRV and mos-RRV, respectively) indicated that mos-RRV was unable to suppress IFN-alpha/beta induction by mam-RRV in mDC cultures. Additionally, a panel of mutant viruses lacking either individual or multiple N-linked glycosylation sites was used to demonstrate that N-linked glycans were essential for high-level IFN-alpha/beta induction by the mammalian-cell-derived virus. These results suggest that the failure of the mosquito cell-derived virus to induce IFN-alpha/beta is due to a lack of complex carbohydrates on the virion rather than the active suppression of the DC antiviral response.
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20
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Klimstra WB, Nangle EM, Smith MS, Yurochko AD, Ryman KD. DC-SIGN and L-SIGN can act as attachment receptors for alphaviruses and distinguish between mosquito cell- and mammalian cell-derived viruses. J Virol 2003; 77:12022-32. [PMID: 14581539 PMCID: PMC254289 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.22.12022-12032.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins such as DC-SIGN and L-SIGN, which bind mannose-enriched carbohydrate modifications of host and pathogen proteins, have been shown to bind glycoproteins of several viruses and facilitate either cis or trans infection. DC-SIGN and L-SIGN are expressed in several early targets of arbovirus infection, including dendritic cells (DCs) and cells of the reticuloendothelial system. In the present study, we show that DC-SIGN and L-SIGN can function as attachment receptors for Sindbis (SB) virus, an arbovirus of the Alphavirus genus. Human monocytic THP-1 cells stably transfected with DC-SIGN or L-SIGN were permissive for SB virus replication, while untransfected controls were essentially nonpermissive. The majority of control THP-1 cells were permissive when attachment and entry steps were eliminated through electroporation of virus transcripts. Infectivity for the DC-SIGN/L-SIGN-expressing cells was largely blocked by yeast mannan, EDTA, or a DC-SIGN/L-SIGN-specific monoclonal antibody. Infection of primary human DCs by SB virus was also dependent upon SIGN expression by similar criteria. Furthermore, production of virus particles in either C6/36 mosquito cells or CHO mammalian cells under conditions that limited complex carbohydrate content greatly increased SB virus binding to and infection of THP-1 cells expressing these lectins. C6/36-derived virus also was much more infectious for primary human DCs than CHO-derived virus. These results suggest that (i) lectin molecules such as DC-SIGN and L-SIGN may represent common attachment receptor molecules for arthropod-borne viruses, (ii) arbovirus particles produced in and delivered by arthropod vectors may preferentially target vertebrate host cells bearing these or similar lectin molecules, and (iii) a cell line has been identified that can productively replicate alphaviruses but is deficient in attachment receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Klimstra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA.
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21
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Tellinghuisen TL, Perera R, Kuhn RJ. Genetic and biochemical studies on the assembly of an enveloped virus. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2002; 23:83-112. [PMID: 11570108 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47572-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T L Tellinghuisen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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22
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Boehme KW, Popov VL, Heidner HW. The host range phenotype displayed by a Sindbis virus glycoprotein variant results from virion aggregation and retention on the surface of mosquito cells. J Virol 2000; 74:11398-406. [PMID: 11070041 PMCID: PMC113246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.23.11398-11406.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sindbis virus variant NE2G216 is a PE2-containing host range mutant that is growth restricted in cultured mosquito cells (C6/36) due to inefficient release of virions from this cell type. The maturation defect of NE2G216 has been linked to the structures of N-linked oligosaccharides synthesized by arthropod cells. Analysis of C6/36 cells infected with NE2G216 by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of dense virus aggregates within cytoplasmic vacuoles and virus aggregates adhered to the cell surface. The virus aggregation phenotype of NE2G216 was reproduced in vertebrate cells (Pro-5) by the addition of 1-deoxymannojirimycin, an inhibitor of carbohydrate processing which limits the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides to structures that are structurally similar, albeit not identical, to those synthesized in C6/36 cells. We conclude that defective maturation of NE2G216 in mosquito cells is due to virion aggregation and retention on the cell surface and that this phenotype is directly linked to the carbohydrate-processing properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Boehme
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0662, USA
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23
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Boehme KW, Williams JC, Johnston RE, Heidner HW. Linkage of an alphavirus host-range restriction to the carbohydrate-processing phenotypes of the host cell. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:161-70. [PMID: 10640554 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sindbis virus mutant NE2G216 retains PE2 in place of E2 in its virion structure. NE2G216 is a host-range mutant that replicates with near-normal kinetics in vertebrate cells, but displays severely restricted growth in cultured mosquito cells (C6/36) due to defects in the virus maturation process. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the host-range phenotype of NE2G216 was linked to the differences in carbohydrate-processing phenotypes between vertebrate and arthropod cells. Arthropod cell-derived glycoproteins are distinguishable from those synthesized in vertebrate cells by the absence of complex- and hybrid-type N-linked oligosaccharides. To test our hypothesis we compared the growth of the wild-type virus, TRSB, NE2G216 and three PE2-containing, C6/36 cell-adapted variants, in vertebrate cells treated with 1-deoxymannojirimycin (1-dMM). 1-dMM inhibits the Golgi alpha-mannosidase I enzyme and limits oligosaccharide processing to high-mannose forms (Man(8-9)GlcNAc(2)). The growth of TRSB was not restricted by the action of 1-dMM; however, NE2G216 was restricted in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the growth of each PE2-containing, C6/36 cell-adapted mutant was enhanced by low concentrations of 1-dMM (up to 1500%) and was only slightly affected by the higher concentrations. These results demonstrate that virion maturation functions of NE2G216 are sensitive to the structure of cis-linked oligosaccharides, and indicate that the carbohydrate-processing phenotypes of the host cell can influence viral host-range and function as a selective pressure in alphavirus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Boehme
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 North Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, TX 78249-0662, USA
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24
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Sato Y, Liu C, Wojczyk BS, Kobata A, Spitalnik SL, Endo T. Study of the sugar chains of recombinant human amyloid precursor protein produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1472:344-58. [PMID: 10572956 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The N- and O-glycans of recombinant amyloid precursor protein (APP), purified from Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the human 695-amino acid form of APP, were separately released by hydrazinolysis under different conditions. The reducing ends of the released N- and O-glycans were reduced with NaB3H4 and derivatized with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB), respectively. After acidic N-glycans were obtained by anion-exchange column chromatography, these were converted to neutral oligosaccharides by sialidase digestion, demonstrating that their acidic nature was entirely due to sialylation. The sialidase-treated N-glycans were then fractionated by lectin column chromatography and their structures were determined by linkage-specific sequential exoglycosidase digestion. These results demonstrated that recombinant APP has bi- and triantennary complex type N-glycans with fucosylated and nonfucosylated trimannosyl cores. In a similar fashion, the 2AB-labeled O-glycans derived from APP were determined to be mono- and disialylated core type 1 structures. Taken together, these results indicate that recombinant APP has sialylated bi- and triantennary N-glycans with fucosylated and nonfucosylated cores and sialylated O-glycans with core type 1 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Department of Glycobiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Rother
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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26
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Gemmill TR, Trimble RB. Overview of N- and O-linked oligosaccharide structures found in various yeast species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1426:227-37. [PMID: 9878752 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(98)00126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Yeast and most higher eukaryotes utilize an evolutionarily conserved N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathway that involves the formation of a Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol lipid-linked precursor, the glycan portion of which is co-translationally transferred in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to suitable Asn residues on nascent polypeptides. Subsequently, ER processing glycohydrolases remove the three glucoses and, with the exception of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a single, specific mannose residue. Processing sugar transferases in the Golgi lead to the formation of core-sized structures (Hex<15GlcNac2) as well as cores with an extended poly-alpha1,6-Man 'backbone' that is derivatized with various carbohydrate side chains in a species-specific manner (Hex50-200GlnNAc2). In some cases these are short alpha1,2-linked Man chains with (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or without (Pichia pastoris) alpha1,3-Man caps, while in other yeast (S. pombe), the side chains are alpha1,2-linked Gal, some of which are capped with beta-1,3-linked pyruvylated Gal residues. Charged groups are also found in S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris N-glycans in the form of mannose phosphate diesters. Some pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans) add poly-beta1,2-Man extension through a phosphate diester to their N-glycans, which appears involved in virulence. O-Linked glycan synthesis in yeast, unlike in animal cells where it is initiated in the Golgi using nucleotide sugars, begins in the ER by addition of a single mannose from Man-P-dolichol to selected Ser/Thr residues in newly made proteins. Once transported to the Golgi, sugar transferases add one (C. albicans) or more (P. pastoris) alpha1,2-linked mannose that may be capped with one or two alpha1,3-linked mannoses (S. cerevisiae). S. pombe is somewhat unique in that it synthesizes a family of mixed O-glycans with additional alpha1,2-linked Man and alpha1,2- and 1, 3-linked Gal residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Gemmill
- Wadsworth Center C-547, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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27
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Takegawa K, Tabuchi M, Yamaguchi S, Kondo A, Kato I, Iwahara S. Synthesis of neoglycoproteins using oligosaccharide-transfer activity with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:3094-9. [PMID: 7852391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.7.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel method for the enzymatic synthesis of neoglycoproteins. Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) had high levels of transglycosylation activity. The enzyme activity of Endo-A was markedly increased by adding 4-L-aspartyl-glycosylamine (GlcNAc-Asn) to the reaction mixture. Digesting (Man)6(GlcNAc)2 with the enzyme in the presence of GlcNAc-Asn gave a mixture of hydrolytic ((Man)6GlcNAc) and transglycosylic ((Man)6(GlcNAc)2-Asn) products. By means of transglycosylation, (Man)6GlcNAc was transferred en bloc to the partially deglycosylated ovalbumin glycopeptide (EEKYN(GlcNAc)LTSVL) concomitant with the hydrolysis of (Man)6-GlcNAc)2Asn. The structure of the transglycosylation product was designated as (Man)6(GlcNAc)2-peptide by amino acid composition and sequence analysis as well as ion mass spectrometry. The enzyme also transferred oligosaccharide to partially deglycosylated ribonuclease B (GlcNAc-protein) during the hydrolysis of (Man)6-(GlcNAc)2Asn. Native ribonuclease B had (Man)5-9 (GlcNAc)2 as its heterogeneous N-linked sugar chains. High performance liquid chromatography showed that all of the N-linked sugar chains of the synthetic neoribonuclease of the pyridylamino derivatives were modified to (Man)6(GlcNAc)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takegawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Japan
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28
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Lhernould S, Karamanos Y, Lerouge P, Morvan H. Characterization of the peptide-N4-(N-acetylglucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase Se) from Silene alba cells. Glycoconj J 1995; 12:94-8. [PMID: 7795418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The peptide-N4-(N-acetylglucosaminyl) asparagine amidase (PNGase Se) earlier described [Lhernould S., Karamanos Y., Bourgerie S., Strecker G., Julien R., Morvan H. (1992) Glycoconjugate J 9:191-97] was partially purified from cultured Silene alba cells using affinity chromatography. The enzyme is active between pH 3.0 and 6.5, and is stable in the presence of moderate concentrations of several other protein unfolding chemicals, but is readily inactivated by SDS. Although the enzyme cleaves the carbohydrate from a variety of animal and plant glycopeptides, it does not hydrolyse the carbohydrate from most of the corresponding unfolded glycoproteins in otherwise comparable conditions. The substrate specificity of this plant PNGase supports the hypothesis that this enzyme could be at the origin of the production of 'unconjugated N-glycans' in a suspension medium of cultured Silene alba cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lhernould
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Végétale et Valorisation des Espéces Ligneuses, Université de Limoges, France
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29
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Chapter 9 Preparative HPLC of Carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Chapter 7 Protein Glycosylation in Yeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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Abstract
The alphaviruses are a genus of 26 enveloped viruses that cause disease in humans and domestic animals. Mosquitoes or other hematophagous arthropods serve as vectors for these viruses. The complete sequences of the +/- 11.7-kb plus-strand RNA genomes of eight alphaviruses have been determined, and partial sequences are known for several others; this has made possible evolutionary comparisons between different alphaviruses as well as comparisons of this group of viruses with other animal and plant viruses. Full-length cDNA clones from which infectious RNA can be recovered have been constructed for four alphaviruses; these clones have facilitated many molecular genetic studies as well as the development of these viruses as expression vectors. From these and studies involving biochemical approaches, many details of the replication cycle of the alphaviruses are known. The interactions of the viruses with host cells and host organisms have been exclusively studied, and the molecular basis of virulence and recovery from viral infection have been addressed in a large number of recent papers. The structure of the viruses has been determined to about 2.5 nm, making them the best-characterized enveloped virus to date. Because of the wealth of data that has appeared, these viruses represent a well-characterized system that tell us much about the evolution of RNA viruses, their replication, and their interactions with their hosts. This review summarizes our current knowledge of this group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Strauss
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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32
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Tachibana H, Seki K, Murakami H. Identification of hybrid-type carbohydrate chains on the light chain of human monoclonal antibody specific to lung adenocarcinoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1182:257-63. [PMID: 8399360 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(93)90067-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate chains on the light chains of human monoclonal antibody HB4C5 reactive to human lung adenocarcinoma tissue have been characterized. The HB4C5 antibody consists of two kinds of light chains (30 kDa and 32 kDa). Each chain has different carbohydrates of varying molecular masses linked to the variable regions. The 30 kDa light chain has been confirmed to be the active species for antibody binding. The carbohydrates on the light chains were characterized by lectin blot analysis combined with glycosidase treatment. A carbohydrate chain linked to the active 30 kDa light-chain species, and one of a few carbohydrate phenotypes on the 32 kDa light-chain species is characterized as "hybrid type". A sialylated complex-type carbohydrate could also bind to the 32 kDa light-chain species. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that one potential N-glycosylation site is located in the complementarity determining region 1 of the light chain, although no such site was found in the variable region of the heavy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tachibana
- Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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33
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Datti A, Dennis J. Regulation of UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta 1-3GalNAc-R beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GlcNAc to GalNAc) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34
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Site-specific glycosylation of recombinant rat and human soluble CD4 variants expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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35
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Naim HY, Koblet H. Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of Semliki Forest virus grown in mosquito cells. Arch Virol 1992; 122:45-60. [PMID: 1729985 DOI: 10.1007/bf01321117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the N-linked oligosaccharides of Semliki Forest viral glycoproteins produced in infected mosquito cells (C6/36) was investigated by biosynthetic labeling, enzymic deglycosylation using endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases H, D, F/glycopeptidase F, exoglycosidase and analysis of the sugars on Concanavalin A-Sepharose columns and by gel filtration chromatography. The results demonstrated that the glycoproteins decorating the virus shed from infected cells have N-linked glycans with a trimannosyl core similar to the core glycans produced by vertebrate and yeast cells. However, the E1 glycoprotein produced by infected C6/36 cells exhibited both a trimannosyl core and a modified trimannosyl core most probably with terminal N-acetylglucosamine. The carbohydrate side chains of Semliki Forest envelope proteins displayed two types of structural heterogeneities existing either at different N-glycosylation sites as in the case of E2, or at the same N-glycosylation site as in the case of E1. In the presence of 1-deoxymannojirimycin, no structural heterogeneities in the glycan chains were found. This strongly suggests that the glycosylation events that lead to the observed sugar heterogeneities occur in the Golgi membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Naim
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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36
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Liu DT. Glycoprotein pharmaceuticals: scientific and regulatory considerations, and the US Orphan Drug Act. Trends Biotechnol 1992; 10:114-20. [PMID: 1368096 DOI: 10.1016/0167-7799(92)90192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D T Liu
- Division of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
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37
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Lee SO, Poretz RD. Hybrid myeloma cells which secrete heterodimeric IgG: a model to study the N-linked glycan. Immunol Cell Biol 1991; 69 ( Pt 3):151-7. [PMID: 1959932 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1991.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental questions remain unanswered regarding the effect of the acceptor polypeptide structure on the fine structure of the N-linked glycan of glycoproteins and conversely, the effect of the glycan structure of IgG on the function and structure of the protein. The construction of myeloma hybrids capable of secreting multiple IgG which differ with regard to the fine structure of their N-linked oligosaccharides would be a valuable model for studying these questions. P3X63Ag8 analogous glycan of the IgG2b secreted by Sp2/HLBu. Fusion hybrids of these cells secrete parental IgG1, and to a lesser degree IgG2b, as well as a heterodimeric IgG containing both the gamma 1 and gamma 2b chains. The oligosaccharide of each chain is identical in structure to the appropriate parental IgG. Such cells allow for the analysis of acceptor properties that influence glycan fine structure, as well as the role of glycan structure on the stability of the IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1059
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38
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Lace D, Gacesa P, Olavesen AH. The fate of intravenously administered biotin-labelled hyaluronidase in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:1395-8. [PMID: 2018571 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90114-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Lace
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Cardiff, U.K
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39
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Watson DG, Moehring JM, Moehring TJ. A mutant CHO-K1 strain with resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A and alphaviruses fails to cleave Sindbis virus glycoprotein PE2. J Virol 1991; 65:2332-9. [PMID: 1850015 PMCID: PMC240584 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.5.2332-2339.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RPE.40, a mutant CHO-K1 strain selected for resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A, is defective in the production of infectious alphaviruses, although viruses are taken in and processed normally (J. M. Moehring and T. J. Moehring, Infect. Immun. 41:998-1009, 1983). To determine the cause of this defect, the synthesis of Sindbis virus proteins was examined. RPE.40 cells produced and glycosylated structural glycoprotein precursors PE2 and immature E1 normally. Mature E1 was formed, but PE2 was not cleaved to E2 and E3. PE2 instead was modified to a higher-molecular-weight form (PE2') in which the high-mannose oligosaccharides were processed to the complex form without proteolytic cleavage. The data suggest that the cleavage which produces E2 occurs within the trans-Golgi or in post-Golgi elements and is closely associated with the addition of sialic acid residues to the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. RPE.40 cells make and release noninfectious Sindbis virions that contain PE2' and no detectable E2. These virions can be converted to an infectious form by treatment with trypsin. A defect in an intracellular endopeptidase activity in RPE.40 cells is postulated. Comparison of two Sindbis virus strains showed that the requirement for E2 in the virion to ensure infectivity is strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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40
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Lace D, Olavesen AH, Gacesa P. The effects of deglycosylation on the properties of native and biotinylated bovine testicular hyaluronidase. Carbohydr Res 1990; 208:306-11. [PMID: 2128205 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)80117-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Lace
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Cardiff, Great Britain
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41
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Lee SO, Connolly JM, Ramirez-Soto D, Poretz RD. The polypeptide of immunoglobulin G influences its galactosylation in vivo. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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42
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Dorner AJ, Kaufman RJ. Analysis of synthesis, processing, and secretion of proteins expressed in mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 1990; 185:577-96. [PMID: 2381330 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)85046-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Key issues in the purification and characterization of recombinant proteins for therapeutic use. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-409x(89)90015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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45
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Parekh RB, Dwek RA, Rudd PM, Thomas JR, Rademacher TW, Warren T, Wun TC, Hebert B, Reitz B, Palmier M. N-glycosylation and in vitro enzymatic activity of human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and a murine cell line. Biochemistry 1989; 28:7670-9. [PMID: 2514793 DOI: 10.1021/bi00445a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To probe the effects of N-glycosylation on the fibrin-dependent plasminogenolytic activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), we have expressed a human recombinant t-PA (rt-PA) gene in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in a murine C127 cell line. The resulting rt-PA glycoproteins were isolated and their associated N-linked oligosaccharide structures determined by using a combination of high-resolution Bio-Gel P-4 gel filtration chromatography, sequential exoglycosidase digestion, and methylation analysis. The results show that CHO rt-PA is N-glycosylated differently from murine C127 derived rt-PA. Further, both rt-PA's are N-glycosylated differently from t-PA derived from a human colon fibroblast and the Bowes melanoma cell line (Parekh et al., 1989), confirming that N-glycosylation of the human t-PA polypeptide is cell-type-specific. Both CHO and murine rt-PA were fractionated on lysine-Sepharose chromatography. The N-glycosylation of the major forms was analyzed and their fibrin-dependent plasminogenolytic activity determined by using an indirect amidolytic assay with Glu-plasminogen and a chromogenic plasmin substrate. The results suggest that the various forms of rt-PA differ from one another with respect to the kinetics of their fibrin-dependent activation of plasminogen. Together, these data support the notion (Wittwer et al., 1989) that N-glycosylation influences the fibrin-dependent catalytic activity of t-PA and that t-PA when expressed in different cell lines may consist of kinetically and structurally distinct glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Parekh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, U.K
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46
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Sonnewald U, Sturm A, Chrispeels MJ, Willmitzer L. Targeting and glycosylation of patatin the major potato tuber protein in leaves of transgenic tobacco. PLANTA 1989; 179:171-180. [PMID: 24201516 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1989] [Accepted: 04/13/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Patatin, the most abundant protein in the storage parenchyma cells of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, is a vacuolar glycoprotein that consists of a number of closely related polypeptides and is encoded by a large gene family. To analyse the glycosylation pattern and the nature of the glycans on a single patatin polypeptide in a heterologous tissue we introduced a single chimaeric patatin gene into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and studied its product in leaves. Patatin isolated from the leaves of transgenic tobacco plants is glycosylated at asparagine (Asn)(60), and Asn(90), but the third glycosylation site (Asn(202)) has no glycan. The two glycans are typical small complex glycans with xylose, fucose, mannose and N-acetylglucosamine in a ratio 1:1:3:2, the same ratio as found on patatin isolated from potato tubers. Expression of patatin in tobacco leaves was accompanied by the correct processing of the signal peptide, and the proper targeting of the glyco-protein to the vacuoles of mesophyll cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sonnewald
- Institut für Genbiologische Forschung Berlin GmbH, Ihnestrasse 63, D-1000, Berlin 33
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47
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Maley F, Trimble RB, Tarentino AL, Plummer TH. Characterization of glycoproteins and their associated oligosaccharides through the use of endoglycosidases. Anal Biochem 1989; 180:195-204. [PMID: 2510544 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Maley
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-0509
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48
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Dekker J, Van Beurden-Lamers WMO, Strous GJ. Biosynthesis of Gastric Mucus Glycoprotein of the Rat. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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49
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Roitsch T, Lehle L. Expression of yeast invertase in oocytes from Xenopus laevis. Secretion of active enzyme differing in glycosylation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 181:733-9. [PMID: 2659349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to understand factors that control glycosylation of proteins and processing of carbohydrate chains, invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was expressed in a heterologous system. Microinjection of invertase-specific in vitro transcripts into oocytes from Xenopus laevis resulted in synthesis, glycosylation and secretion of enzymatically active invertase. It was found that although the number of carbohydrate chains acquired is the same as in yeast, the carbohydrate processing is different. This is consistent with the notion that the usage of a glycosylation site is determined by the protein part, whereas subsequent processing occurs in a host-dependent manner. Both, high-mannose and complex type glycans, most likely tri- and tetra-antennary structures, were synthesized in oocytes. The data obtained suggests that in this system the core chains of yeast invertase remain high-mannose type, whereas the more extensively processed polymannose chains are modified to complex oligosaccharides. In the presence of the glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin, and the glucosidase processing inhibitor, methyldeoxynojirimycin, secretion of invertase is significantly decreased, whereas in the presence of the mannosidase inhibitor, deoxymannojirimycin, no influence of secretion is seen. This may suggest that glycosylation of invertase is important for early secretion events. Expression of invertase lacking the leader sequence results in loss of glycosylation and secretion in oocytes. This indicates that yeast signals for secretion are functional in this higher eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Roitsch
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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