1
|
Guo Z. The Structural Diversity of Natural Glycosphingolipids (GSLs). J Carbohydr Chem 2022; 41:63-154. [PMID: 36561362 PMCID: PMC9770679 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2063308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids made of a glycan and a ceramide that, in turn, is composed of a sphingoid base moiety and a fatty acyl group. GSLs represent the vast majority of glycolipids in eukaryotes, and as an essential component of the cell membrane, they play an important role in many biological and pathological processes. Therefore, they are useful targets for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods for human diseases. Since sphingosine was first described by J. L. Thudichum in 1884, several hundred GSL species, not including their diverse lipid forms that can further amplify the number of individual GSLs by many folds, have been isolated from natural sources and structurally characterized. This review tries to provide a comprehensive survey of the major GSL species, especially those with distinct glycan structures and modification patterns, and the ceramides with unique modifications of the lipid chains, that have been discovered to date. In particular, this review is focused on GSLs from eukaryotic species. This review has listed 251 GSL glycans with different linkages, 127 glycans with unique modifications, 46 sphingoids, and 43 fatty acyl groups. It should be helpful for scientists who are interested in GSLs, from isolation and structural analyses to chemical and enzymatic syntheses, as well as their biological studies and applications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Niimura Y. Isolation and characterization of acidic glycosphingolipids from the gill of the Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta): A novel hybrid-type ganglioside with isoglobo- and neolacto-Series. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:651-61. [PMID: 17123169 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-9002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monosialosyl gangliosides and sulfoglycolipids in the gill of pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, have been prepared by solvent extraction and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. Acidic glycolipid bands (M1-M13) detected by thin layer chromatography were separated by Iatrobeads column chromatography and 13 components were characterized by TLC, compositional analysis, methylation analysis, chemical and enzymatic degradation, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition to the acidic glycolipids with known structures (SM4s, SM3, GM3, LM1, GM1b and V(3)alphaFuc,IV(3)betaGalNAc-GM1a), two fractions (M11 and M13) of unknown monosialosyl gangliosides with TLC mobility slower than GM1a were isolated and characterized as having the following structure with a hybrid of isoglobo- and neolacto-series. [formula: see text] Analysis of fatty acid indicated predominance of C24:1 fatty acid in the upper band (M11) and shorter chain saturated fatty acids in the lower band (M13). The tissue concentrations of M11 and M13 were 1.15 and 0.96 mumol/kg wet weight, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Niimura
- Research Center of Biomedical Analysis and Radioisotope, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niimura Y. Structural analysis of a unique hybrid-type ganglioside with isoglobo-, neolacto-, and ganglio-core from the gills of the Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2669-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
4
|
Ito A, Levery SB, Saito S, Satoh M, Hakomori S. A novel ganglioside isolated from renal cell carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:16695-703. [PMID: 11278988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011791200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the level of higher gangliosides is correlated with degree of metastatic potential, and cell lines derived from metastatic deposits of RCC are characterized by high expression of disialogangliosides (Saito, S., Orikasa, S., Ohyama, C., Satoh, M., and Fukushi, Y. (1991) Int. J. Cancer 49, 329-334 and Saito, S., Orikasa, S., Satoh, M., Ohyama, C., Ito, A., and Takahashi, T. (1997) Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 88, 652-659). We now report two disialogangliosides, G1 and G2, found in the RCC cell line TOS-1. G1 from TOS-1 cells was characterized as having a novel hybrid structure between ganglio-series (region I as in Structure; same as the terminal structure of ganglioside GM2), and the lacto-series type 1 (region II). The characterization was based on reactivity with various monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with defined epitope specificity, as well as monosaccharide and fatty acid component analysis, (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the intact compound. G1 showed strong reactivity with mAb RM2, raised originally against TOS-1 cells, and weak cross-reactivity with anti-GM2 mAb MK-1-8. The antigen is hereby termed GalNAc disialosyl Lc4Cer (IV4GalNAcIV3NeuAcIII6NeuAcLc4; abbreviated GalNAcDSLc4). G2 was identified by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry as having a structure similar to Structure but without the GalNAcbeta1-->4 substitution and showed strong reactivity with mAb FH9 reported previously to be specific for disialosyl lacto-series type 1 (disialosyl Lc(4)) having vicinal alpha2-->3 and alpha2-->6 sialosyl residues, an antigen associated with human colonic cancer. Clinicopathological studies indicate that expression of these disialoganglioside antigens in RCC tissue is correlated with the metastatic potential of RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ito
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute and the Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sawada N, Ito M, Ishida H, Kiso M. The first synthesis of glycan parts of lactoganglio- and neolactoganglio-series gangliosides. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Miller-Podraza H. Polyglycosylceramides, Poly-N-acetyllactosamine-Containing Glycosphingolipids: Methods of Analysis, Structure, and Presumable Biological Functions. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4663-82. [PMID: 11749361 DOI: 10.1021/cr990347o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Miller-Podraza
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 440, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu J, Li YT, Li SC, Cole RB. Structural characterization of gangliosides isolated from mullet milt using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 1999; 9:985-93. [PMID: 10521534 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.10.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry has been used in conjunction with microwave-mediated saponification, periodate oxidation, and clostridial sialidase hydrolysis to enable detailed structural characterization of gangliosides and their derivatives present in mullet milt. The gangliosides extracted from mullet milt were determined to be GM3, GM3 lactone, GM3 methyl ester, and 9-O-acetyl GM3. For the major ganglioside GM3 and all GM3 derivatives, the ceramide composition was revealed to be C18:1/C16:0. GM3 with a C18:0/C16:0 ceramide was also found as a minor ganglioside. Both the ganglioside intramolecular ester and the ganglioside methyl ester (lacking carboxylic acid groups) showed dominant chloride attachment peaks (M + Cl)- in negative ion ESI-MS in addition to low intensity peaks corresponding to (M-H)-. GM3 and O-acetyl GM3 bearing carboxylic acid functions showed only (M-H)-. In positive ion ESI, GM3 and O-acetyl GM3 revealed (M + 2Na-H)+ peaks in addition to (M + Na)+, indicating free exchange of the carboxylic acid proton with a sodium cation, while the ganglioside intramolecular ester and ganglioside methyl ester with no acidic protons yielded only (M + Na)+. The strategy of employing ESI-MS to detect products of established wet chemical reactions represents a general approach for elucidation of ganglioside structural details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nakao T, Kon K, Ando S, Miyatake T, Yuki N, Li Y, Furuya S, Hirabayashi Y. Novel lacto-ganglio type gangliosides with GM2-epitope in bovine brain which react with IgM from a patient of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like disorder. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
9
|
Levery SB, Holmes EH, Harris DD, Hakomori S. 1H NMR studies of a biosynthetic lacto-ganglio hybrid glycosphingolipid: confirmation of structure, interpretation of "anomalous" chemical shifts, and evidence for interresidue amide-amide hydrogen bonding. Biochemistry 1992; 31:1069-80. [PMID: 1310419 DOI: 10.1021/bi00119a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids bearing GlcNAc beta 1----3 and GalNAc beta 1----4 linked to beta-Gal of lactosylceramide (lacto-ganglio hybrids), first isolated from a murine myelogenous leukemia cell line [Kannagi, R., Levery, S. B., & Hakomori, S. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8444-8451], have since been found as normal components of mullet roe and English sole liver. In order to clarify the biosynthetic pathways responsible for its occurrence both as a product of normal tissues and as a possible mammalian cancer-associated antigen, the lacto-ganglio hybrid core structure LcGg4Cer was synthesized from Lc3Cer using a GalNAc beta 1----4 transferase preparation from English sole liver. A preliminary characterization of the enzyme, which may be identical to the GalNAc T-1 responsible for synthesis of GM2 ganglioside, is presented. The enzymatically synthesized product was analyzed by 1- and 2-D 1H NMR spectroscopy, confirmining its primary structure as GalNAc beta 1----4-(GlcNAc beta 1----3)Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1Cer. In addition to assigning all nonexchangeable glycosyl proton resonances, measurements of several properties of the amide NH protons, including chemical shift, coupling constants, exchange rates, and temperature shift coefficients, were obtained and compared to those in the simpler constituent triglycosylceramides, Lc3- and Gg3Cer. An approximate three-dimensional structure for LcGg4Cer is proposed, consistent with all data obtained, which should be useful in discussing the results of 1H NMR analysis of compounds containing this core tetrasaccharide. The structure is characterized by an unusual arrangement of terminal N-acetylhexosamine residues, resulting in a pi-H hydrogen-bonding interaction between their acetamido groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Levery
- Biomembrane Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hirabayashi Y, Fujita S, Kon K, Ando S. Characterization of a novel Le(x)-active ganglioside from chick intestinal tissues recognized by murine monoclonal antibody 188C1. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
11
|
Basu M, Khan FA, Das KK, Zhang BJ. Biosynthesis in vitro of core lacto-series glycosphingolipids by N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferases from human colon carcinoma cells, Colo 205. Carbohydr Res 1991; 209:261-77. [PMID: 1828006 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(91)80162-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferases have been detected in human colon carcinoma Colo 205 cells. These enzymes catalyze the biosynthesis in vitro of the core-glycolipid of Type 1 and Type 2 lacto-series antigens and of the polylactosamine-containing longer chain antigenic structures, respectively. The first enzyme, GlcNAcT-1, which catalyzes the formation of lactotriosylceramide [LcOse3Cer, beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-LcOse2Cer, the core for all lacto-series Type 1 and Type 2 chains] from lactosylceramide [beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-D-Glcp-Cer, LcOse2Cer] and UDP-GlcNAc shows optimum activity in the presence of nonionic detergent Triton CF-54. The other enzyme, GlcNAcT-2, which catalyzes the biosynthesis in vitro of iLcOse5Cer [beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-nLcOse4Cer, the core for polylactosamine-containing antigens] from nLcOse4Cer [beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-LcOse3Cer] and UDP-GlcNAc, is optimally active with the zwitterionic detergent, Zwittergent 3-14, when membrane-bound. Both of these activities, however, can be extracted from the membrane by use of a nonionic detergent. Triton X-114, with nearly the same efficiency. These two transferases showed different pH optima, different cation and anion effects, and differential heat-inactivation patterns at 55 degrees. Permethylation studies of the radioactive products isolated from both of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions using respective 3H-substrates and nonradioactive UDP-GlcNAc showed the presence of 2,4,6-tri-O-methylgalactose in the hydrolyzed products. This indicated the presence of a (1----3)-linked beta-D-GlcpNAc group at the nonreducing end in both cases. The linkage of the beta-D-GlcpNAc group to the subterminal D-Gal residue in the two products was confirmed by an almost 90% cleavage of the terminal [3H]GlcNAc group by purified clam and papaya beta-D-hexosaminidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
|
14
|
Dohi T, Ohta S, Hanai N, Yamaguchi K, Oshima M. Sialylpentaosylceramide detected with anti-GM2 monoclonal antibody. Structural characterization and complementary expression with GM2 in gastric cancer and normal gastric mucosa. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
15
|
Fredman P, Månsson JE, Wikstrand CJ, Vrionis FD, Rynmark BM, Bigner DD, Svennerholm L. A New Ganglioside of the Lactotetraose Series, GalNAc-3′-isoLM1, Detected in Human Meconium. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
16
|
Li YT, Li SC. Ceramide glycanase from leech, Hirudo medicinalis, and earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Methods Enzymol 1989; 179:479-87. [PMID: 2695772 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(89)79147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
17
|
Stults CL, Sweeley CC, Macher BA. Glycosphingolipids: structure, biological source, and properties. Methods Enzymol 1989; 179:167-214. [PMID: 2695766 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(89)79122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Ostrander GK, Levery SB, Eaton HL, Salyan ME, Hakomori S, Holmes EH. Isolation and characterization of four major neutral glycosphingolipids from the liver of the English sole (Parophrys vetulus). Presence of a novel branched lacto-ganglio-iso-globo hybrid structure. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
20
|
Ilyas AA, Li SC, Chou DK, Li YT, Jungalwala FB, Dalakas MC, Quarles RH. Gangliosides GM2, IV4GalNAcGM1b, and IV4GalNAcGC1a as antigens for monoclonal immunoglobulin M in neuropathy associated with gammopathy. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
21
|
DeGasperi R, Li SC, Li YT. A GM2-specific beta-hexosaminidase from the roe of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus). J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|