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Ramesh P, Bajire SK, Kanichery A, Najar MA, Shastry RP, Prasad TSK. 6-Methylcoumarin rescues bacterial quorum sensing induced ribosome-inactivating stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105833. [PMID: 36265737 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial pathogenicity has for long posed severe effects on patient care. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections and nosocomial illnesses. It is known to infect the host by colonizing through quorum sensing and the production of exotoxins. METHODS The current effort is an analysis of proteomic alterations caused by P. aeruginosa PAO1 to study the effects of quorum sensing inhibitor 6-Methylcoumarin on PAO1 infectivity in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. RESULTS Through tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics approaches, 229 proteins were found to be differentially regulated in infection and upon inhibition. Among these, 34 proteins were found to be dysregulated in both infection and quorum-sensing inhibition conditions. Along with the dysregulation of proteins involved in host-pathogen interaction, PAO1 was found to induce ribosome-inactivating stress accompanied by the downregulating mitochondrial proteins. This in turn caused dysregulation of apoptosis. The expression of multiple proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis and structure, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial enzymes were altered due to infection. This mechanism, adapted by PAO1 to survive in the host, was inhibited by 6-Methylcoumarin by rescuing the downregulation of ribosomal and mitochondrial proteins. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data reflect the molecular alterations due to quorum sensing and the usefulness of inhibitors in controlling pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Ramesh
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Sukesh Kumar Bajire
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Anagha Kanichery
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Mohd Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Rajesh P Shastry
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
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Mohammed RK, Abbas HN. Bactericidal Effect of Needle Plasma System on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-017-0474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Morlon-Guyot J, Méré J, Bonhoure A, Beaumelle B. Processing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A is dispensable for cell intoxication. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3090-9. [PMID: 19380469 PMCID: PMC2708563 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01390-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exotoxin A is a major virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This toxin binds to a specific receptor on animal cells, allowing endocytosis of the toxin. Once in endosomes, the exotoxin can be processed by furin to generate a C-terminal toxin fragment that lacks the receptor binding domain and is retrogradely transported to the endoplasmic reticulum for retrotranslocation to the cytosol through the Sec61 channel. The toxin then blocks protein synthesis by ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2, thereby triggering cell death. A shorter intracellular route has also been described for this toxin. It involves direct translocation of the entire toxin from endosomes to the cytosol and therefore does not rely on furin-mediated cleavage. To examine the implications of endosomal translocation in the intoxication process, we investigated whether the toxin required furin-mediated processing in order to kill cells. We used three different approaches. We first fused to the N terminus of the toxin proteins with different unfolding abilities so that they inhibited or did not inhibit endosomal translocation of the chimera. We then assayed the amount of toxin fragments delivered to the cytosol during cell intoxication. Finally we used furin inhibitors and examined the fate and intracellular localization of the toxin and its receptor. The results showed that exotoxin cytotoxicity results largely from endosomal translocation of the entire toxin. We found that the C-terminal fragment was unstable in the cytosol.
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Pastrana DV, Hanson AJ, Knisely J, Bu G, Fitzgerald DJ. LRP1B functions as a receptor for Pseudomonas exotoxin. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1741:234-9. [PMID: 16095885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that produces several virulence factors, among them Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE). Previously, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP 1) was shown to be the primary receptor for PE. In this report, we show that a close family member, LRP 1B, can also function as a receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CCR, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
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Laithwaite JE, Benn SJ, Yamate J, FitzGerald DJ, LaMarre J. Enhanced macrophage resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A is correlated with decreased expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Infect Immun 1999; 67:5827-33. [PMID: 10531236 PMCID: PMC96962 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.11.5827-5833.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/1999] [Accepted: 09/03/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular intoxification by exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PEA) begins when PEA binds to its cellular receptor, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). This receptor is particularly abundant on macrophages. We hypothesize here that inducible changes in cellular expression levels of the LRP represent an important mechanism by which macrophage susceptibility to PEA is regulated by the host. We have examined the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on LRP expression and PEA sensitivity in the macrophage-like cell line HS-P. Using a [(3)H]leucine incorporation assay to measure inhibition of protein synthesis, we have demonstrated that HS-P macrophages are highly sensitive to PEA and that PEA toxicity is decreased by the LRP antagonist receptor-associated protein. LPS pretreatment decreases HS-P PEA sensitivity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The dose of toxin required to inhibit protein synthesis by 50% increased from 11.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml in untreated cells to 25.7 +/- 2.0 ng/ml in cells treated with LPS. In pulse experiments, involving brief exposure to saturating concentrations of PEA, [(3)H]leucine incorporation was more than threefold higher in cells pretreated with LPS than in untreated macrophages. These changes in HS-P PEA sensitivity following LPS treatment were consistently associated with a fivefold decrease in HS-P LRP mRNA expression as measured by Northern blot analysis and a three-and-a-half-fold decrease in HS-P LRP-specific ligand internalization as determined by activated alpha(2)-macroglobulin internalization studies. These data demonstrate for the first time that modulation of LRP levels by extracellular signaling molecules can alter cellular PEA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Laithwaite
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Neels J, Horn I, van den Berg B, Pannekoek H, van Zonneveld AJ. Ligand-receptor interactions of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, a multi-ligand endocytic receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-9499(98)80016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alami M, Taupiac MP, Reggio H, Bienvenüe A, Beaumelle B. Involvement of ATP-dependent Pseudomonas exotoxin translocation from a late recycling compartment in lymphocyte intoxication procedure. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:387-402. [PMID: 9450963 PMCID: PMC25269 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.9.2.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1997] [Accepted: 11/24/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) is a cytotoxin which, after endocytosis, is delivered to the cytosol where it inactivates protein synthesis. Using diaminobenzidine cytochemistry, we found over 94% of internalized PE in transferrin (Tf) -positive endosomes of lymphocytes. When PE translocation was examined in a cell-free assay using purified endocytic vesicles, more than 40% of endosomal 125I-labeled PE was transported after 2 h at 37 degrees C, whereas a toxin inactivated by point mutation in its translocation domain was not translocated. Sorting of endosomes did not allow cell-free PE translocation, whereas active PE transmembrane transport was observed after > 10 min of endocytosis when PE and fluorescent-Tf were localized by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy within a rab5-positive and rab4- and rab7-negative recycling compartment in the pericentriolar region of the cell. Accordingly, when PE delivery to this structure was inhibited using a 20 degrees C endocytosis temperature, subsequent translocation from purified endosomes was impaired. Translocation was also inhibited when endosomes were obtained from cells labeled with PE in the presence of brefeldin A, which caused fusion of translocation-competent recycling endosomes with translocation-incompetent sorting elements. No PE processing was observed in lymphocyte endosomes, the full-sized toxin was translocated and recovered in an enzymatically active form. ATP hydrolysis was found to directly provide the energy required for PE translocation. Inhibitors of endosome acidification (weak bases, protonophores, or bafilomycin A1) when added to the assay did not significantly affect 125I-labeled PE translocation, demonstrating that this transport is independent of the endosome-cytosol pH gradient. Nevertheless, when 125I-labeled PE endocytosis was performed in the presence of one of these molecules, translocation from endosomes was strongly inhibited, indicating that exposure to acidic pH is a prerequisite for PE membrane traversal. When applied during endocytosis, treatments that protect cells against PE intoxication (low temperatures, inhibitors of endosome acidification, and brefeldin A) impaired 125I-labeled PE translocation from purified endosomes. We conclude that PE translocation from a late receptor recycling compartment is implicated in the lymphocyte intoxication procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alami
- UMR 5539 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Biologie-Santé, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
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Mucci D, Forristal J, Strickland D, Morris R, Fitzgerald D, Saelinger CB. Level of receptor-associated protein moderates cellular susceptibility to pseudomonas exotoxin A. Infect Immun 1995; 63:2912-8. [PMID: 7622212 PMCID: PMC173396 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.8.2912-2918.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) enters mammalian cells via a receptor-mediated endocytic pathway. The initial step in this pathway is binding to the multiligand receptor termed the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). Binding of toxin, and of the many other ligands that bind to LRP, is blocked by the addition of a 39-kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP). Here we show that approximately 40% of the cell-associated LRP is on the surface of toxin-sensitive mouse LM fibroblasts and thus accessible for toxin internalization. The remainder is located intracellularly, primarily in the Golgi region. Mammalian cells exhibit a wide range of sensitivity to PE. To investigate possible reasons for this, we examined the expression levels of both LRP and RAP. Results from a variety of cell lines indicated that there was a positive correlation between LRP expression and toxin sensitivity. In the absence of LRP, cells were as much as 200-fold more resistant to PE compared with sensitive cells. A second group of resistant cells expressed LRP but had a high level of RAP. Thus, a toxin-resistant phenotype would be expected when cells expressed either low levels of LRP or high levels of LRP in the presence of high levels of RAP. We hypothesize that RAP has a pivotal role in moderating cellular susceptibility to PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mucci
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Ohio 45267, USA
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Fitzgerald DJ, Fryling CM, Zdanovsky A, Saelinger CB, Kounnas M, Strickland DK, Leppla S. Selection of Pseudomonas exotoxin-resistant cells with altered expression of alpha 2MR/LRP. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 737:138-44. [PMID: 7944142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Fitzgerald
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Cleavage of pseudomonas exotoxin and diphtheria toxin by a furin-like enzyme prepared from beef liver. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Saelinger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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Expression of mouse furin in a Chinese hamster cell resistant to Pseudomonas exotoxin A and viruses complements the genetic lesion. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Ogata M, Fryling C, Pastan I, FitzGerald D. Cell-mediated cleavage of Pseudomonas exotoxin between Arg279 and Gly280 generates the enzymatically active fragment which translocates to the cytosol. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kounnas M, Morris R, Thompson M, FitzGerald D, Strickland D, Saelinger C. The alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein binds and internalizes Pseudomonas exotoxin A. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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London E. Diphtheria toxin: membrane interaction and membrane translocation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1113:25-51. [PMID: 1550860 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(92)90033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-5215
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Madshus
- Department of Biochemistry, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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Abstract
Recombinant toxins target cell surface receptors and antigens on tumor cells. They kill by mechanisms different from conventional chemotherapy, so that cross resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents should not be a problem. Furthermore, they are not mutagens and should not induce secondary malignancies or accelerate progression of benign malignancies. They can be mass-produced cheaply in bacteria as homogeneous proteins. Either growth factor-toxin fusions or antibody-toxin fusions can be chosen, depending on the cellular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pastan
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Forristal JJ, Thompson MR, Morris RE, Saelinger CB. Mouse liver contains a Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A-binding protein. Infect Immun 1991; 59:2880-4. [PMID: 1879914 PMCID: PMC258108 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.9.2880-2884.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces several potential virulence factors, including the ADP-ribosylating toxin, exotoxin A (PE). Studies using a burned mouse model have shown that PE consistently inhibits protein synthesis and depletes elongation factor 2 in mouse liver and variably in other organs. One reason for toxin sensitivity could be the presence of a PE receptor on the surface of cells. Therefore we examined detergent extracts of mouse tissues for the presence of toxin-binding proteins. Proteins which specifically bind PE were present in extracts from liver, kidney, lung, spleen, and heart. Because liver appears to be a prominent target for the toxin in a burned animal, we choose to isolate the PE-binding protein from mouse liver and compare this protein to the recently characterized toxin-binding protein from toxin-sensitive mouse LM fibroblasts. The toxin-binding proteins from both sources have a molecular mass of approximately 350 kDa, share similar protease digestion profiles, and are glycosylated. However the glycosylation patterns for the two species are quite different. Both glycoproteins bind toxin with high avidity. The toxin-binding moiety is located, at least in part, on the plasma membrane and thus could represent the receptor involved in internalization of toxin molecules responsible for cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Forristal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267
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