1
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Vu TL, Nguyen TKO, Song JA, Chong S, Choe H. Enhanced prokaryotic expression, purification, and biological activities of human keratinocyte growth factor. J Biotechnol 2024; 386:42-51. [PMID: 38552676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), also known as fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), plays a critical role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, and differentiation. However, efficient production of recombinant KGF remains a challenge due to its low expression levels and high tendency for aggregation in Escherichia coli. This study aimed to enhance the expression and solubility of KGF by employing different protein tags-PDIb'a', MBP, and His-fused to the N-terminus of KGF. Among these, H-PDIb'a'-KGF demonstrated superior stability and was selected for large-scale production and purification. The purified KGF was confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis, which showed an 81% fragment mass identification coverage. Biological activity assessments using human breast cancer MCF-7 cells indicated that purified KGF significantly increased cell proliferation, with an EC50 of 6.4 ± 0.5 pM. Interestingly, PDIb'a' alone also exhibited a stimulatory effect on MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the purified KGF enhanced the wound healing of HaCaT keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner. These findings provide valuable insights into the efficient production and functional characterization of recombinant KGF for potential applications in therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Luong Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Jung-A Song
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Seonha Chong
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
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2
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Kim YS, Lee HJ, Handoko GA, Kim J, Kim SB, Won M, Park JH, Ahn J. Production of a 135-residue long N-truncated human keratinocyte growth factor 1 in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:98. [PMID: 37170276 PMCID: PMC10173505 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palifermin (trade name Kepivance®) is an amino-terminally truncated recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor 1 (KGF-1) with 140 residues that has been produced using Escherichia coli to prevent and treat oral mucositis following radiation or chemotherapy. In this study, an amino-terminally shortened KGF-1 variant with 135 residues was produced and purified in E. coli, and its cell proliferation activity was evaluated. RESULTS We expressed soluble KGF-1 fused to thioredoxin (TRX) in the cytoplasmic fraction of E. coli to improve its production yield. However, three N-truncated forms (KGF-1 with 140, 138, and 135 residues) were observed after the removal of the TRX protein from the fusion form by cleavage of the human enterokinase light chain C112S (hEKL C112S). The shortest KGF-1 variant, with 135 residues, was expressed by fusion with TRX via the hEKL cleavage site in E. coli and purified at high purity (> 99%). Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows that purified KGF-1135 had a structure similar to that of the KGF-1140 as a random coiled form, and MCF-7 cell proliferation assays demonstrate its biological activity. CONCLUSIONS We identified variations in N-terminus-truncated KGF-1 and selected the most stable form. Furthermore, by a simple two-step purification, highly purified KGF-1135 was obtained that showed biological activity. These results demonstrate that KGF-1135 may be considered an alternative protein to KGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Su Kim
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Cheongju, 20736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Lee
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Cheongju, 20736, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabriella Aphrodita Handoko
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Cheongju, 20736, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jaehui Kim
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Cheongju, 20736, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong-Bo Kim
- Bio-Living Engineering Major, Global Leaders College, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Minho Won
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Cheongju, 20736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Ho Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, Cheongju, 20736, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Jungoh Ahn
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Cheongju, 20736, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
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Goutam RS, Kumar V, Lee U, Kim J. Exploring the Structural and Functional Diversity among FGF Signals: A Comparative Study of Human, Mouse, and Xenopus FGF Ligands in Embryonic Development and Cancer Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087556. [PMID: 37108717 PMCID: PMC10146080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) encode a large family of growth factor proteins that activate several intracellular signaling pathways to control diverse physiological functions. The human genome encodes 22 FGFs that share a high sequence and structural homology with those of other vertebrates. FGFs orchestrate diverse biological functions by regulating cellular differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Dysregulated FGF signaling may contribute to several pathological conditions, including cancer. Notably, FGFs exhibit wide functional diversity among different vertebrates spatiotemporally. A comparative study of FGF receptor ligands and their diverse roles in vertebrates ranging from embryonic development to pathological conditions may expand our understanding of FGF. Moreover, targeting diverse FGF signals requires knowledge regarding their structural and functional heterogeneity among vertebrates. This study summarizes the current understanding of human FGF signals and correlates them with those in mouse and Xenopus models, thereby facilitating the identification of therapeutic targets for various human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- iPS Bio, Inc., 3F, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13522, Republic of Korea
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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4
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Kalhor H, Abolhasani H, Kalhor R, Komeili Movahhed T, Rahimi H. Interactions of heparin derivatives with recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor: Structural stability and bioactivity effect study. Proteins 2023; 91:542-554. [PMID: 36424813 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate are important glycosaminoglycans that can regulate the activities of many vital proteins, especially the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. Because FGF7 (KGF) has an important role in tissue repair and maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier, recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rhKGF, palifermin) has been approved for the treatment of wound healing and oral cavity. Due to heparin plays an important role in the KGF signaling pathway, a more detailed study of the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between rhKGF and heparin at the atomic level and investigating their synergistic effect on each other in terms of biology, especially in silico, is necessary for a better understanding of DDIs. In this study, DDIs between rhKGF and low-molecular weight heparin types (LMWH) were investigated. In this regard, scrutiny of the influence of the synergistic heparin types on the structure and biostability of rhKGF is accomplished using computational methods such as molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations (MDs). Subsequently, the motion behavior of rhKGF in interaction with LMWHs was evaluated based on eigenvectors by using principal component analysis (PCA). Also, the binding free energies of rhKGF-LMWH complexes were calculated by the molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-BPSA) method. The result showed that rhKGF-idraparinux (-6.9 kcal/mol) and rhKGF-heparin (-6.0 kcal/mol) complexes had significant binding affinity as well as they had a more stable binding to rhKGF than to other LMWH during 100 ns simulation. However, in order to confirm the curative effect of these drugs, clinical trials must be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourieh Kalhor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hoda Abolhasani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Kalhor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Colleague of Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | | | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Host-pathogen Interaction Department, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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5
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Sadeghi S, Kalhor H, Panahi M, Abolhasani H, Rahimi B, Kalhor R, Mehrabi A, Vahdatinia M, Rahimi H. Keratinocyte growth factor in focus: A comprehensive review from structural and functional aspects to therapeutic applications of palifermin. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:1175-1190. [PMID: 34606789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palifermin (Kepivance™) is the first therapeutic approved by the Food and Drug Administration for preventing and managing the oral mucositis provoked by myelotoxic and mucotoxic therapies. Palifermin is a recombinant protein generated from human keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and imitates the function of endogenous KGF. KGF is an epithelial mitogen involved in various biological processes which belongs to the FGF family. KGF possesses a high level of receptor specificity and plays an important role in tissue repair and maintaining of the mucosal barrier integrity. Based on these unique features, palifermin was developed to enhance the growth of damaged epithelial tissues. Administration of palifermin has shown success in the reduction of toxicities of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and improvement of the patient's quality of life. Notwithstanding all merits, the clinical application of palifermin is limited owing to its instability and production challenges. Hence, a growing number of ongoing researches are designed to deal with these problems and enhance the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of palifermin. In the current review, we discuss KGF structure and function, potential therapeutic applications of palifermin, as well as the latest progress in the production of recombinant human KGF and its challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Sadeghi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hourieh Kalhor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Panahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hoda Abolhasani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Bahareh Rahimi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Kalhor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Genetics, Colleague of Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Amirmehdi Mehrabi
- Department of Pharmacoeconomy & Administrative Pharmacy, School Of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Vahdatinia
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Kalhor H, Sadeghi S, Marashiyan M, Enssi M, Kalhor R, Ganji M, Rahimi H. In silico mutagenesis in recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor: Improvement of stability and activity in addition to decrement immunogenicity. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107551. [PMID: 32032931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rhKGF) is clinically applied to decrease the incidence and duration of cancer therapeutic agents. Particularly, it is extensively used for oral mucositis after chemotherapy-induced damage of different human cancers. However, the usage of rhKGF in treatment is limited owing to its short half-life, poor stability, immunogenicity, tendency to aggregate, and side effects. Therefore, there is a need to enhance the stability and to reduce immunogenicity of rhKGF for therapeutic applications. In this study, the stability, activity, and immunogenicity of rhKGF were improved using computational methods. The several mutations were generated based on sequence alignment, amino acids physic-chemical properties, and the structure simulation. The 3D structure of rhKGF and proposed mutants were predicted by Modeller v9.15 program, and then were evaluated using PROSESS, PROCHECK, and ProSA web tools. Afterwards, the effect of these mutants on rhKGF structure, stability, activity, and its interaction with fibroblast growth factor receptor2-IIb (FGFR2-IIb) was analyzed through utilizing GROMACS molecular dynamics simulations and docking tools, respectively. Also, binding free energies were calculated by the Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) method. We found that F63Y, R121K, and combine1 (K38R, F63Y, K72E, N105S) mutants lead to reduction of the number of T-cell epitopes. However, all of the selected mutants, except for R121K, could considerably increase stability and affinity of the rhKGF to FGFR2-IIb, in silico. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, offered that the combine1 and F63Y mutants could highly improve the stability and activity of rhKGF and even reduce immunogenicity without having any significant effect on the biological functions of rhKGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourieh Kalhor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahya Marashiyan
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Enssi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Reyhaneh Kalhor
- Department of Genetics, Colleague of Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.
| | - Maziar Ganji
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Mao Y, Chen X, Xia Y, Xie X. Repair Effects of KGF on Ischemia-Reperfusion–Induced Flap Injury via Activating Nrf2 Signaling. J Surg Res 2019; 244:547-557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Zinkle A, Mohammadi M. Structural Biology of the FGF7 Subfamily. Front Genet 2019; 10:102. [PMID: 30809251 PMCID: PMC6379346 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is intricately regulated via selective binding interactions between 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors (FGFR1–4), three of which (FGFR1–3) are expressed as either epithelial (“b”) or mesenchymal (“c”) splice isoforms. The FGF7 subfamily, consisting of FGF3, FGF7, FGF10, and FGF22, is unique among FGFs in that its members are secreted exclusively by the mesenchyme, and specifically activate the “b” isoforms of FGFR1 (FGFR1b) and FGFR2 (FGFR2b) present in the overlying epithelium. This unidirectional mesenchyme-to-epithelium signaling contributes to the development of essentially all organs, glands, and limbs. Structural analysis has shown that members of the FGF7 subfamily achieve their restricted specificity for FGFR1b/FGFR2b by engaging in specific contacts with two alternatively spliced loop regions in the immunoglobulin-like domain 3 (D3) of these receptors. Weak basal receptor-binding affinity further constrains the FGF7 subfamily’s specificity for FGFR1b/2b. In this review, we elaborate on the structural determinants of FGF7 subfamily receptor-binding specificity, and discuss how affinity differences among the four members for the heparin sulfate (HS) co-receptor contribute to their disparate biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Zinkle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Bahadori Z, Kalhor HR, Mowla SJ. Producing functional recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor in Pichia pastoris and investigating its protective role against irradiation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 111:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Jafari B, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Dastmalchi S. Identification of Novel Single-Domain Antibodies against FGF7 Using Phage Display Technology. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:193-201. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217728520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins. FGF7 is of stromal origin and produces a paracrine effect on epithelial cells. In the current investigation, we aimed to identify new single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) against FGF7 using phage display technology. The vector harboring the codon-optimized DNA sequence for FGF7 protein was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS, and then the protein was expressed at the optimized condition. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, and in vitro scratch assay experiments were used to confirm the proper folding and functionality of the purified FGF7 protein. The purity of the produced FGF7 was 92%, with production yield of 3.5 mg/L of culture. Panning against the purified FGF7 was performed, and the identified single-domain antibodies showed significant affinity. Further investigation on one of the selected sdAb displaying phage clones showed concentration-dependent binding to FGF7. The selected sdAb can be used for developing novel tumor-suppressing agents where inhibition of FGF7 is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Jafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Sun C, Li Y, Taylor SE, Mao X, Wilkinson MC, Fernig DG. HaloTag is an effective expression and solubilisation fusion partner for a range of fibroblast growth factors. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1060. [PMID: 26137434 PMCID: PMC4485707 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins such as the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) is the key to establishing their function in cell communication. The production of recombinant FGFs in E. coli is limited, however, due to expression and solubility problems. HaloTag has been used as a fusion protein to introduce a genetically-encoded means for chemical conjugation of probes. We have expressed 11 FGF proteins with an N-terminal HaloTag, followed by a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site to allow release of the FGF protein. These were purified by heparin-affinity chromatography, and in some instances by further ion-exchange chromatography. It was found that HaloTag did not adversely affect the expression of FGF1 and FGF10, both of which expressed well as soluble proteins. The N-terminal HaloTag fusion was found to enhance the expression and yield of FGF2, FGF3 and FGF7. Moreover, whereas FGF6, FGF8, FGF16, FGF17, FGF20 and FGF22 were only expressed as insoluble proteins, their N-terminal HaloTag fusion counterparts (Halo-FGFs) were soluble, and could be successfully purified. However, cleavage of Halo-FGF6, -FGF8 and -FGF22 with TEV resulted in aggregation of the FGF protein. Measurement of phosphorylation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and of cell growth demonstrated that the HaloTag fusion proteins were biologically active. Thus, HaloTag provides a means to enhance the expression of soluble recombinant proteins, in addition to providing a chemical genetics route for covalent tagging of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah E Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xianqing Mao
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Mark C Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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12
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Liu H, Wu QF, Li JY, Liu XJ, Li KC, Zhong YQ, Wu D, Wang Q, Lu YJ, Bao L, Zhang X. Fibroblast growth factor 7 is a nociceptive modulator secreted via large dense-core vesicles. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 7:466-75. [PMID: 25782913 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 7, a member of FGF family, is initially found to be secreted from mesenchymal cells to repair epithelial tissues. However, its functions in the nervous system are largely unknown. The present study showed that FGF7 was a neuromodulator localized in the large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) in nociceptive neurons. FGF7 was mainly expressed in small-diameter neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and could be transported to the dorsal spinal cord. Interestingly, FGF7 was mostly stored in LDCVs that did not contain neuropeptide substance P. Electrophysiological recordings in the spinal cord slice showed that buffer-applied FGF7 increased the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic current evoked by stimulating the sensory afferent fibers. Behavior tests showed that intrathecally applied FGF7 potentiated the formalin-induced acute nociceptive response. Moreover, both acute and inflammatory nociceptive responses were significantly reduced in Fgf7-deficient mice. These results suggest that FGF7 exerts an excitatory modulation of nociceptive afferent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia-Yin Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing-Jun Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kai-Cheng Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan-Qing Zhong
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yin-Jing Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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13
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Ebrahimzadeh F, Talebkhan Y, Mirzahoseini H, Barati G, Saidijam M. Cloning and Expression of Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor in Escherichia coli for Recombinant Drug Production. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-19002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Dudognon B, Romero-Santacreu L, Gómez-Sebastián S, Hidalgo AB, López-Vidal J, Bellido ML, Muñoz E, Escribano JM. Production of functional active human growth factors in insects used as living biofactories. J Biotechnol 2014; 184:229-39. [PMID: 24915129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) are naturally signalling proteins, which bind to specific receptors on the cell surface. Numerous families of GFs have already been identified and remarkable progresses have been made in understanding the pathways that these proteins use to activate/regulate the complex signalling network involved in cell proliferation or wound healing processes. The bottleneck for a wider clinical and commercial application of these factors relay on their scalable cost-efficient production as bioactive molecules. The present work describes the capacity of Trichoplusia ni insect larvae used as living bioreactors in combination with the baculovirus vector expression system to produce three fully functional human GFs, the human epidermal growth factor (huEGF), the human fibroblast growth factor 2 (huFGF2) and the human keratinocyte growth factor 1 (huKGF1). The expression levels obtained per g of insect biomass were of 9.1, 2.6 and 3mg for huEGF, huFGF2 and huKGF1, respectively. Attempts to increase the productivity of the insect/baculovirus system we have used different modifications to optimize their production. Additionally, recombinant proteins were expressed fused to different tags to facilitate their purification. Interestingly, the expression of huKGF1 was significantly improved when expressed fused to the fragment crystallizable region (Fc) of the human antibody IgG. The insect-derived recombinant GFs were finally characterized in terms of biological activity in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The present work opens the possibility of a cost-efficient and scalable production of these highly valuable molecules in a system that favours its wide use in therapeutic or cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Dudognon
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. (ALGENEX), Centro empresarial, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Romero-Santacreu
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. (ALGENEX), Centro empresarial, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gómez-Sebastián
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. (ALGENEX), Centro empresarial, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Hidalgo
- Vivacell Biotechnology España S.L. Parque Científico Tecnológico Rabanales, 21, c/Cecilia Payne, Parcela ID 8.1, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier López-Vidal
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. (ALGENEX), Centro empresarial, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Bellido
- Vivacell Biotechnology España S.L. Parque Científico Tecnológico Rabanales, 21, c/Cecilia Payne, Parcela ID 8.1, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M Escribano
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Autovía A6, Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Highly efficient expression of functional recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor 1 and its protective effects on hepatocytes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3933-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Menon SN, Flegg JA, McCue SW, Schugart RC, Dawson RA, McElwain DLS. Modelling the interaction of keratinocytes and fibroblasts during normal and abnormal wound healing processes. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3329-38. [PMID: 22628464 PMCID: PMC3385718 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between fibroblasts and keratinocytes is a vital component of the wound healing process, and involves the activity of a number of growth factors and cytokines. In this work, we develop a mathematical model of this crosstalk in order to elucidate the effects of these interactions on the regeneration of collagen in a wound that heals by second intention. We consider the role of four components that strongly affect this process: transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-1 and keratinocyte growth factor. The impact of this network of interactions on the degradation of an initial fibrin clot, as well as its subsequent replacement by a matrix that is mainly composed of collagen, is described through an eight-component system of nonlinear partial differential equations. Numerical results, obtained in a two-dimensional domain, highlight key aspects of this multifarious process, such as re-epithelialization. The model is shown to reproduce many of the important features of normal wound healing. In addition, we use the model to simulate the treatment of two pathological cases: chronic hypoxia, which can lead to chronic wounds; and prolonged inflammation, which has been shown to lead to hypertrophic scarring. We find that our model predictions are qualitatively in agreement with previously reported observations and provide an alternative pathway for gaining insight into this complex biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti N. Menon
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Flegg
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Scott W. McCue
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Richard C. Schugart
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1078, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Dawson
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - D. L. Sean McElwain
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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17
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Inactivation of Rb in stromal fibroblasts promotes epithelial cell invasion. EMBO J 2012; 31:3092-103. [PMID: 22643222 PMCID: PMC3400012 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-derived growth factors are required for normal epithelial growth but are also implicated in tumour progression. We have observed inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb), through phosphorylation, in cancer-associated fibroblasts in oro-pharyngeal cancer specimens. Rb is well known for its cell-autonomous effects on cancer initiation and progression; however, cell non-autonomous functions of Rb are not well described. We have identified a cell non-autonomous role of Rb, using three-dimensional cultures, where depletion of Rb in stromal fibroblasts enhances invasive potential of transformed epithelia. In part, this is mediated by upregulation of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), which is produced by the depleted fibroblasts. KGF drives invasion of epithelial cells through induction of MMP1 expression in an AKT- and Ets2-dependent manner. Our data identify that stromal fibroblasts can alter the invasive behaviour of the epithelium, and we show that altered expression of KGF can mediate these functions.
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18
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Patel VN, Likar KM, Zisman-Rozen S, Cowherd SN, Lassiter KS, Sher I, Yates EA, Turnbull JE, Ron D, Hoffman MP. Specific heparan sulfate structures modulate FGF10-mediated submandibular gland epithelial morphogenesis and differentiation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9308-17. [PMID: 18230614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709995200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF10, a heparan sulfate (HS)-binding growth factor, is required for branching morphogenesis of mouse submandibular glands (SMGs). HS increases the affinity of FGF10 for FGFR2b, which forms an FGF10.FGFR2b.HS ternary signaling complex, and results in diverse biological outcomes, including proliferation and epithelial morphogenesis. Defining the HS structures involved in specific FGF10-mediated events is critical to understand how HS modulates growth factor signaling in specific developmental contexts. We used HS-deficient BaF3/FGFR2b cells, which require exogenous HS to proliferate, to investigate the HS requirements for FGF10-mediated proliferation and primary SMG epithelia to investigate the structural requirements of HS for FGF10-mediated epithelial morphogenesis. In BaF3/FGFR2b cells, heparin with at least 10 saccharides and 6-O-, 2-O-, and N-sulfates were required for maximal proliferation. During FGF10-mediated SMG epithelial morphogenesis, HS increased proliferation and end bud expansion. Defined heparin decasaccharide libraries showed that 2-O-sulfation with either an N-or 6-O-sulfate induced end bud expansion, whereas decasaccharides with 6-O-sulfation alone induced duct elongation. End bud expansion resulted from increased FGFR1b signaling, with increased FGFR1b, Fgf1, and Spry1 as well as increased Aqp5 expression, a marker of end bud differentiation. Duct elongation was associated with expression of Cp2L1, a marker of developing ducts. Collectively, these findings show that the size and sulfate patterns of HS modulate specific FGF10-mediated events, such as proliferation, duct elongation, end bud expansion, and differentiation, and provide mechanistic insight as to how the developmental localization of specific HS structures in tissues influences FGF10-mediated morphogenesis and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health/DHHS, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Sobral CS, Gragnani A, Morgan J, Ferreira LM. Inhibition of proliferation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by KGF in an experimental burn model using human cultured keratinocytes. Burns 2007; 33:613-20. [PMID: 17418954 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Experimental models showed the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to interact with epidermal keratinocytes [Green H, Kehinde O, Thomas J. Growth of cultured human epidermal cells into multiple epithelia suitable for grafting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76(11):5665-8], stimulating these cells to produce specific peptides that start an immunological chain reaction in the epidermis [O'Connor NE, Mulliken JB, Banks-Schlegel S, Kehinde O, Green H. Grafting of burns with cultured epithelium prepared from autologous epidermal cells. Lancet 1981;(1):75-8]. The immune reaction causes the release of cytokines and growth factors. The objective of this study was to test whether the presence of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) alters P. aeruginosa proliferation in an experimental burn model. METHODS Human keratinocytes derived from neonatal foreskins were isolated and cultured following standard methods [Gallico III, GG, O'Connor NE, Compton CC, Kehinde O, Green H. Permanent coverage of large burn wounds with autologous cultured human epithelium. N Engl J Med 1984;311(7):448-51]. Some of these cells were genetically modified to produce KGF, and the other cells were supplemented with different KGF concentrations in the culture media. Both groups of keratinocytes were seeded in collagen matrices and cultured to form stratified epithelia. A hot plate was used to produce burn defects. Each matrix was inoculated with luminescent P. aeruginosa strain. Experiments were made using keratinocytes without KGF, keratinocytes supplemented with different concentrations of KGF, and keratinocytes genetically modified to produce KGF. Statistical analyses were made using Wilcoxon paired test. RESULTS When KGF was added to P. aeruginosa in the presence of keratinocytes, bacterial growth was inhibited, and the same was observed when genetically modified keratinocytes were used. CONCLUSION Many studies have been done on KGF, where its known properties were defined as a mitogen for keratinocytes [Munster AM. Cultured skin for massive burns: a prospective, controlled trial. Ann Surg 1996;224(3):372-7]. This method allows for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation in real time of the bacterial growth in wound sites after bacterial inoculation. KGF was involved in the reduction of bacterial viability. However, as KGF alone did not produce any effect on P. aeruginosa, it seems to modulate the skin innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Sobral
- Federal University of São Paulo, Division of Plastic Surgery, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Shaoul R, Eliahu L, Sher I, Hamlet Y, Miselevich I, Goldshmidt O, Ron D. Elevated expression of FGF7 protein is common in human gastric diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:825-33. [PMID: 17049492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth alterations within the gastric mucosa during chronic gastric inflammation are key steps in gastric cancer development. FGF7, a specific mitogen for epithelial cells, is implicated in epithelial tissue repair and cancer. We investigated FGF7 expression in normal human stomach, and in 35 cases from various gastric pathologies including 23 gastritis and 8 adenocarcinoma cases. Modest FGF7 protein levels were detected in the normal mucosal gland epithelium and in stromal fibroblasts. FGF7 protein levels, however, were markedly increased in the mucosal epithelium of all gastric inflammation cases. A similar elevated expression was also observed in gastric adenocarcinoma. Upregulation of FGF7 protein was associated with a modest increase in FGF7 mRNA expression. Interestingly, high levels of FGF7 anti-sense (AS) RNA were observed in the gastric pathologies, at the same sites where FGF7 protein was upregulated. Altogether, these findings suggest a role for FGF7 in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity, and that FGF7 protein levels are regulated mainly by posttranscriptional mechanisms. The elevated FGF7 protein levels in gastric inflammation and gastric cancer, together with the known oncogenic potential of FGF7, implicate excessive FGF7 signaling in gastric tumorigenesis, and point to FGF7 as an attractive target for gastric cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Shaoul
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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21
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Luo Y, Ye S, Kan M, McKeehan WL. Control of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 7- and FGF1-induced mitogenesis and downstream signaling by distinct heparin octasaccharide motifs. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:21052-21061. [PMID: 16728399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601559200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in length, disaccharide composition, and sulfation of heparan sulfate (HS) affects fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. However, it is unclear whether the specific distribution of groups within oligosaccharides or random variations in charge density underlies the effects. Recently we showed that a mixture of undersulfated octasaccharides exhibiting 7 and 8 sulfates (7,8-S-OctaF7) generated from heparin had the highest affinity for FGF7 monitored by salt resistance (>0.60 M salt) of octasaccharide-FGF7 complexes. 7,8-S-OctaF7 also had the highest specific activity for formation of a complex with dimeric FGFR2IIIb competent to bind FGF7. Here we show that when endogenous HS was inhibited by chlorate treatment, 7,8-S-OctaF7 specifically supported FGF7-stimulated DNA synthesis and downstream signaling in FGFR2IIIb-expressing mouse keratinocytes. It failed to support FGF1 signaling in both HS-deficient mouse keratinocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts. In contrast, abundant, more highly sulfated and heterogenous mixtures of octasaccharides with lower affinity (0.30-0.60 M salt) for FGF7 supported FGF1-induced signaling in both cell types. In contrast to the two-component 7,8-S-OctaF7 mixture from FGF7, the high affinity octasaccharide fraction from FGF1 was a heterogeneous mixture with components ranging from 8 to 12 sulfates with 11-S-octasaccharides the most abundant. The high affinity fraction exhibited similar properties to the lower affinity fractions from both FGF1 and FGF7. Octasaccharide mixtures eluting from FGF1 between 0.30 and 0.60 M and above 0.60 M salt were nearly equal in support of FGF1 signaling in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Both were deficient in support of FGF7-induced signaling in keratinocytes. The results show that both variations in overall charge density and specific distribution of charged groups within HS motifs exhibit FGF-specific control over formation of FGF-HS-FGFR complexes and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030-3303
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040
| | - Mikio Kan
- Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., GS PlatZ., 2512-1, Oshikiri, Kohnan-Machi, Ohsato-Gun, Saitama 360-0111, Japan
| | - Wallace L McKeehan
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030-3303; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas 77030-3303.
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22
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Sher I, Zisman-Rozen S, Eliahu L, Whitelock JM, Maas-Szabowski N, Yamada Y, Breitkreutz D, Fusenig NE, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Iozzo RV, Bergman R, Ron D. Targeting perlecan in human keratinocytes reveals novel roles for perlecan in epidermal formation. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:5178-87. [PMID: 16269412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding growth factors are crucial for the formation of human epidermis, but little is known about the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in this process. Here we investigated the role of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, in the formation of human epidermis, by utilizing in vitro engineered human skin. By disrupting perlecan expression either in the dermis or the epidermis, we found that epidermally derived perlecan is essential for epidermal formation. Perlecan-deficient keratinocytes formed a strikingly thin and poorly organized epidermis because of premature apoptosis and failure to complete their stratification program. Exogenous perlecan fully restored epidermal formation. Perlecan deposition in the basement membrane zone correlated with formation of multilayered epidermis. Perlecan deficiency, however, had no effect on the lining and deposition of major basement membrane components as was evident by a continuous linear staining of laminin and collagen IV. Similarly, perlecan deficiency did not affect the distribution of beta1 integrin. Addition of the perlecan ligand, fibroblast growth factor 7, protected perlecan-deficient keratinocytes from cell death and improved the thickness of the epidermis. Taken together, our results revealed novel roles for perlecan in epidermal formation. Perlecan regulates both the survival and terminal differentiation steps of keratinocytes. Our results suggested a model whereby perlecan regulates these processes via controlling the bioavailability of perlecan-binding soluble factors involved in epidermal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifat Sher
- Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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23
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Finch PW, Rubin JS. Keratinocyte growth factor/fibroblast growth factor 7, a homeostatic factor with therapeutic potential for epithelial protection and repair. Adv Cancer Res 2004; 91:69-136. [PMID: 15327889 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(04)91003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a paracrine-acting, epithelial mitogen produced by cells of mesenchymal origin. It is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, and acts exclusively through a subset of FGF receptor isoforms (FGFR2b) expressed predominantly by epithelial cells. The upregulation of KGF after epithelial injury suggested it had an important role in tissue repair. This hypothesis was reinforced by evidence that intestinal damage was worse and healing impaired in KGF null mice. Preclinical data from several animal models demonstrated that recombinant human KGF could enhance the regenerative capacity of epithelial tissues and protect them from a variety of toxic exposures. These beneficial effects are attributed to multiple mechanisms that collectively act to strengthen the integrity of the epithelial barrier, and include the stimulation of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, DNA repair, and induction of enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. KGF is currently being evaluated in clinical trials to test its ability to ameliorate severe oral mucositis (OM) that results from cancer chemoradiotherapy. In a phase 3 trial involving patients who were treated with myeloablative chemoradiotherapy before autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies, KGF significantly reduced both the incidence and duration of severe OM. Similar investigations are underway in patients being treated for solid tumors. On the basis of its success in ameliorating chemoradiotherapy-induced OM in humans and tissue damage in a variety of animal models, additional clinical applications of KGF are worthy of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Finch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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24
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Saito S, Tatsumoto T, Lorenzi MV, Chedid M, Kapoor V, Sakata H, Rubin J, Miki T. Rho exchange factor ECT2 is induced by growth factors and regulates cytokinesis through the N-terminal cell cycle regulator-related domains. J Cell Biochem 2004; 90:819-36. [PMID: 14587037 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ECT2 protooncogene plays a critical role in cytokinesis, and its C-terminal half encodes a Dbl homology-pleckstrin homology module, which catalyzes guanine nucleotide exchange on the Rho family of small GTPases. The N-terminal half of ECT2 (ECT2-N) contains domains related to the cell cycle regulator/checkpoint control proteins including human XRCC1, budding yeast CLB6, and fission yeast Cut5. The Cut5-related domain consists of two BRCT repeats, which are widespread to repair/checkpoint control proteins. ECT2 is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and cell lines, but elevated levels of ECT2 expression were found in various tumor cell lines and rapidly developing tissues in mouse embryos. Consistent with these findings, induction of ECT2 expression was observed upon stimulation by serum or various growth factors. In contrast to other oncogenes whose expression is induced early in G1, ECT2 expression was induced later, coinciding with the initiation of DNA synthesis. To test the role of the cell cycle regulator/checkpoint control protein-related domains of ECT2 in cytokinesis, we expressed various ECT2 derivatives in U2OS cells, and analyzed their DNA content by flow cytometry. Expression of the N-terminal half of ECT2, which lacks the catalytic domain, generated cells with more than 4N DNA content, suggesting that cytokinesis was inhibited in these cells. Interestingly, ECT2-N lacking the nuclear localization signals inhibited cytokinesis more strongly than the derivatives containing these signals. Mutational analyses revealed that the XRCC1, CLB6, and BRCT domains in ECT2-N are all essential for the cytokinesis inhibition by ECT2-N. These results suggest that the XRCC1, CLB6, and BRCT domains of ECT2 play a critical role in regulating cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin'ichi Saito
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bldg. 37-1E24, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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25
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Luo Y, Cho HH, Jones RB, Jin C, McKeehan WL. Improved production of recombinant fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7/KGF) from bacteria in high magnesium chloride. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 33:326-31. [PMID: 14711521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of specificity for both heparin/heparan sulfate and the receptor complex on epithelial cells relative to other fibroblast growth factor (FGF) homologues, there is considerable interest in clinical and commercial applications of FGF7 (also called keratinocyte growth factor or KGF) that require large quantities at reasonable cost. Production of recombinant FGF7 from bacteria suffers from lower yields and recovery relative to FGF1 and FGF2. Fusion of FGF7 at the N-terminus with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) followed by removal of GST by proteolysis while bound to natural ligand heparin improved the intrinsically low yields from Escherichia coli hosts to 3.2 mg per liter per OD(600), which was still only 10% of that for FGF1. Yield of the GST-FGF7 fusion product was improved to about 17 mg per liter per OD(600) in strain BL21(DE3)pLysS by inclusion of 10-100mM magnesium chloride (MgCl(2)) in the culture medium. This improved by about five times the yields of fully active 54ser-FGF7 after proteolytic excision of the GST portion from GST-FGF7 immobilized on heparin-Sepharose. This simple enhancement improves the cost-effectiveness of production of recombinant FGF7 in bacteria for clinical and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Preger E, Ziv I, Shabtay A, Sher I, Tsang M, Dawid IB, Altuvia Y, Ron D. Alternative splicing generates an isoform of the human Sef gene with altered subcellular localization and specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1229-34. [PMID: 14742870 PMCID: PMC337035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307952100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) control a multitude of biological processes and are therefore subjected to multiple levels of regulation. Negative feedback is one of the mechanisms that provide an effective means to control RTK-mediated signaling. Sef has recently been identified as a specific antagonist of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in zebrafish and subsequently in mouse and human. Sef encodes a putative type I transmembrane protein that antagonizes the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in all three species. Mouse Sef was also shown to inhibit the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. We show here that an alternative splicing mechanism generates an isoform of human Sef, hSef-b, which unlike the previously reported Sef (hSef-a) is a cytosolic protein. Contrary to hSef-a, which is ubiquitously expressed, hSef-b transcripts display a restricted pattern of expression in human tissues. hSef-b inhibits FGF-induced cell proliferation and prevents the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase without affecting the upstream component MAPK kinase. Furthermore, hSef-b does not antagonize FGF induction of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. In addition to the effects on FGF signaling, hSef-b inhibited cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor but not other RTK ligands. Therefore, alternative splicing of the hSef gene expands the Sef feedback inhibition repertoire of RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Preger
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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27
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Sher I, Yeh BK, Mohammadi M, Adir N, Ron D. Structure-based mutational analyses in FGF7 identify new residues involved in specific interaction with FGFR2IIIb. FEBS Lett 2003; 552:150-4. [PMID: 14527678 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Receptor binding specificity is an essential element in regulating the diverse activities of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). FGF7 is ideal to study how this specificity is conferred at the structural level, as it interacts exclusively with one isoform of the FGF-receptor (FGFR) family, known as FGFR2IIIb. Previous mutational analysis suggested the importance of the beta4/beta5 loop of FGF7 in specific receptor recognition. Here a theoretical model of FGFR2IIIb/FGF7 complex showed that this loop interacts with the FGFR2IIIb unique exon. In addition, the model revealed new residues that either directly interact with the FGFR2IIIb unique exon (Asp63, Leu142) or facilitate this interaction (Arg65). Mutations in these residues reduced both receptor binding affinity and biological activity of FGF7. Altogether, these results provide the basis for understanding how receptor-binding specificity of FGF7 is conferred at the structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifat Sher
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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28
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Gamady A, Koren R, Ron D, Liberman UA, Ravid A. Vitamin D enhances mitogenesis mediated by keratinocyte growth factor receptor in keratinocytes. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:440-9. [PMID: 12761878 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hormonally active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) belong to the network of autocrine and paracrine mediators in the skin. Both were shown to modulate keratinocyte proliferation, to reverse epidermal atrophy, to increase wound healing, and to reduce chemotherapy-induced alopecia. The overlap between their activities may suggest that vitamin D exerts some of its actions by modulation of KGF activities in the skin. This notion was examined by using HaCaT keratinocytes cultured in serum-free medium in the absence of exogenous growth factors and in the presence of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG 1478 that blocks their autonomous proliferation. These cells could be stimulated to proliferate by different fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). The relative mitogenic efficacy of basic FGF, acidic FGF, or KGF was in correlation with their affinities for the KGF receptor (KGFR). Forty-eight hour co-treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) enhanced KGFR-mediated cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. Both ERK1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were activated by the FGFs. Treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) increased the activation of ERK but reduced the activation of JNK. Treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) increased the levels of KGFR in the presence but not in the absence of KGF, probably due to inhibition of ligand-induced receptor degradation. Inhibition of protein kinase C with bisindolylmaleimide did not interfere with the effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on KGFR-mediated ERK activation. Our results support the notion that the paracrine KGF-KGFR system in the skin can act in concert with the autocrine vitamin D system in keratinocytes to promote keratinocyte proliferation and survival under situations of stress and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Gamady
- The Basil and Gerald Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah-Tikva, Israel
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29
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Yeh BK, Igarashi M, Eliseenkova AV, Plotnikov AN, Sher I, Ron D, Aaronson SA, Mohammadi M. Structural basis by which alternative splicing confers specificity in fibroblast growth factor receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:2266-71. [PMID: 12591959 PMCID: PMC151329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0436500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2002] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding specificity between fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) is essential for mammalian development and is regulated primarily by two alternatively spliced exons, IIIb ("b") and IIIc ("c"), that encode the second half of Ig-like domain 3 (D3) of FGFRs. FGF7 and FGF10 activate only the b isoform of FGFR2 (FGFR2b). Here, we report the crystal structure of the ligand-binding portion of FGFR2b bound to FGF10. Unique contacts between divergent regions in FGF10 and two b-specific loops in D3 reveal the structural basis by which alternative splicing provides FGF10-FGFR2b specificity. Structure-based mutagenesis of FGF10 confirms the importance of the observed contacts for FGF10 biological activity. Interestingly, FGF10 binding induces a previously unobserved rotation of receptor Ig domain 2 (D2) to introduce specific contacts with FGF10. Hence, both D2 and D3 of FGFR2b contribute to the exceptional specificity between FGF10 and FGFR2b. We propose that ligand-induced conformational change in FGFRs may also play an important role in determining specificity for other FGF-FGFR complexes.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- DNA/metabolism
- Exons
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 10
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Selenomethionine/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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30
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Trowbridge JM, Rudisill JA, Ron D, Gallo RL. Dermatan sulfate binds and potentiates activity of keratinocyte growth factor (FGF-7). J Biol Chem 2002; 277:42815-20. [PMID: 12215437 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204959200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF-7 is induced after injury and induces the proliferation of keratinocytes. Like most members of the FGF family, the activity of FGF-7 is strongly influenced by binding to heparin, but this glycosaminoglycan is absent on keratinocyte cell surfaces and minimally present in the wound environment. In this investigation we compared the relative activity of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate B (dermatan sulfate), glycosaminoglycans that are present in wounds. A lymphoid cell line (BaF/KGFR) containing the FGF-7 receptor (FGFR2 IIIb) was treated with FGF-7 and with various glycosaminoglycans. FGF-7 did not support cell proliferation in the absence of glycosaminoglycan or with addition of heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate A/C but did stimulate BaF/KGFR division in the presence of dermatan sulfate or highly sulfated low molecular weight fractions of dermatan. Dermatan sulfate also enabled FGF-7-dependent phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and promoted binding of radiolabeled FGF-7 to FGFR2 IIIb. In addition, dermatan sulfate and FGF-7 stimulated growth of normal keratinocytes in culture. Thus, dermatan sulfate, the predominant glycosaminoglycan in skin, is the principle cofactor for FGF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Trowbridge
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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31
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Erickson M, Morkowski S, Lehar S, Gillard G, Beers C, Dooley J, Rubin JS, Rudensky A, Farr AG. Regulation of thymic epithelium by keratinocyte growth factor. Blood 2002; 100:3269-78. [PMID: 12384427 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and FGFR2IIIb signaling can affect development and function of thymic epithelium (TE) and that alphabeta-lineage thymocytes contribute to intrathymic levels of KGF. Thymocyte expression of KGF is developmentally regulated, being undetectable in CD3-4-8- thymocytes and expressed at highest levels by mature CD4 or CD8 thymocytes. Exposure of thymocyte-depleted fetal thymic lobes to KGF resulted in reduced thymic epithelial expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC), invariant chain (Ii), and cathepsin L (CatL) molecules involved in thymocyte-positive selection and also stimulated expression of the cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and thymic stromal-derived lymphopoietin (TSLP), while having little effect on IL-7 or stem cell factor expression. Within intact fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC), exogenous KGF impairs the generation of CD4 thymocytes. Two lines of evidence point to responsiveness of the medullary TE compartment to KGF and FGFR2IIIb signaling. First, the medullary compartment is expanded in intact FTOC exposed to KGF in vitro. Second, in the RAG-deficient thymus, where the thymocytes do not express detectable levels of KGF message, the hypoplastic medullary TE compartment can be expanded by administration of recombinant KGF in vivo. This expansion is accompanied by restoration of the normal profile of medullary TE-associated chemokine expression in the RAG2(-/-) thymus. Collectively, these findings point to a role for KGF and FGFR signaling in the development and function of thymic epithelium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cathepsin L
- Cathepsins/biosynthesis
- Cathepsins/genetics
- Clonal Deletion
- Cysteine Endopeptidases
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 10
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Lysosomes/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Proteins
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Erickson
- Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
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32
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Kamata T, Hattori Y, Hamada H, Kizaki M, Terada M, Ikeda Y. Keratinocyte growth factor regulates proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells expressing the receptor gene K-sam. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:297-305. [PMID: 11937263 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish a new method to overcome the problems of gene therapy targeting hematopoietic cells, namely low transduction efficiency and induction of differentiation during cytokine treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The K-sam gene encoding the receptor for keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) was transduced to three factor-dependent hematopoietic cell lines (Ba/F3, 32Dcl3, and UT-7/GM) using retroviral vector, and their proliferation, differentiation, and intracellular signaling were studied. This gene also was transduced to murine bone marrow cells, and proliferation of colony-forming cells (CFCs) by KGF stimulation was examined. RESULTS Although KGF is known to target only epithelial cells, all of the three cell lines transduced with K-sam proliferated due to KGF stimulation. Morphologic observation showed that KGF induced proliferation but did not cause significant differentiation of 32D/K-sam cells. KGF treatment increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but did not activate STAT molecules. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor transduced the differentiation signal with the phosphorylation of STAT3 without significant ERK1/2 activation. Proliferation by KGF of murine primary bone marrow cells transduced with K-sam then was examined in liquid culture. KGF treatment significantly increased production of CFCs derived from K-sam-transduced bone marrow cells without causing the exhaustion of immature CFCs. CONCLUSIONS KGF could efficiently induce proliferation of hematopoietic cells expressing the K-sam gene without obvious induction of differentiation or exhaustion of immature progenitor cells. The in vitro data are important for further preclinical in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamihiro Kamata
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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33
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Ostrovsky O, Berman B, Gallagher J, Mulloy B, Fernig DG, Delehedde M, Ron D. Differential effects of heparin saccharides on the formation of specific fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor complexes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:2444-53. [PMID: 11714710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108540200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) play an important role in the control of cell growth and differentiation by virtue of their ability to modulate the activities of heparin-binding growth factors, an issue that is particularly well studied for fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). HS/heparin co-ordinate the interaction of FGFs with their receptors (FGFRs) and are thought to play a critical role in receptor dimerization. Biochemical and crystallographic studies, conducted mainly with FGF-2 or FGF-1 and FGF receptors 1 and 2, suggests that an octasaccharide is the minimal length required for FGF- and FGFR-induced dimerization and subsequent activation. In addition, 6-O-sulfate groups are thought to be essential for binding of HS to FGFR and for receptor dimerization. We show here that oligosaccharides shorter than 8 sugar units support activation of FGFR2 IIIb by FGF-1 and interaction of FGFR4 with FGF-1. In contrast, only relatively long oligosaccharides supported receptor binding and activation in the FGF-1.FGFR1 or FGF-7.FGFR2 IIIb setting. In addition, both 6-O- and 2-O-desulfated heparin activated FGF-1 signaling via FGFR2 IIIb, whereas neither one stimulated FGF-1 signaling via FGFR1 or FGF-7 via FGFR2 IIIb. These findings indicate that the structure of HS required for activating FGFs is dictated by the specific FGF and FGFR combination. These different requirements may reflect the differences in the mode by which a given FGFR interacts with the various FGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ostrovsky
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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34
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Sher I, Lang T, Lubinsky-Mink S, Kuhn J, Adir N, Chatterjee S, Schomburg D, Ron D. Identification of residues important both for primary receptor binding and specificity in fibroblast growth factor-7. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:34881-6. [PMID: 10950949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003293200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) mediate a multitude of physiological and pathological processes by activating a family of tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFRs). Each FGFR binds to a unique subset of FGFs and ligand binding specificity is essential in regulating FGF activity. FGF-7 recognizes one FGFR isoform known as the FGFR2 IIIb isoform or keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR), whereas FGF-2 binds well to FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR4 but interacts poorly with KGFR. Previously, mutations in FGF-2 identified a set of residues that are important for high affinity receptor binding, known as the primary receptor-binding site. FGF-7 contains this primary site as well as a region that restricts interaction with FGFR1. The sequences that confer on FGF-7 its specific binding to KGFR have not been identified. By utilizing domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis we have found that the loop connecting the beta4-beta5 strands of FGF-7 contributes to high affinity receptor binding and is critical for KGFR recognition. Replacement of this loop with the homologous loop from FGF-2 dramatically reduced both the affinity of FGF-7 for KGFR and its biological potency but did not result in the ability to bind FGFR1. Point mutations in residues comprising this loop of FGF-7 reduced both binding affinity and biological potency. The reciprocal loop replacement mutant (FGF2-L4/7) retained FGF-2 like affinity for FGFR1 and for KGFR. Our results show that topologically similar regions in these two FGFs have different roles in regulating receptor binding specificity and suggest that specificity may require the concerted action of distinct regions of an FGF.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Circular Dichroism
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 10
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/chemistry
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 3
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/chemistry
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Growth Substances/chemistry
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Point Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sher
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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35
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BASSUK JAMESA, GRADY RICHARD, MITCHELL MICHAEL. REVIEW ARTICLE: THE MOLECULAR ERA OF BLADDER RESEARCH. TRANSGENIC MICE AS EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS IN THE STUDY OF OUTLET OBSTRUCTION. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JAMES A. BASSUK
- From the Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - RICHARD GRADY
- From the Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - MICHAEL MITCHELL
- From the Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
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36
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BASSUK JAMESA, GRADY RICHARD, MITCHELL MICHAEL. REVIEW ARTICLE: THE MOLECULAR ERA OF BLADDER RESEARCH. TRANSGENIC MICE AS EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS IN THE STUDY OF OUTLET OBSTRUCTION. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200007000-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Wearing HJ, Sherratt JA. Keratinocyte growth factor signalling: a mathematical model of dermal-epidermal interaction in epidermal wound healing. Math Biosci 2000; 165:41-62. [PMID: 10804259 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-5564(00)00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of growth factors are known to regulate the various cell functions involved in the repair process. An understanding of their therapeutic value is essential to achieve improved wound healing. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) seems to have a unique role as a mediator of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions: it originates from mesenchymal cells, yet acts exclusively on epithelial cells. In this paper, we study KGF's role in epidermal wound healing, since its production is substantially up-regulated after injury. We begin by modelling the dermal-epidermal signalling mechanism of KGF to investigate how this extra production affects the signal range. We then incorporate the effect of KGF on cell proliferation, and using travelling wave analysis we obtain an approximation for the rate of healing. Our modelling shows that the large up-regulation of KGF post-wounding extends the KGF signal range but is above optimal for the rate of wound closure. We predict that other functions of KGF may be more important than its role as a mitogen for the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Wearing
- Centre for Theoretical Modelling in Medicine, Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
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38
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Castagnino P, Lorenzi MV, Yeh J, Breckenridge D, Sakata H, Munz B, Werner S, Bottaro DP. Neu differentiation factor/heregulin induction by hepatocyte and keratinocyte growth factors. Oncogene 2000; 19:640-8. [PMID: 10698509 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth-factor (HGF) is a potent, widely produced, pleiotropic mediator of mesenchymal-epithelial interaction. In a study of changes in gene expression initiated by HGF in Balb/MK keratinocytes, we observed the induction of Neu-differentiation factor (NDF) mRNA (also known as heregulin, or HRG). Further characterization of the regulation of NDF expression in Balb/MK keratinocytes revealed potent induction by keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), but not by HGF/NK2, an alternative HGF isoform with motogenic but not mitogenic or morphogenic activities. Sustained treatment (8 h) of Balb/MK cells with KGF stimulated secretion of mature NDF protein into the culture medium, and Balb/ MK cells treated with purified recombinant NDF protein showed increased DNA synthesis. We also found evidence of NDF induction in two models of tissue repair in mice: in full-thickness skin wounds, following locally increased KGF production, and in kidney after partial hepatectomy, following elevation of circulating HGF levels. These results reveal that mesenchymally-derived HGF and KGF can activate autocrine NDF signaling in their epithelial targets, and suggest that this mechanism contributes to the coordination of stages of wound repair, and possibly development, where these growth factors act in concert to direct epithelial proliferation, morphogenesis and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Castagnino
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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39
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Berman B, Ostrovsky O, Shlissel M, Lang T, Regan D, Vlodavsky I, Ishai-Michaeli R, Ron D. Similarities and differences between the effects of heparin and glypican-1 on the bioactivity of acidic fibroblast growth factor and the keratinocyte growth factor. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:36132-8. [PMID: 10593896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.51.36132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte growth factor (KGF or FGF-7) is unique among its family members both in its target cell specificity and its inhibition by the addition of heparin and the native heparan-sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), glypican-1 in cells expressing endogenous HSPGs. FGF-1, which binds the FGF-7 receptor with a similar affinity as FGF-7, is stimulated by both molecules. In the present study, we investigated the modulation of FGF-7 activities by heparin and glypican-1 in HS-free background utilizing either HS-deficient cells expressing the FGF-7 receptor (designated BaF/KGFR cells) or soluble extracellular domain of the receptor. At physiological concentrations of FGF-7, heparin was required for high affinity receptor binding and for signaling in BaF/KGFR cells. In contrast, binding of FGF-7 to the soluble form of the receptor did not require heparin. However, high concentrations of heparin inhibited the binding of FGF-7 to both the cell surface and the soluble receptor, similar to the reported effect of heparin in cells expressing endogenous HSPGs. The difference in heparin dependence for high affinity interaction between the cell surface and soluble receptor may be due to other molecule(s) present on cell surfaces. Glypican-1 differed from heparin in that it stimulated FGF-1 but not FGF-7 activities in BaF/KGFR cells. Glypican-1 abrogated the stimulatory effect of heparin, and heparin reversed the inhibitory effect of glypican-1, indicating that this HSPG inhibits FGF-7 activities by acting, most likely, as a competitive inhibitor of stimulatory HSPG species for FGF-7. The regulatory effect of glypican-1 is mediated at the level of interaction with the growth factor as glypican-1 did not bind the KGFR. The effect of heparin and glypican-1 on FGF-1 and FGF-7 oligomerization was studied employing high and physiological concentrations of growth factors. We did not find a correlation between the effects of these glycosaminoglycans on FGFs biological activity and oligomerization. Altogether, our findings argue against the heparin-linked dimer presentation model as key in FGFR activation, and support the notion that HSPGs primarily affect high affinity interaction of FGFs with their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Berman
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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40
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Sher I, Weizman A, Lubinsky-Mink S, Lang T, Adir N, Schomburg D, Ron D. Mutations uncouple human fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-7 biological activity and receptor binding and support broad specificity in the secondary receptor binding site of FGFs. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35016-22. [PMID: 10574979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.49.35016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family plays a key role in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes. The activities of FGFs are mediated by a family of tyrosine kinase receptors, designated FGFRs. The mechanism by which FGFs induce receptor activation is controversial. Despite their structural similarity, FGFs display distinct receptor binding characteristics and cell type specificity. Previous studies with FGF-2 identified a low affinity receptor binding site that is located within a loop connecting its 9th and 10th beta-strands. The corresponding residues in the other family members are highly variable, and it was proposed that the variability might confer on FGFs unique receptor binding characteristics. We studied the role of this loop in FGF-7 by both site-directed mutagenesis and loop replacement. Unlike the other members of the FGF family, FGF-7 recognizes only one FGFR isoform and is, therefore, ideal for studies of how the specificity in the FGF-FGFR interaction is conferred at the structural level. Point mutations in the loop of FGF-7 did not change receptor binding affinity but resulted in reduced mitogenic potency and reduced ability to induce receptor-mediated phosphorylation events. These results suggest that the loop of FGF-7 fulfills the role of low affinity binding site required for receptor activation. The observation that it is possible to uncouple FGF-7 receptor binding and biological activity favors a bivalent model for FGFR dimerization, and it may be clinically relevant to the design of FGF-7 antagonists. Reciprocal loop replacement between FGF-7 and FGF-2 had no effect on their known receptor binding affinities nor did it alter their known specificity in eliciting a mitogenic response. In conclusion, these results suggest that, despite the diversity in the loop structure of FGF-2 and FGF-7, the loop has a similar function in both growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sher
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Gillis P, Savla U, Volpert OV, Jimenez B, Waters CM, Panos RJ, Bouck NP. Keratinocyte growth factor induces angiogenesis and protects endothelial barrier function. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 12):2049-57. [PMID: 10341222 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.12.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), also called fibroblast growth factor-7, is widely known as a paracrine growth and differentiation factor that is produced by mesenchymal cells and has been thought to act specifically on epithelial cells. Here it is shown to affect a new cell type, the microvascular endothelial cell. At subnanomolar concentrations KGF induced in vivo neovascularization in the rat cornea. In vitro it was not effective against endothelial cells cultured from large vessels, but did act directly on those cultured from small vessels, inducing chemotaxis with an ED50 of 0.02-0.05 ng/ml, stimulating proliferation and activating mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). KGF also helped to maintain the barrier function of monolayers of capillary but not aortic endothelial cells, protecting against hydrogen peroxide and vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) induced increases in permeability with an ED50 of 0.2-0.5 ng/ml. These newfound abilities of KGF to induce angiogenesis and to stabilize endothelial barriers suggest that it functions in microvascular tissue as it does in epithelial tissues to protect them against mild insults and to speed their repair after major damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gillis
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, R. H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Gengrinovitch S, Berman B, David G, Witte L, Neufeld G, Ron D. Glypican-1 is a VEGF165 binding proteoglycan that acts as an extracellular chaperone for VEGF165. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:10816-22. [PMID: 10196157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.16.10816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-1 is a member of a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans implicated in the control of cellular growth and differentiation. The 165-amino acid form of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) is a mitogen for endothelial cells and a potent angiogenic factor in vivo. Heparin binds to VEGF165 and enhances its binding to VEGF receptors. However, native HSPGs that bind VEGF165 and modulate its receptor binding have not been identified. Among the glypicans, glypican-1 is the only member that is expressed in the vascular system. We have therefore examined whether glypican-1 can interact with VEGF165. Glypican-1 from rat myoblasts binds specifically to VEGF165 but not to VEGF121. The binding has an apparent dissociation constant of 3 x 10(-10) M. The binding of glypican-1 to VEGF165 is mediated by the heparan sulfate chains of glypican-1, because heparinase treatment abolishes this interaction. Only an excess of heparin or heparan sulfates but not other types of glycosaminoglycans inhibited this interaction. VEGF165 interacts specifically not only with rat myoblast glypican-1 but also with human endothelial cell-derived glypican-1. The binding of 125I-VEGF165 to heparinase-treated human vascular endothelial cells is reduced following heparinase treatment, and addition of glypican-1 restores the binding. Glypican-1 also potentiates the binding of 125I-VEGF165 to a soluble extracellular domain of the VEGF receptor KDR/flk-1. Furthermore, we show that glypican-1 acts as an extracellular chaperone that can restore the receptor binding ability of VEGF165, which has been damaged by oxidation. Taken together, these results suggest that glypican-1 may play an important role in the control of angiogenesis by regulating the activity of VEGF165, a regulation that may be critical under conditions such as wound repair, in which oxidizing agents that can impair the activity of VEGF are produced, and in situations were the concentrations of active VEGF are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gengrinovitch
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Brigstock
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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Hu MC, Qiu WR, Wang YP, Hill D, Ring BD, Scully S, Bolon B, DeRose M, Luethy R, Simonet WS, Arakawa T, Danilenko DM. FGF-18, a novel member of the fibroblast growth factor family, stimulates hepatic and intestinal proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:6063-74. [PMID: 9742123 PMCID: PMC109192 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.10.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/1998] [Accepted: 07/01/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play key roles in controlling tissue growth, morphogenesis, and repair in animals. We have cloned a novel member of the FGF family, designated FGF-18, that is expressed primarily in the lungs and kidneys and at lower levels in the heart, testes, spleen, skeletal muscle, and brain. Sequence comparison indicates that FGF-18 is highly conserved between humans and mice and is most homologous to FGF-8 among the FGF family members. FGF-18 has a typical signal sequence and was glycosylated and secreted when it was transfected into 293-EBNA cells. Recombinant murine FGF-18 protein (rMuFGF-18) stimulated proliferation in the fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3 in vitro in a heparan sulfate-dependent manner. To examine its biological activity in vivo, rMuFGF-18 was injected into normal mice and ectopically overexpressed in transgenic mice by using a liver-specific promoter. Injection of rMuFGF-18 induced proliferation in a wide variety of tissues, including tissues of both epithelial and mesenchymal origin. The two tissues which appeared to be the primary targets of FGF-18 were the liver and small intestine, both of which exhibited histologic evidence of proliferation and showed significant gains in organ weight following 7 (sometimes 3) days of FGF-18 treatment. Transgenic mice that overexpressed FGF-18 in the liver also exhibited an increase in liver weight and hepatocellular proliferation. These results suggest that FGF-18 is a pleiotropic growth factor that stimulates proliferation in a number of tissues, most notably the liver and small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hu
- Departments of Cell Biology, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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Wong P, Burgess WH. FGF2-Heparin co-crystal complex-assisted design of mutants FGF1 and FGF7 with predictable heparin affinities. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:18617-22. [PMID: 9660835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.29.18617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-crystal structures of FGF2 and heparin-derived tetra- and hexasaccharides demonstrated the existence of high and low affinity contact residues that are likely to be involved in heparin binding (Faham, S., Hileman, R. E., Fromm, J. R., Linhardt, R. J., and Rees, D. C. (1996) Science 271, 1116-1120). To study the role of these putative contact residues, we chose three fibroblast growth factor family members with distinct heparin affinities for comparative mutagenesis studies. Only one amino acid significantly differed between FGF1 and FGF2 and was mutated, FGF1-31K. FGF7, also called keratinocyte growth factor, was mutated to mimic either FGF1 or FGF2 at two of the putative high contact points termed FGF7-1 and FGF7-2, respectively. FGF2 has higher apparent heparin affinity than FGF1 or FGF7, and FGF1 has higher heparin affinity than FGF7. All three mutants showed an increase in apparent heparin affinity compared with wild types. FGF7-1 has a lower apparent heparin affinity than FGF7-2, analogous to wild type FGF1 and FGF2. The FGF1-31K mutant showed no change in mitogenic activity, whereas the FGF7 mutants exhibited a decrease in activity. These results indicate that the co-crystal structure of the FGF2-heparin complexes can be used to design a rational approach to the generation of mutants with defined affinities for heparin or heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wong
- Department of Tissue Biology, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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Igarashi M, Finch PW, Aaronson SA. Characterization of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-10 reveals functional similarities with keratinocyte growth factor (FGF-7). J Biol Chem 1998; 273:13230-5. [PMID: 9582367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.21.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly identified member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, designated FGF-10, is expressed during development and preferentially in adult lung. The predicted FGF-10 protein is most related to keratinocyte growth factor (KGF, or FGF-7). The latter is unique among FGFs in that it binds and signals only through the FGF receptor (FGFR2b) isoform KGF receptor (KGFR) expressed specifically by epithelial cells. In order to examine the biological and biochemical properties of human FGF-10, we isolated the cDNA and expressed its encoded protein in bacteria. The recombinant protein (rFGF-10) was a potent mitogen for Balb/MK mouse epidermal keratinocytes with activity detectable at 0.1 nM and maximal at around 5 nM. Within this concentration range, FGF-10 did not stimulate DNA synthesis in NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts. rFGF-10 bound the KGFR with high affinity comparable to that of KGF, and did not bind detectably to either the FGFR1c (Flg) or FGFR2c (Bek) receptor isoforms. The mitogenic activity of FGF-10 could be distinguished from that of KGF by its different sensitivity to heparin and lack of neutralization by a KGF monoclonal antibody. These results indicate that FGF-10 and KGF have similar receptor binding properties and target cell specificities, but are differentially regulated by components of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Igarashi
- Derald H. Ruttenberg Cancer Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Hsu YR, Hsu EW, Katta V, Brankow D, Tseng J, Hu S, Morris CF, Kenney WC, Lu HS. Human keratinocyte growth factor recombinantly expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells: isolation of isoforms and characterization of post-translational modifications. Protein Expr Purif 1998; 12:189-200. [PMID: 9518460 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1997.0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family that acts specifically on epithelial cells in a paracrine mode. We employed a mammalian expression system to synthesize recombinant human KGF and isolated two preparations, KGF-a and KGF-b, from medium conditioned by Chinese hamster ovary cells. On an SDS-PAGE gel, KGF-a migrates as two bands near 25-29 kDa and contains both N- and O-linked sugar moieties attached near the N-terminus. Detailed structural characterization confirms that KGF-a contains a single amino acid sequence predicted from cDNA sequence and the molecule has two intramolecular disulfide bridges, Cys1-Cys15 and Cys102-Cys106. An additional Cys at position 40 is free and resides in a solvent-inaccessible environment. Mass spectrometric analyses of KGF-a peptides verify the occurrence of several post-translational modifications in the molecule, including partial oxidation at Met28, partial sulfation at Tyr27, and glycosylation at Asn14 and Thr22. The Asn-linked carbohydrate structures are heterogeneous, which include biantennary, triantennary, and tetraantennary structures with none or up to four sialic acids attached to various structures, while the Thr-linked carbohydrates contain typical mucin-type structures. KGF-b is an N-terminally truncated form of KGF-a posttranslationally processed at Arg23 and is not glycosylated. Both KGF-a and KGF-b forms are capable of stimulating DNA synthesis in quiescent Balb/MK mouse epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Hsu
- Amgen Inc., Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1890, USA
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Jang JH, Wang F, Kan M. Heparan sulfate is required for interaction and activation of the epithelial cell fibroblast growth factor receptor-2IIIb with stromal-derived fibroblast growth factor-7. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1997; 33:819-24. [PMID: 9466688 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-997-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7) and a specific splice variant of the FGF tyrosine kinase receptor family (FGFR2IIIb) constitute a paracrine signaling system from stroma to epithelium. Different effects of the manipulation of cellular heparan sulfates and heparin on activities of FGF-7 relative to FGF-1 in epithelial cells suggest that pericellular heparan sulfates may regulate the activity of FGF-7 by a different mechanism than other FGFs. In this report, we employ the heparan sulfate-binding protein, protamine sulfate, to reversibly block cellular heparan sulfates. Protamine sulfate, which does not bind significantly to FGF-7 or FGFR2IIIb, inhibited FGF-7 activities, but not those of epidermal growth factor. The inhibition was overcome by increasing the concentrations of FGF-7 or heparin. Heparin was essential for binding of FGF-7 to recombinant FGFR2IIIb expressed in insect cells or FGFR2IIIb purified away from cell products. These results suggest that, similar to other FGF polypeptides, heparan sulfate within the pericellular matrix is required for activity of FGF-7. Differences in response to heparin and alterations in the BULK heparan sulfate content of cells likely reflect FGF-specific differences in the cellular repertoire of multivalent heparan sulfate chains required for assembly and activation of the FGF signal transduction complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Jang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Houston 77030-3303, USA
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Nybo RE, Everton EN, Morris CF. Mitogenic activity of keratinocyte growth factor amino-terminal truncation mutants: deletion of amino acid residues 1-15 through 1-27. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1997; 33:606-7. [PMID: 9338141 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-997-0109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bonneh-Barkay D, Shlissel M, Berman B, Shaoul E, Admon A, Vlodavsky I, Carey DJ, Asundi VK, Reich-Slotky R, Ron D. Identification of glypican as a dual modulator of the biological activity of fibroblast growth factors. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:12415-21. [PMID: 9139688 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.19.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate moieties of cell-surface proteoglycans modulate the biological responses to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). We have reported previously that cell-associated heparan sulfates inhibit the binding of the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), but enhance the binding of acidic FGF to the KGF receptor, both in keratinocytes, which naturally express this receptor, and in rat myoblasts, which ectopically express it (Reich-Slotky, R., Bonneh-Barkay, D., Shaoul, E., Berman, B., Svahn, C. M., and Ron, D. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32279-32285). The proteoglycan bearing these modulatory heparan sulfates was purified to homogeneity from salt extracts of rat myoblasts by anion-exchange and FGF affinity chromatography and was identified as rat glypican. Affinity-purified glypican augmented the binding of acidic FGF and basic FGF to human FGF receptor-1 in a cell-free system. This effect was abolished following digestion of glypican by heparinase. Addition of purified soluble glypican effectively replaced heparin in supporting basic FGF-induced cellular proliferation of heparan sulfate-negative cells expressing recombinant FGF receptor-1. In keratinocytes, glypican strongly inhibited the mitogenic response to KGF while enhancing the response to acidic FGF. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that glypican plays an important role in regulating the biological activity of fibroblast growth factors and that, for different growth factors, glypican can either enhance or suppress cellular responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bonneh-Barkay
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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