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Matsui D, Yamada T, Hayashi J, Toyotake Y, Takeda Y, Wakayama M. Biochemical characterization of l-asparagine synthetase from Streptococcus thermophilus and its application in the enzymatic synthesis of β-aspartyl compounds. J Biosci Bioeng 2024:S1389-1723(24)00164-6. [PMID: 38981802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
β-Aspartyl compounds, such as β-aspartyl hydroxamate (serine racemase inhibitor), β-aspartyl-l-lysine (moisture retention), and β-aspartyl-l-tryptophan (immunomodulator) are physiologically active compounds. There is limited literature on the development of effective methods of production of β-aspartyl compounds. In this study, we describe the biochemical characterization of asparagine synthetase (AS) from Streptococcus thermophilus NBRC 13957 (StAS) and the enzymatic synthesis of β-aspartyl compounds using StAS. Recombinant StAS was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and it displayed activity towards hydroxylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, and ammonia, as acceptors of the β-aspartyl moiety. StAS exhibited higher activity toward hydroxylamine and ethylamine as acceptor substrates compared with the enzymes from Lactobacillus delbrueckii NBRC 13953, Lactobacillus reuteri NBRC 15892, and E. coli. The coupling of the synthesis of β-aspartyl compounds by StAS with an ATP-regeneration system using polyphosphate kinase from Deinococcus proteoliticus NBRC 101906 displayed an approximately 2.5-fold increase in the production of β-aspartylhydroxamate from 1.06 mM to 2.53 mM after a 76-h reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsui
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Taizo Yamada
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Yosuke Toyotake
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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Meister A. ACYL PHOSPHATES AS ENZYME-BOUND INTERMEDIATES IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF GLUTAMINE, GLUTATHIONE, SUCCINYL COENZYME A, AND CARBAMYL PHOSPHATE*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1968.tb02563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Buchanan JM. The amidotransferases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 39:91-183. [PMID: 4355768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122846.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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4
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Richards NG, Schuster SM. An alternative mechanism for the nitrogen transfer reaction in asparagine synthetase. FEBS Lett 2001; 313:98-102. [PMID: 1358677 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81421-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of crystallographic data, the mechanism of nitrogen transfer from glutamine in asparagine synthetase (AS) remains under active investigation. Surprisingly, the glutamine-dependent AS from Escherichia coli (AsnB) appears to lack a conserved histidine residue, necessary for nitrogen transfer if the reaction proceeds by the accepted pathway in other glutamine amidotransferases, but retains the ability to synthesize asparagine. We propose an alternative mechanism for nitrogen transfer in AsnB which obviates the requirement for participation of histidine in this step. Our hypothesis may also be more generally applicable to other glutamine-dependent amidotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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5
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Boehlein SK, Stewart JD, Walworth ES, Thirumoorthy R, Richards NG, Schuster SM. Kinetic mechanism of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Biochemistry 1998; 37:13230-8. [PMID: 9748330 DOI: 10.1021/bi981058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B (AS-B) catalyzes the synthesis of asparagine from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP. A combination of kinetic, isotopic-labeling, and stoichiometry studies have been performed to define the nature of nitrogen transfer mediated by AS-B. The results of initial rate studies were consistent with initial binding and hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate plus enzyme-bound ammonia. The initial velocity results were equally consistent with initial binding of ATP and aspartate prior to glutamine binding. However, product inhibition studies were only consistent with the latter pathway. Moreover, isotope-trapping studies confirmed that the enzyme-ATP-aspartate complex was kinetically competent. Studies using 18O-labeled aspartate were consistent with formation of a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, and stoichiometry studies revealed that 1 equiv of this intermediate formed on the enzyme in the absence of a nitrogen source. Taken together, our results are most consistent with initial formation of beta -aspartyl-AMP intermediate prior to glutamine binding. This sequence leaves open many possibilities for the chemical mechanism of nitrogen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Boehlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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6
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Richards NG, Schuster SM. Mechanistic issues in asparagine synthetase catalysis. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 72:145-98. [PMID: 9559053 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of asparagine is an ATP-dependent process that utilizes the nitrogen atom derived from either glutamine or ammonia. Despite a long history of kinetic and mechanistic investigation, there is no universally accepted catalytic mechanism for this seemingly straightforward carboxyl group activating enzyme, especially as regards those steps immediately preceding amide bond formation. This chapter considers four issues dealing with the mechanism: (a) the structural organization of the active site(s) partaking in glutamine utilization and aspartate activation; (b) the relationship of asparagine synthetase to other amidotransferases; (c) the way in which ATP is used to activate the beta-carboxyl group; and (d) the detailed mechanism by which nitrogen is transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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7
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Boehlein S, Richards N, Schuster S. Glutamine-dependent nitrogen transfer in Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Searching for the catalytic triad. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Larsen MC, Schuster SM. The topology of the glutamine and ATP binding sites of human asparagine synthetase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 299:15-22. [PMID: 1359839 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90238-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human asparagine synthetase was examined using a combination of chemical modifiers and specific monoclonal antibodies. The studies were designed to determine the topological relation between the nucleotide binding site and the glutamine binding site of the human asparagine synthetase. The purified recombinant enzyme was chemically modified at the glutamine binding site by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), and at the ATP binding site by 8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (8-N3ATP). The effects of chemical modification with DON included a loss of glutamine-dependent reactions, but no effect on ATP binding as measured during ammonia-dependent asparagine synthesis. Similarly, modification with 8-N3ATP resulted in a loss of ammonia-dependent asparagine synthesis, but no effect on the glutaminase activity. A series of monoclonal antibodies was also examined in relation to their epitopes and the sites modified by the two covalent chemical modifiers. It was found that several antibodies were prevented from binding by specific chemical modification, and that the antibodies could be classified into groups correlating to their relative binding domains. These results are discussed in terms of relative positions of the glutamine and ATP binding sites on asparagine synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68588-0304
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Amine J, Marczak R, Maazouzi N, Masion E. Regulation of ammonium assimilation byClostridium acetobutylicum. J Basic Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620300904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Grafstein D. A role for metabolite enantiomers in the evolution and integration of enzyme driven systems. J Theor Biol 1985; 114:11-20. [PMID: 4010308 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(85)80252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Neurospora crassa mutants deficient in asparagine synthetase were selected by using the procedure of inositol-less death. Complementation tests among the 100 mutants isolated suggested that their alterations were genetically allelic. Recombination analysis with strain S1007t, an asparagine auxotroph, indicated that the mutations were located near or within the asn gene on linkage group V. In vitro assays with a heterokaryon indicated that the mutation was dominant. Thermal instability of cell extracts from temperature-sensitive strains in an in vitro asparagine synthetase assay determined that the mutations were in the structural gene(s) for asparagine synthetase.
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Markin RS, Luehr CA, Schuster SM. Kinetic mechanism of beef pancreatic L-asparagine synthetase. Biochemistry 1981; 20:7226-32. [PMID: 6119111 DOI: 10.1021/bi00528a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic mechanism of bovine pancreatic asparagine synthetase was deduced from initial velocity studies and product inhibition studies of both the glutamine-dependent and ammonia-dependent reactions. For the glutamine-dependent pathway, parallel lines were observed in the double reciprocal plot of 1/V vs. 1/[glutamine] at varied aspartate concentrations, and in the plot of 1/V vs. 1/[ATP] at varied aspartate concentrations. Intersecting lines were found for the plot of 1/V vs. 1/[ATP] at varied glutamine concentrations. Product inhibition patterns, including dual inhibitor studies for measuring the synergistic effects of multiproduct inhibition, were used to support an ordered bi-uni-uni-ter ping-pong mechanism. Glutamine and ATP sequentially bind, followed by the release of glutamate and the addition of aspartate. Pyrophosphate, AMP, and asparagine are then sequentially released. When the ammonia-dependent reaction was studied, it was found that the mechanism was significantly different. NH3 bound first followed by a random addition of ATP and aspartate. Pyrophosphate, AMP, and asparagine were then sequentially released as in the glutamine-utilizing mechanism. From these studies, a comprehensive mechanism has been proposed through which either glutamine or NH3 can provide nitrogen for asparagine production from aspartate.
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Humbert R, Simoni RD. Genetic and biomedical studies demonstrating a second gene coding for asparagine synthetase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1980; 142:212-20. [PMID: 6102982 PMCID: PMC293932 DOI: 10.1128/jb.142.1.212-220.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic experiments have indicated that asparagine auxotrophs of Escherichias coli K-12 can be made asparagine prototrophs at either of two sites on the chromosome and that wild-type strains require both sites to be mutated to produce asparagine auxotrophy. The former asn locus is now called asnA, and the new gene is designated asnB. The asnB gene is located near gal.AsnA+ asnB and asnA asnB+ strains were constructed, and the asparagine synthetic reaction was characterized in extracts. These studies revealed that the asnA gene codes for the enzyme previously described (H. Cedar and J.H. Schwartz, J. Biol. Chem. 244: 4112-4121, 1969), whereas the asnB gene is involved in the production of an enzyme which differs from the one previously described in its specific activity in extracts, its stability at low and high temperatures, and its apparent ability to use either glutamine or ammonia as amide nitrogen donor. Physiological studies showed that either enzyme alone is sufficient to allow a maximal growth rate under conditions of asparagine limitation.
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Ramos F, Wiame JM. Synthesis and activation of asparagine in asparagine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 94:409-17. [PMID: 34516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
L-Asparagine synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is performed by a glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase of the type found in higher organisms. Auxotrophy for asparagine has been obtained in two classes of mutants. In class I, asparagine synthetase activity is cancelled. These mutants combine two mutations, asnA- and asnB-. Neither asnA- nor asnB- mutation alone leads to total auxotrophy. Partial auxotrophy as well as a strong decrease in enzyme activity result from asnA- mutation. No change is detectable in cells with the asnB- mutationalone. This, and Jones' report [J. Bacteriol. 134, 200-207 (1978)] of auxotrophy resulting from the combination of two mutations, are strong supports for asparagine synthesis being an unusual biosynthetic operation. In class II, auxotrophy results from a single mutation which leads to a modification of the efficiency of the asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (asnRS- mutation). This auxotrophy is cancelled if asparaginase I activity (the only one present in sigma 1278b wild type) is cancelled by casnI- mutation. This latter mutation allows an increase in the asparagine pool which is able to compensate for the asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase partial defect of the asnRS- mutant.
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15
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Hongo S, Matsumoto T, Sato T. Purification and properties of asparagine synthetase from rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 522:258-66. [PMID: 23163 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(78)90342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase (L-aspartate:ammonia ligase (AMP-forming, EC 6.3.1.1) activity in rat liver increased when the animals were put on a low casein diet. The enzyme was purified about 280-fold from the supernatant of rat liver homogenate by a procedure comprising ammonium sulfate fractionation. DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The optimal pH of the enzyme was in the range 7.4-7.6 with glutamine as an amide donor. The molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 110,000 by gel filtration. Chloride ion was required for the enzyme activity. The apparent Km values for L-aspartate, L-glutamine, ammonium chloride, ATP, and Cl- were calculated to be 0.76, 4.3, 10, 0.14, and 1.7 mM, respectively. The activity was inhibited by L-asparagine, nucleoside triphosphates except ATP, and sulfhydryl reagents. It has been observed that the properties of asparagine synthetase from rat liver are not so different from those of tumors such as Novikoff hepatoma and RADA 1.
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Kleiner D, Kleinschmidt JA. Selective inactivation of nitrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii batch cultures. J Bacteriol 1976; 128:117-22. [PMID: 977536 PMCID: PMC232833 DOI: 10.1128/jb.128.1.117-122.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When the exhaustion of sucrose or sulfate or the induction of encystment (by incubation in 0.2% beta-hydroxybutyrate) leads to termination of growth in Azotobacter vinelandii batch cultures, the nitrogenase levels in the organisms decreased rapidly, whereas glutamate synthase and glutamine synthetase levels remained unaltered. Glutamate dehydrogenase activities were low during the whole culture cycle, indicating that ammonia assimilation proceeds via glutamine. Toward depletion of sucrose or during induction of encystment, slight secretion of ammonia with subsequent reabsorption was occasionally observed, whereas massive ammonia excretion occurred when the sulfate became exhausted. The extracellular ammonia levels were paralleled by changes in the glutamine synthetase activity. The inactivation of the nitrogenase is explained as a result of rising oxygen tension, a consequence of a metabolic shift-down (reduced respiration) that occurs in organisms entering the stationary phase.
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Wedler FC, McClune G. Continuous pH stat assay technique for glutamine and asparagine synthetase enzyme systems, involving ATP conversion to ADP plus Pi and AMP plus PPi, respectively. Anal Biochem 1974; 59:347-53. [PMID: 4151971 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(74)90285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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17. Asparagine Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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Streeter JG. In vivo and in vitro studies on asparagine biosynthesis in soybean seedlings. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 157:613-24. [PMID: 4738382 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kuramitsu HK, Yoshimura S. Catalytic and regulatory properties of meso-diaminopimelate-sensitive aspartokinase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 147:683-91. [PMID: 5167534 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Prusiner S, Milner L. A rapid radioactive assay for glutamine synthetase, glutaminase, asparagine synthetase, and asparaginase. Anal Biochem 1970; 37:429-38. [PMID: 4920285 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(70)90069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Erik Rognes
- Botanical Laboratory, University of Oslo, Postbox 1045, Blindern, 3, Oslo, Norway
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Canellos GP, Haskell CM. Studies of resistance to L-asparaginase in human leukemia. Recent Results Cancer Res 1970; 33:188-93. [PMID: 4949162 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-99984-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Norton SJ, Chen YT. Beta-aspartylhydroxamic acid: its action as a feedback inhibitor and a repressor of asparagine synthetase in Lactobacillus arabinosus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 129:560-6. [PMID: 4304212 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Prager MD, Bachynsky N. Asparagine synthetase in normal and malignant tissues: correlation with tumor sensitivity to asparaginase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 127:645-54. [PMID: 4880551 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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Lees EM, Farnden KJ, Elliott WH. Studies on asparagine synthesis and utilization in seedlings. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 126:539-46. [PMID: 5672512 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Horowitz B, Madras BK, Meister A, Old LJ, Boyes EA, Stockert E. Asparagine synthetase activity of mouse leukemias. Science 1968; 160:533-5. [PMID: 5689413 DOI: 10.1126/science.160.3827.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Various transplanted leukemias and normal tissues of the mouse were tested for asparagine synthetase activity. Leukemias susceptible to suppression by asparaginase have little or no synthetase activity. In contrast, leukemias insensitive to asparaginase exhibit substantial and often very high asparagine synthetase activity. Asparaginase-resistant variants of sensitive leukemias also have considerable synthetase activity. Thus the requirement by certain malignant cells of exogenous asparagine, which entails sensitivity to asparaginase, may be ascribed to lack of asparagine synthetase. Development of asparaginase-resistant variants from asparaginase-sensitive lines is consistently associated with acquisition of asparagine synthetase activity.
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Prager MD, Bachynsky N. Asparagine synthetase in asparaginase resistant and susceptible mouse lymphomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968; 31:43-7. [PMID: 4869945 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(68)90028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cowman RA, Speck ML. Activity of lactic streptococci following storage at refrigeration temperatures. J Dairy Sci 1965; 48:1441-4. [PMID: 5898796 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(65)88495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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42
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Ravel JM, Humphreys JS, Shive W. Control of glutamine synthesis in Lactobacillus arabinosus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1965; 111:720-6. [PMID: 5862218 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(65)90255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Burchall JJ, Reichelt EC, Wolin M. Purification and Properties of the Asparagine Synthetase of Streptococcus bovis. J Biol Chem 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Purification and Properties of the Aspartyl Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase of Lactobacillus arabinosus. J Biol Chem 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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