1
|
Smith SJ, Hickey RJ, Malkas LH. Validating the disruption of proliferating cell nuclear antigen interactions in the development of targeted cancer therapeutics. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:310-9. [PMID: 26889573 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human DNA replication and repair is a highly coordinated process involving the specifically timed actions of numerous proteins and enzymes. Many of these proteins require interaction with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for activation within the process. The interdomain connector loop (IDCL) of PCNA provides a docking site for many of those proteins, suggesting that this region is critically important in the regulation of cellular function. Previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated that a peptide mimicking a specific region of the IDCL (caPeptide) has the ability to disrupt key protein-protein interactions between PCNA and its binding partners, thereby inhibiting DNA replication within the cells. In this study, we confirm the ability of the caPeptide to disrupt DNA replication function using both intact cell and in vitro DNA replication assays. Further, we were able to demonstrate that treatment with caPeptide results in a decrease of polymerase δ activity that correlates with the observed decrease in DNA replication. We have also successfully developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay to validate the disruption of the PCNA-pol δ interaction with caPeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanna J Smith
- a Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Duarte , CA , USA
| | - Robert J Hickey
- b Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Duarte , CA , USA
| | - Linda H Malkas
- a Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Duarte , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Hat1 is the sole known example of a type B histone acetyltransferase. While it has long been presumed that type B histone acetyltransferases participate in the acetylation of newly synthesized histones during the process of chromatin assembly, definitive evidence linking these enzymes to this process has been scarce. This review will discuss recent results that have begun to shed light on the roles of Hat1 and also address several outstanding questions relating to the cellular function of this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Parthun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun WH, Coleman TR, DePamphilis ML. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of the association between origin recognition proteins and somatic cell chromatin. EMBO J 2002; 21:1437-46. [PMID: 11889049 PMCID: PMC125915 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.6.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that cell cycle-dependent changes in the affinity of the origin recognition complex (ORC) for chromatin are involved in regulating initiation of DNA replication. To test this hypothesis, chromatin lacking functional ORCs was isolated from metaphase hamster cells and incubated in Xenopus egg extracts to initiate DNA replication. Intriguingly, Xenopus ORC rapidly bound to hamster somatic chromatin in a Cdc6-dependent manner and was then released, concomitant with initiation of DNA replication. Once pre-replication complexes (pre-RCs) were assembled either in vitro or in vivo, further binding of XlORC was inhibited. Neither binding nor release of XlORC was affected by inhibitors of either cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity or DNA synthesis. In contrast, inhibition of pre-RC assembly, either by addition of Xenopus geminin or by depletion of XlMcm proteins, augmented ORC binding by inhibiting ORC release. These results demonstrate a programmed release of XlORC from somatic cell chromatin as it enters S phase, consistent with the proposed role for ORC in preventing re-initiation of DNA replication during S phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Sun
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Building 6/416, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 36/3D06, Bethesda, MD 20892-4094 and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Thomas R. Coleman
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Building 6/416, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 36/3D06, Bethesda, MD 20892-4094 and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Melvin L. DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Building 6/416, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 36/3D06, Bethesda, MD 20892-4094 and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
DNA replication is a complicated process that is largely regulated during stages of initiation. The Siman Virus 40 in vitro replication system has served as an excellent model for studies of the initiation of DNA replication, and its regulation, in eukaryotes. Initiation of SV40 replication requires a single viral protein termed T-antigen, all other proteins are supplied by the host. The recent determination of the solution structure of the T-antigen domain that recognizes the SV40 origin has provided significant insights into the initiation process. For example, it has afforded a clearer understanding of origin recognition, T-antigen oligomerization, and DNA unwinding. Furthermore, the Simian virus 40 in vitro replication system has been used to study nascent DNA formation in the vicinity of the viral origin of replication. Among the conclusions drawn from these experiments is that nascent DNA synthesis does not initiate in the core origin in vitro and that Okazaki fragment formation is complex. These and related studies demonstrate that significant progress has been made in understanding the initiation of DNA synthesis at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Bullock
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woynarowski JM, Beerman TA. Effects of bizelesin (U-77,779), a bifunctional alkylating minor groove binder, on replication of genomic and simian virus 40 DNA in BSC-1 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1353:50-60. [PMID: 9256064 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bizelesin, an AT-specific DNA-alkylating antitumor drug, is a potent inhibitor of genomic DNA replication in BSC-1 cells. Fifty percent inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed at 10 nM bizelesin compared to 160 nM needed for 50% inhibition of RNA synthesis while no inhibition of protein synthesis was observed up to 200 nM. Sedimentation analysis of nascent genomic DNA showed that bizelesin inhibited new replicon initiation and had significantly less effect on replicon maturation. Bizelesin also suppressed the intracellular synthesis of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA in virus-infected BSC-1 cells. The analysis of nascent SV40 intermediates synthesized after bizelesin treatment confirmed an initiation-specific inhibition. The inhibitory effects on cellular DNA replication occurred at bizelesin levels resulting in infrequent adducts (one adduct per several replicons). Only one bizelesin adduct per several SV40 molecules was needed for a potent inhibition of intracellular SV40 replication. In contrast, only partial inhibition of SV40 replication in vitro was observed with bizelesin-treated naked SV40 DNA as a template. Overall, the results indicate that infrequent bizelesin lesions impede the cellular replication apparatus at the level of the initiation of new replicons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Woynarowski
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Inst., Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Malkas LH, Hickey RJ. Expression, purification, and characterization of DNA polymerases involved in papovavirus replication. Methods Enzymol 1996; 275:133-67. [PMID: 9026636 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(96)75011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, work from a large number of laboratories has greatly expanded our knowledge of the biochemical characteristics and the genetic structure of the DNA polymerases used during papovavirus DNA replication. The development of in vitro DNA replication systems for both SV40 and polyoma virus has been paramount in facilitating the development of the current models describing how DNA polymerase alpha and delta function to replicate the genomes of these two viruses. Our studies have demonstrated that the proteins recognized to be essential for both in vitro SV40 and polyoma viral origin-dependent DNA synthesis can be isolated from cells as an intact complex. We have shown that the human cell MRC closely resembles the murine cell MRC, in both its protein composition and its fractionation and chromatographic profile. In addition, our data regarding both the human and the murine MRC support the dipolymerase model proposed from in vitro DNA replication studies using reconstituted assay systems. In addition, analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the genes encoding DNA polymerase alpha and delta has revealed that the amino acids encoded by several regions of these two genes have been rigorously maintained across evolutionary lines. This information has permitted the identification of protein domains which mediate the complex series of protein-protein interactions that direct the DNA polymerases to the cell nucleus, specify complete or partial exonuclease active sites, and participate in the interaction of each DNA polymerase with the DNA template. Expression studies examining each of the genes encoding DNA polymerase alpha and delta clearly indicate that both DNA polymerases are cell cycle regulated and undergo a dramatic induction in their expression when quiescent cells are stimulated to enter the cell cycle. This is in contrast to the two- to three-fold upregulation in the level of expression of these two genes when cycling cells cross the G1/S boundary. In addition, both proteins are phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner, and phosphorylation appears to be mediated through the action of a cdc2-dependent protein kinase. Despite all of this new information, much remains to be learned about how papovavirus DNA replication is regulated and how these two DNA polymerases act in vivo to faithfully copy the viral genomes. Studies have yet to be performed which identify all of the cellular factors which potentially mediate papovavirus DNA replication. The reconstituted replication systems have yielded a minimum number of proteins which are required to replicate SV40 and polyoma viral genomes in vitro. However, further studies are needed to identify additional factors which may participate in each step of the initiation, elongation, and termination phases of viral genome replication. As an example, models describing the potential role of cellular helicases, which are components of the MRC isolated from murine and human cells, have yet to be described. It is also conceivable that there are a number of other proteins which serve to attach the MRC to the nuclear matrix, stimulate viral DNA replication, and potentially regulate various aspects of the activity of the MRC throughout viral DNA replication. We are currently working toward characterizing the biochemical composition of the MRC from both murine and human cells. Our goals are to identify all of the structural components of the MRC and to define the role of these components in regulating papovavirus and cellular DNA replication. We have also begun studies to visualize the spatial organization of these protein components within the MRC, examine the regulatory processes controlling the activity of the various components of the MRC, and then develop this information into a coherent picture of the higher order structure of the MRC within the cell nucleus. We believe that this information will enable us to develop an accurate view of the detailed processes mediating both pa
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H Malkas
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Applegren N, Hickey RJ, Kleinschmidt AM, Zhou Q, Coll J, Wills P, Swaby R, Wei Y, Quan JY, Lee MY. Further characterization of the human cell multiprotein DNA replication complex. J Cell Biochem 1995; 59:91-107. [PMID: 8530540 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240590111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for multiprotein complexes playing a role in DNA replication has been growing over the years. We have previously reported on a replication-competent multiprotein form of DNA polymerase isolated from human (HeLa) cell extracts. The proteins that were found at that time to co-purify with the human cell multiprotein form of DNA polymerase included: DNA polymerase alpha, DNA primase, topoisomerase I, RNase H, PCNA, and a DNA-dependent ATPase. The multiprotein form of the human cell DNA polymerase was further purified by Q-Sepharose chromatography followed by glycerol gradient sedimentation and was shown to be fully competent to support origin-specific and large T-antigen dependent simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication in vitro [Malkas et al. (1990b): Biochemistry 29:6362-6374]. In this report we describe the further characterization of the human cell replication-competent multiprotein form of DNA polymerase designated MRC. Several additional DNA replication proteins that co-purify with the MRC have been identified. These proteins include: DNA polymerase delta, RF-C, topoisomerase II, DNA ligase I, DNA helicase, and RP-A. The replication requirements, replication initiation kinetics, and the ability of the MRC to utilize minichromosome structures for DNA synthesis have been determined. We also report on the results of experiments to determine whether nucleotide metabolism enzymes co-purify with the human cell MRC. We recently proposed a model to represent the MRC that was isolated from murine cells [Wu et al. (1994): J Cell Biochem 54:32-46]. We can now extend this model to include the human cell MRC based on the fractionation, chromatographic and sedimentation behavior of the human cell DNA replication proteins. A full description of the model is discussed. Our experimental results provide further evidence to suggest that DNA synthesis is mediated by a multiprotein complex in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Applegren
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- M L DePamphilis
- Roche Research Center, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brush GS, Kelly TJ, Stillman B. Identification of eukaryotic DNA replication proteins using simian virus 40 in vitro replication system. Methods Enzymol 1995; 262:522-48. [PMID: 8594377 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)62043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Cell Fractionation/methods
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell-Free System
- Chromatography/methods
- Chromatography, Gel/methods
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA Ligases/analysis
- DNA Ligases/isolation & purification
- DNA Ligases/metabolism
- DNA Polymerase III
- DNA Replication
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/analysis
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/isolation & purification
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/analysis
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/isolation & purification
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/isolation & purification
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/analysis
- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/isolation & purification
- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism
- Deoxycytosine Nucleotides/metabolism
- Deoxyribonucleotides/metabolism
- Durapatite
- Genetic Complementation Test
- HeLa Cells
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Humans
- Indicators and Reagents
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Models, Genetic
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/analysis
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/isolation & purification
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Phosphorus Radioisotopes
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/analysis
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/isolation & purification
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- Radioisotope Dilution Technique
- Replication Origin
- Replication Protein C
- Repressor Proteins
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
- Simian virus 40/genetics
- Simian virus 40/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Brush
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Motimaya AM, Subramanya KS, Curry PT, Kitchin RM. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of selected anti-AIDS treatment drugs at clinical doses in vivo in mice. Toxicol Lett 1994; 70:171-83. [PMID: 8296321 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Six anti-AIDS drugs were assessed for in vivo genotoxicity and cytotoxicity at human clinical doses with the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. These included four dideoxynucleosides (azidothymidine, dideoxycytidine, dideoxyadenosine, and dideoxyinosine), an anthracycline antibiotic (doxorubicin), and a chelating agent (D-penicillamine). Cytological analysis of the mouse bone marrow cells revealed: (i) The dideoxynucleosides and D-penicillamine failed to induce significant number of micronuclei, and except for one of the five doses of dideoxyinosine, none of the dideoxynucleosides were cytotoxic at the doses tested. (ii) Doxorubicin induced micronuclei in a dose-dependent manner which was statistically significant at 4-times the clinical dose but was not cytotoxic at any of the doses tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Motimaya
- Department of Dermatology, CBRC, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cell-free repair of UV-damaged simian virus 40 chromosomes in human cell extracts. I. Development of a cell-free system detecting excision repair of UV-irradiated SV40 chromosomes. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
12
|
|
13
|
Schulte D, Knippers R, Dreier T, Probst G, Probst H. Cycloheximide inhibits cellular, but not SV40, DNA replication. FEBS Lett 1992; 299:149-54. [PMID: 1312038 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared extracts from cycloheximide-treated cells for the study of simian-virus-40 (SV40)-DNA replication in vitro. When supplemented with the viral initiator protein (large T antigen), these extracts fully supported SV40-DNA replication. We also determined that SV40-DNA replication in vivo is much more resistant to cycloheximide than cellular DNA replication. SV40 encodes its own initiator protein, T antigen, which also functions as a DNA helicase, but depends on cellular functions for all additional replication reactions. Therefore, it appears to be quite likely that cycloheximide affects cellular DNA replication by blocking the synthesis of (a) cellular function(s) that is(are) performed by T antigen in SV40-DNA replication. Indeed, DNA fiber autoradiography and alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation of pulse-labeled cellular DNA showed that cycloheximide treatment almost completely suppressed replicon initiation and reduced the rate of replication fork movement to about one third of the control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Schulte
- Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Ishimi Y, Sugasawa K, Hanaoka F, Eki T, Hurwitz J. Topoisomerase II plays an essential role as a swivelase in the late stage of SV40 chromosome replication in vitro. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
16
|
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an exciting evolution in our understanding of eukaryotic DNA replication at the molecular level. Progress has been particularly rapid within the last few years due to the convergence of research on a variety of cell types, from yeast to human, encompassing disciplines ranging from clinical immunology to the molecular biology of viruses. New eukaryotic DNA replicases and accessory proteins have been purified and characterized, and some have been cloned and sequenced. In vitro systems for the replication of viral DNA have been developed, allowing the identification and purification of several mammalian replication proteins. In this review we focus on DNA polymerases alpha and delta and the polymerase accessory proteins, their physical and functional properties, as well as their roles in eukaryotic DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G So
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Villarreal LP. Relationship of eukaryotic DNA replication to committed gene expression: general theory for gene control. Microbiol Rev 1991; 55:512-42. [PMID: 1943999 PMCID: PMC372832 DOI: 10.1128/mr.55.3.512-542.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The historic arguments for the participation of eukaryotic DNA replication in the control of gene expression are reconsidered along with more recent evidence. An earlier view in which gene commitment was achieved with stable chromatin structures which required DNA replication to reset expression potential (D. D. Brown, Cell 37:359-365, 1984) is further considered. The participation of nonspecific stable repressor of gene activity (histones and other chromatin proteins), as previously proposed, is reexamined. The possible function of positive trans-acting factors is now further developed by considering evidence from DNA virus models. It is proposed that these positive factors act to control the initiation of replicon-specific DNA synthesis in the S phase (early or late replication timing). Stable chromatin assembles during replication into potentially active (early S) or inactive (late S) states with prevailing trans-acting factors (early) or repressing factors (late) and may asymmetrically commit daughter templates. This suggests logical schemes for programming differentiation based on replicons and trans-acting initiators. This proposal requires that DNA replication precede major changes in gene commitment. Prior evidence against a role for DNA replication during terminal differentiation is reexamined along with other results from terminal differentiation of lower eukaryotes. This leads to a proposal that DNA replication may yet underlie terminal gene commitment, but that for it to do so there must exist two distinct modes of replication control. In one mode (mitotic replication) replicon initiation is tightly linked to the cell cycle, whereas the other mode (terminal replication) initiation is not cell cycle restricted, is replicon specific, and can lead to a terminally differentiated state. Aberrant control of mitotic and terminal modes of DNA replication may underlie the transformed state. Implications of a replicon basis for chromatin structure-function and the evolution of metazoan organisms are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Villarreal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92717
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ishimi Y, Sugasawa K, Hanaoka F, Kikuchi A. Replication of the simian virus 40 chromosome with purified proteins. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
19
|
Richard MC, Litvak S, Castroviejo M. DNA polymerase B from wheat embryos: a plant delta-like DNA polymerase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 287:141-50. [PMID: 1654800 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies in eucaryotic cells (mainly animals and yeast) indicate that at least two DNA polymerases are involved in DNA replication at the level of the replication fork: DNA polymerase alpha, which is associated with DNA primase, is involved in the replication of the lagging strand; DNA polymerase delta, associated with an exonuclease activity, synthesizes the forward continuous DNA strand. Much less information exists concerning plant systems. Previous work from this laboratory provided preliminary evidence of an association between DNA polymerase B from wheat embryo and an exonucleolytic activity. In this paper, we present additional data on the biochemical properties of DNA polymerase B. An improved purification procedure described in this article has been developed. During all the purification steps the nuclease activity was associated with DNA polymerase activity. A biochemical study of this enzyme activity shows that it is an exonuclease which hydrolyses DNA in the 3' to 5' direction. Moreover, this exonuclease confers a proofreading function to DNA polymerase B. Comparison of DNA polymerase B properties (template specificity, sensitivity to DNA replication inhibitors like aphidicolin and butyl-phenyl dGTP, copurification of DNA polymerase and exonuclease activities) with those of animal DNA polymerase delta indicates that these enzymes share many common features. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DNA polymerase delta in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Richard
- Institut de Biochimie Cellulaire et Neurochimie, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsurimoto T, Stillman B. Replication factors required for SV40 DNA replication in vitro. I. DNA structure-specific recognition of a primer-template junction by eukaryotic DNA polymerases and their accessory proteins. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
21
|
Nethanel T, Kaufmann G. Two DNA polymerases may be required for synthesis of the lagging DNA strand of simian virus 40. J Virol 1990; 64:5912-8. [PMID: 2173773 PMCID: PMC248760 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.12.5912-5918.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents discriminating between DNA polymerase alpha and DNA polymerases of class delta (polymerase delta or epsilon) were used to characterize steps in the synthesis of the lagging DNA strand of simian virus 40 during DNA replication in isolated nuclei. The synthesis of lagging-strand intermediates below 40 nucleotides, termed DNA primers (T. Nethanel, S. Reisfeld, G. Dinter-Gottlieb, and G. Kaufmann, J. Virol. 62:2867-2873, 1988), was selectively inhibited by butylphenyl dGTP or by neutralizing DNA polymerase alpha monoclonal antibodies. The synthesis of longer lagging chains of up to 250 nucleotides (Okazaki pieces) was affected to a lesser extent, possibly indirectly, by these agents. Aphidicolin, which inhibits both alpha- and delta-class enzymes, elicited the opposite pattern: DNA primers accumulated in its presence and were not converted into Okazaki pieces. These and previous data suggest that DNA polymerase alpha primase synthesizes DNA primers, whereas another DNA polymerase, presumably DNA polymerase delta or epsilon, mediates the conversion of DNA primers into Okazaki pieces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nethanel
- Department of Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Burhans WC, Vassilev LT, Caddle MS, Heintz NH, DePamphilis ML. Identification of an origin of bidirectional DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. Cell 1990; 62:955-65. [PMID: 2393905 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90270-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistically, an origin of bidirectional DNA replication (OBR) can be defined by the transition from discontinuous to continuous DNA synthesis that must occur on each template strand at the site where replication forks originate. This results from synthesis of Okazaki fragments predominantly on the retrograde arms of forks. We have identified these transitions at a specific site within a 0.45 kb sequence approximately 17 kb downstream from the 3' end of the dihydrofolate reductase gene in Chinese hamster ovary chromosomes. At least 80% of the replication forks in a 27 kb region emanated from this OBR. Thus, initiation of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes uses the same replication fork mechanism previously described in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, suggesting that mammalian chromosomes also utilize specific cis-acting sequences as origins of DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Burhans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- F W Perrino
- Joseph Gottstein Memorial Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wong SW, Syvaoja J, Tan CK, Downey KM, So AG, Linn S, Wang TS. DNA Polymerases α and δ Are Immunologically and Structurally Distinct. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
25
|
Sitney KC, Budd ME, Campbell JL. DNA polymerase III, a second essential DNA polymerase, is encoded by the S. cerevisiae CDC2 gene. Cell 1989; 56:599-605. [PMID: 2645055 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three nuclear DNA polymerases have been described in yeast: DNA polymerases I, II, and III. DNA polymerase I is encoded by the POL1 gene and is essential for DNA replication. Since the S. cerevisiae CDC2 gene has recently been shown to have DNA sequence similarity to the active site regions of other known DNA polymerases, but to nevertheless be different from DNA polymerase I, we examined cdc2 mutants for the presence of DNA polymerases II and III. DNA polymerase II was not affected by the cdc2 mutation. DNA polymerase III activity was significantly reduced in the cdc2-1 cell extracts. We conclude that the CDC2 gene encodes yeast DNA polymerase III and that DNA polymerase III, therefore, represents a second essential DNA polymerase in yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Sitney
- Braun Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Characterization of a large form of DNA polymerase δ from HeLa cells that is insensitive to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
27
|
Wold MS, Weinberg DH, Virshup DM, Li JJ, Kelly TJ. Identification of cellular proteins required for simian virus 40 DNA replication. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
28
|
Abstract
Females of the human species live longer than males, and the longevity differential is probably not entirely explained by reasons which are presently obvious. Genotypic sex has long been suspected to affect longevity to the advantage of the female. Several recent findings about the X and Y chromosomes must be reckoned with in considering determinants of longevity which derive from genotypic sex. The advantages of having two X chromosomes are apparent, notwithstanding X-chromosome inactivation. Not only can some cells compensate for biosynthetic deficiencies of others, but also cell selection according to which X chromosome is active can occur during development according to cell viability and proliferative capacity. It has recently been observed that at least some genes on inactive X chromosomes are reactivated late in life. Details of the reactivation process must be studied to determine its significance and the effects of the process on late life survival. The recent mapping of the catalytic polypeptide of DNA-polymerase-alpha to the X chromosome calls attention to a new property of the genotype which could affect the basic ability of cells to proliferate. It is likely that this enzyme, perhaps in concert with DNA-polymerase-delta, is required for DNA replication, suggesting that two alleles for this enzyme and cell selection within the female phenotypic mosaic for DNA replication may provide a sex-linked determinant of cell proliferation which could be advantageous in late life. Much remains to be learned about the Y chromosome, although there are early results consistent with a determinant of longevity on that chromosome which operates to the male disadvantage and probably does not involve sex hormones. The genotype may be a significant determinant of longevity in humans even if it does not appear to be so in non-human animals, because causes of death are different. Determinants of longevity are based on susceptibility or vulnerability to the causes and diseases of mortality, and these differ in different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Smith
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Burgers PM. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases alpha and delta: conserved properties and interactions, from yeast to mammalian cells. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 37:235-80. [PMID: 2505329 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Martínez-Salas E, Cupo DY, DePamphilis ML. The need for enhancers is acquired upon formation of a diploid nucleus during early mouse development. Genes Dev 1988; 2:1115-26. [PMID: 2847960 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2.9.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the polyoma virus (PyV) origin of DNA replication was used as a sensitive assay for enhancer function in one- and two-cell mouse embryos by injecting embryos with plasmid DNA containing different PyV ori configurations, allowing them to continue development in vitro, and then measuring plasmid DNA replication. Replication always required the PyV origin 'core' sequence in cis and PyV large tumor antigen (T-Ag) in trans. In developing two-cell embryos, DNA replication also required an enhancer in cis. Two copies of part of PyV enhancer 3 (beta element) was sevenfold better than one copy, and enhancer 3 was better than enhancer 1 + 2 (alpha element). Competition between ori configurations suggested that enhancers bound specific proteins required for replication and transcription. In contrast, DNA injected into one-cell embryos did not need an enhancer for replication, and no competition for replication factors was observed between different ori configurations. In fact, ori core replicated about ninefold better in one-cell embryos than the complete origin did in developing two-cell embryos. Therefore, core contains all the cis-acting information necessary to initiate DNA replication. Because one-cell embryos that replicated injected DNA retained their pronuclei and remained one-cell embryos, enhancers are not needed in mammalian development until a diploid nucleus is formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Martínez-Salas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kaguni LS, Lehman IR. Eukaryotic DNA polymerase-primase: structure, mechanism and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 950:87-101. [PMID: 3289619 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(88)90001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L S Kaguni
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
So AG, Downey KM. Mammalian DNA polymerases alpha and delta: current status in DNA replication. Biochemistry 1988; 27:4591-5. [PMID: 3048386 DOI: 10.1021/bi00413a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A G So
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gutierrez C, Guo ZS, Burhans W, DePamphilis ML, Farrell-Towt J, Ju G. Is c-myc protein directly involved in DNA replication? Science 1988; 240:1202-3. [PMID: 3287614 DOI: 10.1126/science.3287614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Gutierrez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, NJ 07110
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Focher F, Ferrari E, Spadari S, Hübscher U. Do DNA polymerases delta and alpha act coordinately as leading and lagging strand replicases? FEBS Lett 1988; 229:6-10. [PMID: 3345838 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The activity ratio of DNA polymerases delta and alpha in calf thymus was found to be invariably 1:1, irrespective of extraction procedure (8 types) and subcellular localization (cytoplasm, nucleus and microsomes). This was established by separation of the two forms by hydroxyapatite chromatography and by their response to specific inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. This finding supports the dimeric DNA polymerase model [(1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 4290-4303], which proposes that DNA polymerases delta and alpha act coordinately as leading and lagging strand enzymes, respectively, at the replication fork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Focher
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nishida C, Reinhard P, Linn S. DNA repair synthesis in human fibroblasts requires DNA polymerase delta. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|