1
|
Liu S, Libchaber A. Production and assay of a transcription activator CRP in coupled in vitro transcription and translation. Biotechniques 2004; 36:596-8, 600. [PMID: 15088377 DOI: 10.2144/04364bm06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shumo Liu
- NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sur R, Debnath D, Mukhopadhyay J, Parrack P. A novel RNA polymerase binding site upstream of the galactose promoter in Escherichia coli exhibits promoter-like activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:2344-50. [PMID: 11298753 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase is known to bind and utilize the overlapping promoters P1 and P2 in Escherichia coli galactose operon. We have identified an additional specific site upstream of P2, where RNA polymerase binds in a heparin-resistant manner. Binding of polymerase to this site, termed P3, occurs simultaneous to its binding at P1/P2. We have located this P3 site by DNase I footprinting. A 63 base pair region centered around position - 100 with respect to galP1 is protected by polymerase. Interestingly, a Pribnow box TATAAT is present within this protected region (-103 to -108). We have shown that transcription occurs from P3 in vitro. Primer extension analysis provides direct evidence that P3 is transcribed in vivo. The start site of transcription has been mapped at -96 position relative to galP1. beta-galactosidase assays with different gal promoter constructs reveal that while P3 alone functions as a weak in vivo promoter, it has a synergistic effect on transcription from the gal operon, since deletion of P3 or specifically mutating its -10 region result in a substantial reduction in the gal promoter activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sur
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu ST, Wang HC, Lei GS, Wang SH. Negative regulation of IS2 transposition by the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein complex. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:2682-8. [PMID: 9573153 PMCID: PMC107220 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.10.2682-2688.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three sequences similar to that of the consensus binding sequence of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein (CRP) complex were found in the major IS2 promoter region. Experiments were performed to determine whether the cAMP-CRP complex plays a role in the regulation of IS2 transposition. In the gel retardation assay, the cAMP-CRP complex was found to be able to bind the major IS2 promoter. A DNA footprinting assay confirmed that the cAMP-CRP complex binds to the sequences mentioned above. With an IS2 promoter-luciferase gene fusion construct, the cAMP-CRP complex was shown to inhibit transcription from the major IS2 promoter. IS2 was found to transpose at a frequency approximately 200-fold higher in an Escherichia coli host defective for CRP or adenyl cyclase than in a wild-type host. These results suggest that the cAMP-CRP complex is a negative regulator of IS2 transposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S T Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Irani M, Musso R, Adhya S. Cyclic-AMP-dependent switch in initiation of transcription from the two promoters of the Escherichia coli gal operon: identification and assay of 5'-triphosphate ends of mRNA by GTP:RNA guanyltransferase. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:1623-30. [PMID: 2537823 PMCID: PMC209790 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.3.1623-1630.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the initiation of transcription of the gal operon in Escherichia coli (i) by analyzing the 5'-triphosphate ends and (ii) by measuring the level of promoter-proximal gal mRNA made in vivo. The 5' termini were identified and quantified by capping with GTP:mRNA guanyltransferase, and the mRNA levels were determined by hybridization of pulse-labeled [32P]RNA with a specific DNA probe. Our results conclusively demonstrate the in vivo activities of two promoters, P1 and P2, with separate initiation sites (S1 and S2) as suggested before from in vitro and in vivo experiments (S. Adhya and W. Miller, Nature [London] 279:492-494, 1979; R. E. Musso, R. DiLauro, S. Adhya, and B. de Crombrugghe, Cell 12:847-854, 1977). We have also studied the effect of cyclic AMP (cAMP) on in vivo gal transcription and found that whereas total gal transcription remains largely unchanged, the relative proportions of the S1 and S2 mRNAs are influenced by the level of cAMP in the cell. In strains devoid of cAMP (cya), transcription initiates equally at S1 and S2; in cAMP-proficient cells (cya+), the S1 initiation increases twofold with a concomitant decrease in S2 initiation. Addition of a saturating amount of exogenous cAMP to cya mutant cells results in a relatively larger switch from S2 to S1. Our results clearly show that while cAMP is an inhibitor of S2, it is not an absolute requirement for transcription initiation at S1, but only acts to increase low-level transcription from the P1 promoter. Using these approaches, we have also studied gal promoter mutants (P211, P18, and P35) which show altered behavior in transcription initiations and in response to cAMP. On the basis of these results, we have discussed models by which transcription initiates at the two overlapping gal promoters (P1 and P2) and discussed how cAMP level modulates the switch between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Irani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Donoso-Pardo JL, Turner PC, King RW. Cyclic nucleotide binding to cAMP receptor protein from Escherichia coli. Optical and ligand-binding studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 168:687-94. [PMID: 3311753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
cAMP receptor protein from Escherichia coli has been purified on a large scale. Analogues of cAMP modified on the 6-NH2 group of the adenosine ring, the ribose 2'OH group or the cyclic phosphate are able to displace cAMP from its binding site with dissociation constants of similar magnitude to that of cAMP. More extensive modification produces weaker binding. Ultraviolet/visible difference spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy show that the environment of the bound adenosine moiety is considerably less polar than that in aqueous solvent, while an anthraniloyl group substituted on the 2'OH position remains accessible to solvent. The 2-NH2 group of cGMP appears to be protonated in the bound form, while no change in the charge state of cAMP is apparent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Donoso-Pardo
- Physical-Biochemistry Division, National Institute for Medical Research, London, England
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ebright RH, Le Grice SF, Miller JP, Krakow JS. Analogs of cyclic AMP that elicit the biochemically defined conformational change in catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) but do not stimulate binding to DNA. J Mol Biol 1985; 182:91-107. [PMID: 2987511 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the effects on catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) of 22 synthetic analogs of cAMP. Each analog was assayed to test three parameters: (1) binding to CAP; (2) induction of the conformational change in CAP; and (3) activation of transcription. Thus we have identified seven cAMP analogs that bind to CAP as well or better than does cAMP, cause the assayed conformational change in CAP, yet exhibit no ability to activate transcription. We designate these analogs class D. The conformational change elicited in CAP by the class D analogs was further investigated by: (1) sensitivity to the proteolytic enzymes chymotrypsin, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, subtilisin and trypsin; (2) formation of inter-subunit covalent crosslinks by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); and (3) degree of labeling of cysteine by [3H]N-ethylmaleimide. These experiments failed to detect a conformational difference between the CAP-class D and CAP-cAMP complexes. Filter binding and nuclease protection experiments indicate that the class D analogs do not efficiently support the binding of CAP to DNA. From these results, we suggest that there exists a hitherto undetected event dependent on cAMP, and required for CAP to bind to DNA. We suggest that this event involves a change that takes place in proximity to the N6 atom of cAMP. Three possible interpretations are discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The structure of this pleiotropic activator of gene transcription in bacteria and its interaction sites at promoter DNA's as well as the role of this protein in the RNA polymerase-promoter interactions are reviewed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
We have measured the kinetic properties of the Escherichia coli cAMP receptor protein (CAP) and lac repressor interacting with lac promoter restriction fragments. Under our reaction conditions (10 mM-Tris X HCl (pH 8.0 at 21 degrees C), 1 mM-EDTA, 10 microM-cAMP, 50 micrograms bovine serum albumin/ml, 5% glycerol), the association of CAP is at least a two-step process, with an initial, unstable complex formed with rate constant kappa a = 5(+/- 2.5) X 10(7) M-1 s-1. Subsequent formation of a stable complex occurs with an apparent bimolecular rate constant kappa a = 6.7 X 10(6) M-1 s-1. At low total DNA concentration, the dissociation rate constant for the specific CAP-DNA complex is 1.2 X 10(-4) s-1. The ratio of formation and dissociation rate constants yields an estimate of the equilibrium constant, Keq = 5 X 10(10) M-1, in good agreement with static results. We observed that the dissociation rate constant of both CAP-DNA and repressor-DNA complexes is increased by adding non-specific "catalytic" DNA to the reaction mixture. CAP dissociation by the concentration-dependent pathway is second-order in added non-specific DNA, consistent with either the simultaneous or the sequential participation of two DNA molecules in the reaction mechanism. The results imply a role for distal DNA in assembly-disassembly of specific CAP-DNA complexes, and are consistent with a model in which the subunits in the CAP dimer separate in the assembly-disassembly process. The dissociation of lac repressor-operator complexes was found to be DNA concentration-dependent as well, although in contrast to CAP, the reaction is first-order in catalytic DNA. Added excess operator-rich DNA gave more rapid dissociation than equivalent concentrations of non-specific DNA, indicating that the sequence content of the competing DNA influences the rate of repressor dissociation. The simplest interpretation of these observations is that lac repressor can be transferred directly from one DNA molecule to another. A comparison of the translocation rates calculated for direct transfer with those predicted by the one-dimensional sliding model indicates that direct transfer may play a role in the binding site search of lac repressor.
Collapse
|
9
|
Postma PW, Schuitema A, Kwa C. Regulation of methyl beta-galactoside permease activity in pts and crr mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1981; 181:448-53. [PMID: 6267419 DOI: 10.1007/bf00428734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the regulation of the synthesis and activity of a major galactose transport system, that of methyl beta-galactoside (MglP), in mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Two classes of mutation that result in a (partially) defective phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) interfere with MglP synthesis. pts mutations, which eliminate the general proteins of the PTS Enzyme I and/or HPr and crr mutations, which result in a defective glucose-specific factor IIIGlc of the PTS, lead to a low MglP activity, as measured by methyl beta-galactoside transport. In both ptsH,I, and crr mutants the amount of galactose binding protein, one of the components of MglP, is only 5%-20% of that in wild-type cells, as measured with a specific antibody. We conclude that synthesis of MGlP is inhibited in pts and crr mutants. Once the transport system is synthesized, its transport activity is not sensitive to PTS sugars (i.e., no inducer exclusion occurs). The defect in pts and crr mutants with respect to MGlP synthesis can be relieved in two ways: by externally added cyclic adenosine 3',5-monophosphate (cAMP) or by a mutation in the cAMP binding protein. The conclusion that MglP synthesis is dependent on cAMP is supported by the finding that its synthesis is also defective in mutants that lack adenylate cyclase. pts and crr mutations do not affect growth of S. typhimurium on galactose, however, since the synthesis and activity of the other major galactose transport system, the galactose permease (GalP), is not sensitive to these mutations. If the galactose permease is eliminated by mutation, growth of pts and crr mutants on low concentrations of galactose becomes very slow due to inhibited MglP synthesis. Residual growth observed at high galactose concentrations is the result of yet another transport system with low affinity for galactose.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
For a variety of reasons, including the potential industrial applications of hydrogenase, we are interested in the isolation and analysis of hydrogenase genes. In a program focusing on the hydrogen bacterium A. eutrophus H1 and E. coli, we have developed a preliminary concept of the interaction of hydrogenase in cellular metabolism, constructed mutants deficient in hydrogenase activity, and begun the isolation of hydrogenase genes utilizing the technology allowing the in vitro manipulation of DNA. We hope to pursue this project to its ultimate goal: the analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of expression of these genes and the development of the ability to manipulate the production of hydrogenase.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The polarity of nonsense mutations in the galE gene of Escherichia coli can be suppressed by rho mutations (O. Reyes et al., J. Bacteriol. 126:1108-1112, 1976). We show here that this polarity can also be suppressed by ultraviolet irradiation. The effect is analogous to that already observed for polar nonsense mutations in phi X174 and S13 and suggests that ultraviolet irradiation suppression of polarity may be a general phenomenon.
Collapse
|
12
|
Schwartz M, Ullmann A. The use of gene fusions to study polar effects in the gal operon ofEscherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1980.tb05068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
13
|
Gottesman ME, Adhya S, Das A. Transcription antitermination by bacteriophage lambda N gene product. J Mol Biol 1980; 140:57-75. [PMID: 6447798 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
14
|
Cook WR, Kalb VF, Peace AA, Bernlohr RW. Is cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate a cell cycle regulator? J Bacteriol 1980; 141:1450-3. [PMID: 6245071 PMCID: PMC293853 DOI: 10.1128/jb.141.3.1450-1453.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient increases in the intracellular level of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate have been observed at a periodicity of one generation time in two spoT strains of Escherichia coli and in Bacillus licheniformis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lelong JC, Maschler R, Crépin M, Jeantet C, Tischendorf GW, Gros F. Function of individual E. coli 30 S ribosomal proteins as determined by in situ immunospecific neutralization: a tentative classification. Biochimie 1979; 61:881-9. [PMID: 93493 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(79)80238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The accessibility of each 30S subunit protein to their cognate antibodies (IgG or Fabs) having been previously well established, the effect of their in situ specific neutralization by monovalent IgG fragments (FabI) are reported for five reactions: 1) T4 and R17 RNA directed protein synthesis: 2) polyphenylalanine synthesis: 3) enzymatic Phe-tRNA binding in the presence of 30S + 50W subunits: 4) fMet-tRNAf binding to the 30S subunit in the presence of initiation factors IF1, IF2, IF3; 5) coupling with lambda plac DNA transcription of the initial translation step (i.e., interaction of IF3 activated 30S subunits with nascent mRNA, in the absence of tRNA). According to evident similarities in their inhibition pattern concerning the five reactions tested, 30S subunit proteins can be classified in five categories which are discussed in terms of functional topography.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lim ST, Hennecke H, Scott DB. Effect of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate on nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium japonicum. J Bacteriol 1979; 139:256-63. [PMID: 37237 PMCID: PMC216853 DOI: 10.1128/jb.139.1.256-263.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of exogenous cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) at a concentration of 0.1 mM to a free-living culture of Rhizobium japonicum 3I1b110 was found to completely inhibit the expression of nitrogenase activity and markedly inhibit the expression of hydrogenase and nitrate reductase activities. The effect was specific for cGMP. Experiments on the in vivo incorporation of radioactive methionine and subsequent analysis of the labeled proteins on polyacrylamide gels showed that the biosynthesis of nitrogenase polypeptides was inhibited. It appears that the time of addition of cGMP is important since the effect was only seen during the early stages of nif gene expression. The intracellular level of cGMP was found to respond to physiological changes in the cell, and there was a fall in cGMP concentrations when nitrogenase was induced. Microaerophilic-aerobic shift experiments showed that intracellular levels increased from 0.25 pmol/mg of cell protein under microaerophilic conditions to 2.6 pmol/mg of cell protein under aerobic conditions, suggesting that the cellular pool size of cGMP may be under redox control.
Collapse
|
17
|
DiLauro R, Taniguchi T, Musso R, de Crombrugghe B. Unusual location and function of the operator in the Escherichia coli galactose operon. Nature 1979; 279:494-500. [PMID: 221831 DOI: 10.1038/279494a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The operator of the gal operon is located about 60 base pairs preceding the startpoints of the transcription of the two gal promoters. This location contrasts with the location of the operator in other phage or bacterial operons where the repressor binds more closely to the respective transcription initiation sites. Models explaining how the repressor-operator interactions may control the two gal promoters are presented.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ito T, Yokota T, Sasaki Y, Suzuki N, Sowa T. Effects of 8-substituted analogs of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on in vivo and in vitro syntheses of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1979; 138:671-7. [PMID: 222725 PMCID: PMC218089 DOI: 10.1128/jb.138.3.671-677.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several 8-substituted alkylthio and alkylamino cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) derivatives were tested for their ability to stimulate beta-galactosidase synthesis in Estherichia coli in vivo and in vitro and to inhibit the cAMP phosphodiesterase activity of E. coli. Stimulation of beta-galactosidease synthesis in vivo by cAMP derivatives decreased with increasing length of the unbranched carbon chain of the substituent. On the other hand, the stimulation in vitro was increased as the carbon chain elongated. The 8-decylthio- and 8-dodecylthio-cAMP compounds stimulated beta-galactosidase synthesis almost eight-fold compared with cAMP, whereas 8-undecyl-, 8-dodectyl-, and 8-tridecylamino-cAMP stimulated beta-galactosidase synthesis about threefold. However, in in vitro experiments with a phosphodiesterase-deficient strain of E. coli, the Crooks strain, the stimulatory effects of the derivatives disappeared, except for 8-dodecylthio cAMP which stimulated beta-galactosidase about 1.4- to 1.6-fold. All derivatives were quite resistant to hydrolysis by phosphodiesterase. Most derivatives competitively inhibited the hydrolysis of cAMP by phosphodiesterase.
Collapse
|
19
|
Maquat LE, Reznikoff WS. In vitro analysis of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase interaction with wild-type and mutant lactose promoters. J Mol Biol 1978; 125:467-90. [PMID: 368341 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
20
|
Toraya T, Honda S, Kuno S, Fukui S. Coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydratase: regulation of apoenzyme synthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae (Aerobacter aerogenes) ATCC 8724. J Bacteriol 1978; 135:726-9. [PMID: 210157 PMCID: PMC222436 DOI: 10.1128/jb.135.2.726-729.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunochemical studies demonstrated that Klebsiella pneumoniae (Aerobacter aerogenes) ATCC 8724 produces only a single diol dehydratase whether grown on glycerol or on 1,2-propanediol. The enzyme was subject to induction by 1,2-diols and to catabolite repression reversed by cyclic AMP.
Collapse
|
21
|
Moore SK, James E. DNA cleavage of lambda and phi 80 transducing phages carrying the argA, argECBH, argF and argI operons of Escherichia coli K-12 with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, SmaI and HindIII. Gene X 1978; 3:53-80. [PMID: 344144 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(78)90007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA isolated from each of the seven arginine transducing phages lambdaargA2cI857susS7, phi80ppc argECBH, phi80argF, phi80argF ilambdacI857, lambdaargF2, lambdaargF23 and lambdaargI valScI857susS7 has been specifically cleaved by the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, SmaI and HindIII. The DNA fragments resulting from single, and in some cases, double endonuclease digests were separated by electrophoresis in agarose and also in polyacrylamide gel. The electrophoretic patterns thus obtained were compared with those produced by digestion of DNA isolated from the corresponding lambda and phi80 parental phages. The majority of cleavage sites produced by the action of these restriction enzymes on arginine transducing DNA have been physically mapped.
Collapse
|
22
|
Merril C, Gottesman M, Court D, Adhya S. Disco-ordinate expression of the Escherichia coli gal operon after prophage lambda induction. J Mol Biol 1978; 118:241-5. [PMID: 342710 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
23
|
Musso RE, Di Lauro R, Adhya S, de Crombrugghe B. Dual control for transcription of the galactose operon by cyclic AMP and its receptor protein at two interspersed promoters. Cell 1977; 12:847-54. [PMID: 200371 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
24
|
Eilen E, Krakow JS. Effects of cyclic nucleotides on the conformational states of the alpha core of the cyclic AMP receptor protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 493:115-21. [PMID: 195627 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The alpha core gragment produced by limited proteolysis contains the cyclic AMP binding domain and the two buried sulfhydryl groups of the cyclic AMP receptor protein. The buried sulfhydryl groups of the alpha core react with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) after denaturation by 3 M urea or digestion with subtilisin. The rate of sulfhydryl modification in the presence of 3 M urea or subtilisin is markedly decreased in the presence of cyclic nucleotides which are proposed to tighten the conformation of the alpha core. Incubation of the alpha core in 3 M urea or dithionitrobenzoic acid does not affect cyclic AMP binding while dithionitrobenzoic acid plus 3 M urea inhibits cyclic AMP binding suggesting a role for the buried sulfhydryls in cyclic AMP binding or their proximity to the cyclic AMP binding domain of the alpha core. The data are consistent with a ligand-induced conformational change in the alpha region of the native cyclic AMP receptor protein that is required for DNA binding.
Collapse
|
25
|
Besemer J, Molzberger C. Transcription of insertion elements IS1 and IS2 in vitro. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1977; 153:51-60. [PMID: 329104 DOI: 10.1007/bf01035996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insertion elements IS1 and IS2 integrated within the gal operator-promoter region, an IS1 element in gene galT and insertions IS1 and IS2 integrated in the xycIIOP region of phage lambda were transcribed in vitro with E. coli RNA-polymerase. The insertion elements are transcribed exclusively by polymerase molecules started at the gal promoter and the lambdaPR promoter respectively. No promoter exists on IS1 or IS2 which can be recognized by RNA-polymerase in the pure in vitro transcription system used. Both insertions apparently are transcribed with a lower elongation rate than gal operon DNA or lambdaDNA. RNAs transcribed from the termini of IS1 and IS2 respectively were analysed by hybridization experiments. They are different in sequence.
Collapse
|
26
|
Imanaka T, Aiba S. A kinetic model of catabolite repression in the dual control mechanism in microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 1977; 19:757-64. [PMID: 192359 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260190512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
27
|
Sklar J, Weissman S, Musso RE, DiLauro R, de Crombrugghe B. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of part of the regulatory region for the galactose operon from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
28
|
Kier LD, Weppelman R, Ames BN. Regulation of two phosphatases and a cyclic phosphodiesterase of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1977; 130:420-8. [PMID: 192713 PMCID: PMC235220 DOI: 10.1128/jb.130.1.420-428.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of three Salmonella typhimurium phosphatases in reponse to different nutritional limitations has been studied. Two enzymes, an acid hexose phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and a cyclic phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.d), appear to be regulated by the cyclic adenosine 3' ,5'-monophosphate (AMP) catabolite repression system. Levels of these enzymes increased in cells grown on poor carbon sources but not in cells grown on poor nitrogen or phosphorus sources. Mutants lacking adenyl cyclase did not produce elevated levels of these enzymes in response to carbon limitation unless cyclic AMP was supplied. Mutants lacking the cyclic AMP receptor protein did not produce elevated levels of these enzymes in response to carbon limitation regardless of the presence of cyclic AMP. Since no specific induction of either enzyme could be demonstrated, these enzymes appear to be controlled solely by the cyclic AMP system. Nonspecific acid phsphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.2) increased in response to carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur limitation. The extent of the increase depended on growth rate, with slower growth rates favoring greater increases, and on the type of limitation. Limitation for either carbon or phosphorus resulted in maximum increases, whereas severe limitation of Mg2+ caused only a slight increase. The increase in nonspecific acid phosphatase during carbon limitation was apparently not mediated by the catabolite repression system since mutants lacking adenyl cyclase or the cyclic AMP receptor protein still produced elevated levels of this enzyme during carbon starvation. Nor did the increase during phosphorus limitation appear to be mediated by the alkaline phosphatase regulatory system. A strain of Salmonella bearing a chromosomal mutation, which caused constitutive production of alkaline phosphatase (introduced by an episome from Escherichia coli), did not have constitutive levels of nonspecific acid phosphatase.
Collapse
|
29
|
McEntee K, Estein W. Isolation and characterization of specialized transducing bacteriophages for the recA gene of Escherichia coli. Virology 1977; 77:306-18. [PMID: 320757 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
30
|
Bacha P, Hua SS, Markovitz A. A gal region mutant that requires cAMP for growth on galactose in an adenyl cyclase negative (cya delta) background. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1977; 150:119-25. [PMID: 190530 DOI: 10.1007/bf00695391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Escherichia coli K12 that contain a deletion of the adenyl cyclase gen (cya delta), required for the synthesis of cyclic adenosine-3';5' monophosphate (cAMP), grow on galactose-containing minimal medium. A mutant was isolated that grows on this medium only if cAMP is added. The mutation (designated galP20) is linked to the gal operon region as determined by both generalized transduction with bacteriophage P1 and specialized transduction with bacteriophage lambda. Studies with galP20 cya delta strains as well as gal delta (deletions of the gal operon) cya delta strains indicate that synthesis of the physiologically important transport mechanism for galactose (galactose permease) requires either cAMP or a function mission from both the galdelta strains and the galP20 strain.
Collapse
|
31
|
Komeda Y, Suzuki H, Ishidsu JI, Iino T. The role of cAMP in flagellation of Salmonella typhimurium. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 142:289-98. [PMID: 178991 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A mutational alteration either in adenylate cyclase (cya-) or in cyclic-3'5'-AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (crp-) rendered Salmonella typhimurium incapable of producing flagella. The amount of mRNA specific for flagellin in these mutants was almost negligible when assayed in an in vitro protein synthesizing system. A secondary mutation cfs, partially suppressing the cya- mutation, was identified among the revertants of cya-. A mutation in the same cistron as cfs resulted in a non-flagellate phenotype either by itself or in combination with cfs. The cistron, which was given the gene symbol flaT, was located between flaE and flaL. It was suggested that cAMP receptor protein together with cAMP modulates the gene flaT, which in turn acts as a positive effector on the synthesis of active mRNA specific for flagellin.
Collapse
|
32
|
ATPase activity required for termination of transcription by the Escherichia coli protein factor rho. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
33
|
|
34
|
Buller RE, O'Malley BW. The biology and mechanism of steroid hormone receptor interaction with the eukaryotic nucleus. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:1-12. [PMID: 175801 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
35
|
Nakanishi S, Adhya S, Gottesman M, Pastan I. Selective effects of MgCl2 and temperature on the initiation of transcription at lac, gal, and lambda promoters. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
36
|
Botsford JL. Metabolism of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and induction of tryptophanase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1975; 124:380-90. [PMID: 170248 PMCID: PMC235906 DOI: 10.1128/jb.124.1.380-390.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) metabolism and the induction of tryptophanase and beta-galactosidase was studied in several strains of Escherichia coli grown with succinate, acetate, glycerol, or glucose as the carbon source. No consistent relationship between the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in the several strains cultured and the various carbon sources was discerned. In E. coli K-12-1 the induction of tryptophanase was found to vary in the order: succinate greater than acetate greater than glycerol greater than glucose, and that of beta-galactosidase was found in the order: glycerol greater than acetate greater than succinate greater than glucose. Rate of accumulation of cyclic AMP in the culture filtrate was in the order: succinate greater than acetate greater than glycerol greater than glucose. The addition of glycerol to E. coli K-12-1 grown in acetate caused inhibition of tryptophanase and slight inhibition of accumulation of extracellular cyclic AMP. These same conditions caused beta-galactosidase induction to be stimulated. The addition of exogenous cyclic AMP to cultures grown with four different carbon sources had an effect characteristic for each of the two enzymes studied as well as each individual carbon source. The results suggest that there are control elements distinct from cyclic AMP and its receptor protein which respond to the catabolic situation of the cell.
Collapse
|
37
|
Pannekoek H, Brammar WJ, Pouwels PH. Punctuation of transcription in vitro of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975; 136:199-214. [PMID: 16094971 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA transcribed in vitro from DNA of a tryptophan (trp) transducing strain of bacteriophage phi80 which contains the trp regulatory elements consists of a polycistronic messenger transcribed from the structural genes, and possibly the regulatory region, and a separate RNA species (called trp regRNA) which is transcribed from the regulatory region. This conclusion is based on hybridization experiments with trp RNA synthesized in vitro and the separate DNA strands of trp transducing strains of lambda with and without the trp regulatory elements. The length of trp regRNA determined by filtration on Sephadex G-200 is 110-180 nucleotides. From the amount and the length of trp regRNA we have calculated that 8-20 copies of trp regRNA are synthesized per copy of polycistronic trp mRNA. We conclude that during transcription of the trp operon RNA polymerase frequently is rejected at a specific site ahead of the first structural gene, trpE. The termination factor Rho is not involved in this process. A different protein fraction, which specifically stimulates the synthesis of trp enzymes in an in vitro protein-synthesizing system (Pouwels and Van Rotterdam, 1975), was found to antagonize the abortive synthesis of trp mRNA. A model is proposed for the control of transcription of the trp genes, which operates through a mechanism of punctuation of RNA synthesis at a specific site on the DNA template and anti-termination of RNA synthesis by means of a positive control factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Pannekoek
- Medical Biological Laboratory TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pouwels PH, van Rotterdam J. In vitro synthesis of enzymes of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975; 136:215-26. [PMID: 16094972 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A protein fraction, called At (= anti termination) factor, has been isolated from extracts of E. coli and partially purified. The At factor stimulates the synthesis in vitro of anthranilate synthetase, an enzyme encoded by two genes of the tryptophan (trp) operon, but has no effect on the synthesis of T7 RNA polymerase and other T7- and T4 coded proteins. The At factor stimulates the synthesis of trp mRNA; it has no effect on the translation of trp mRNA. We conclude that in vitro transcription of the trp operon is positively controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Pouwels
- Medical Biological Laboratory TNO, Rijswijk Z. H., The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Hua SS, Markovitz A. Regulation of galactose operon at the gal operator-promoter region in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1975; 122:510-7. [PMID: 165171 PMCID: PMC246085 DOI: 10.1128/jb.122.2.510-517.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capR (lon) product controls expression of the gal operon independently of the galR repressor. Previously, mutations of the gal operon have been isolated that are semiconstitutive and alter response to the capR and/or capT product. Such mutants imply the existence of a distinct site in the operon that responds to capR (capT) control. This mutation could be either in a site near the operator-distal end of the galE gene, which signals rho factor termination of transcription in vitro or in a site in the operator-promoter region. Bacteriophage U3 was used to isolate galE mutations in HC2142 (a mutant exhibiting reduced response to capR control). P1 transduction was used to cross these mutants with a set of galE gene deletion. Analysis of the resulting Gal+ recombinants indicates that the regulatory site is in the operator-promoter region. Hence, it is unlikely that capR functions in control as an anti-rho factor at the operator-distal end of the galE gene, but more likely as previously suggested, at a second operator distinct from one responding to galR repressor control. Upon induction with D-fucose, a promoter mutant (UV211) isolated previously expressed 20 to 30% of the galactose enzymes that the wild type exhibited in the presence of the inducer D-fucose. The effects of various mutations in cya, capR, and galR on galactokinase synthesis in this mutant were determined. Galactokinase was derepressed by capR as well as galR, but the presence or absence of the cya gene product was unimportant.
Collapse
|
41
|
Aboud M, Pastan I. Activation of transcription by guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate, transfer ribonucleic acid, and novel protein from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
42
|
|
43
|
Carpenter G, Sells BH. Regulation of the lactose operon in Escherichia coli by cAMP. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1975; 41:29-58. [PMID: 166045 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
44
|
Biswas BB, Ganguly A, Das A. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and the factors that control them. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1975; 15:145-84. [PMID: 166413 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
45
|
Smolin DE, Umbarger HE. Deoxyribonucleic acid-directed in vitro synthesis of ilv-specific messenger ribonucleic acid by extracts of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:1238-48. [PMID: 4612011 PMCID: PMC245906 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.3.1238-1248.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of ilv-specific messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by extracts of Escherichia coli K-12 has been demonstrated in a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent, coupled transcription-translation system. ilv-Specific mRNA was determined by hybridization either to double-stranded lambdacI857St68h80dilv DNA (lambdah80dilv DNA) immobilized on nitrocellulose filters or to its separate l and r strands in liquid. During conditions optimal for protein synthesis, slightly more than 6% of the total [(3)H]RNA synthesized by S-30 extracts of the threonine deaminase-negative strain CU5136 was ilv-specific. Of this RNA, nearly 30% was complementary to the l (correct) strand. Total ilv-specific mRNA synthesis in vitro was not affected by omission of valine or all 20 amino acids from the reaction mixture. Hybridization of ilv-specific mRNA made in vitro to the l strand of lambdah80dilv DNA was effectively reduced in the presence of unlabeled RNA extracted from an ilv derepressed strain but not from an ilv deletion strain. In a purified transcription system, employing commercial RNA polymerase, twofold more ilv-specific mRNA was synthesized than in the coupled system, but this increase was entirely due to greater transcription of the r (incorrect) strand. An S-30 extract prepared from a strain isogenic to strain CU5136 but derepressed for ilvA gene expression synthesized twofold more ilv-specific mRNA in the coupled system. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Collapse
|
46
|
Artman M, Werthamer S. Effect of cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate on the synthesis of enzymes sensitive to caatabolite repression in intact cells of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:980-3. [PMID: 4376146 PMCID: PMC245867 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.2.980-983.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate inhibits the synthesis of beta-galactosidase and tryptophanase in cultures of Escherichia coli growing in minimal media with glucose or glycerol as the carbon source. Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate acts at the transcriptional level in the lac operon, it exerts its action at the promoter site of the operon, and requires the presence of functional cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Two adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (AMP)-deficient mutants of Vibrio cholerae (biotype El Tor) were successfully isolated by nitrosoguanidine treatment followed by pencillin screening for pleiotropic sugar-negative clones. Exogenous cyclic AMP is required for the fermentation of sucrose, trehalose, fructose, maltose, and mannose but not of glucose, as well as for the formation of normal flagella and specific somatic antigens. A striking characteristic of the mutants is their growth behavior at higher temperatures. They cannot grow on TCBS selective plates at 37 C or higher unless they are provided with a supply of exogenous cyclic AMP, although they are capable of producing colonies on the same medium, even without cyclic AMP, at temperatures lower than 30 C. Since the mutants are converted to spheroplasts, spindle forms, and spiral filaments in cyclic AMP-free media at 37 C, and this phenomenon is stopped by the addition of cyclic AMP or a combination of 20% sucrose and 0.2% magnesium chloride, it is assumed that cyclic AMP is essential for the synthesis of the cell wall of V. cholerae at higher temperatures.
Collapse
|
48
|
Bram S, Butler-Browne G, Bradbury EM, Baldwin J, Reiss C, Ibel K. Chromatin neutron and X-ray diffraction studies and high resolution melting of DNA-histone complexes. Biochimie 1974; 56:987-94. [PMID: 4447805 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(74)80519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
49
|
Nakanishi S, Adhya S, Gottesman M, Pastan I. Effects of dimethylsulfoxide on the E. coli gal operon and on bacteriophage lambda in vivo. Cell 1974; 3:39-46. [PMID: 4369966 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(74)90035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
50
|
|