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Ito M, Chisada S, Matsunaga N, Okino N. Vibrio-binding gangliosides in fish intestinal tracts. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:315-322. [PMID: 36933118 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been clarified that pathogens bind to glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptors in mammals, but there have been very few reports on pathogen-binding GSLs in fish. Vibrios are facultative anaerobic bacteria ubiquitous in marine and brackish environments. They are members of the normal intestinal microflora of healthy fish, but some species can cause a disease called vibriosis in fish and shellfish when the hosts are physiologically or immunologically weakened. The adherence of vibrios to host intestinal tracts is a significant event not only for survival and growth but also in terms of pathogenicity. We show in this mini-review that sialic acid-containing GSLs (gangliosides), GM4 and GM3, are receptors to which vibrios adhere to epithelial cells in the intestinal tract of fish. We also describe the enzymes responsible for synthesizing these Vibrio-binding gangliosides in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0385, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Chisada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0385, Japan.,Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0385, Japan.,Bizen Chemical Co. Ltd., 363 Tokudomi, Akaiwa-shi, Okayama, 709-0716, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0385, Japan
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2
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B Gowda SG, Ikeda K, Arita M. Facile determination of sphingolipids under alkali condition using metal-free column by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4793-4803. [PMID: 29740670 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extraction and analysis of sphingolipids from biological samples is a critical step in lipidomics, especially for minor species such as sphingoid bases and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Although several liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods enabling the determination of sphingolipid molecular species have been reported, they were limited in analytical sensitivity and reproducibility by causing significant peak tailing, especially by the presence of phosphate groups, and most of the extraction techniques are laborious and do not cover a broad range of sphingolipid metabolites. In this study, we developed a rapid single-phase extraction and highly sensitive analytical method for the detection and quantification of sphingolipids (including phosphates) comprehensively using liquid chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. After validating the reliability of the method, we analyzed the intestinal tissue sphingolipids of germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice and found significantly higher levels of free sphingoid bases and sphingosine-1-phosphate in the GF condition as compared to the SPF condition. This method enables a rapid extraction and highly sensitive determination of sphingolipids comprehensively at low femtomolar ranges. Graphical abstract Diagrammatic comparision of sphingolipid (phosphates) analysis between conventional and this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. .,Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. .,Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan.
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3
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Heaver SL, Johnson EL, Ley RE. Sphingolipids in host-microbial interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:92-99. [PMID: 29328957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, a lipid class characterized by a long-chain amino alcohol backbone, serve vital structural and signaling roles in eukaryotes. Though eukaryotes produce sphingolipids, this capacity is phylogenetically highly restricted in Bacteria. Intriguingly, bacterial species commonly associated in high abundance with eukaryotic hosts include sphingolipid producers, such as the Bacteroidetes in the mammalian gut. To date, a role for bacterial sphingolipids in immune system maturation has been described, but their fate and impact in host physiology and metabolism remain to be elucidated. The structural conservation of bacterial sphingolipids with those produced by their mammalian hosts offer clues about which aspects of mammalian biology may be modulated by these intriguing lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Heaver
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14580, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Johnson
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14580, USA
| | - Ruth E Ley
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14580, USA.
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4
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Cardiolipins Act as a Selective Barrier to Toll-Like Receptor 4 Activation in the Intestine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4264-78. [PMID: 27208127 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00463-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intestinal homeostasis mechanisms must protect the host intestinal tissue from endogenous lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) produced by the intestinal microbiota. In this report, we demonstrate that murine intestinal fecal lipids effectively block Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) responses to naturally occurring Bacteroidetes sp. LPS. Cardiolipin (CL) represents a significant proportion of the total intestinal and fecal lipids and, furthermore, potently antagonizes TLR4 activation by reducing LPS binding at the lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), CD14, and MD-2 steps of the TLR4 signaling pathway. It is further demonstrated that intestinal lipids and CL are less effective at neutralizing more potent Enterobacteriaceae-type LPS, which is enriched in feces obtained from mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated inflammatory bowel disease. The selective inhibition of naturally occurring LPS structures by intestinal lipids may represent a novel homeostasis mechanism that blocks LPS activation in response to symbiotic but not dysbiotic microbial communities. IMPORTANCE The guts of animals harbor a variety of Gram-negative bacteria associated with both states of intestinal health and states of disease. Environmental factors, such as dietary habits, can drive the microbial composition of the host animal's intestinal bacterial community toward a more pathogenic state. Both beneficial and harmful Gram-negative bacteria are capable of eliciting potentially damaging inflammatory responses from the host intestinal tissues via a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent pathway. Physical mucosal barriers and antibodies produced by the intestinal immune system protect against the undesired inflammatory effects of LPS, although it is unknown why some bacteria are more effective at overcoming the protective barriers than others. This report describes the discovery of a lipid-type protective barrier in the intestine that reduces the deleterious effects of LPSs from beneficial bacteria but is less effective in dampening the inflammatory effects of LPSs from harmful bacteria, providing a novel mechanistic insight into inflammatory intestinal disorders.
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5
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Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. Sphingolipids and Epoxidized Lipid Metabolites in the Control of Gut Immunosurveillance and Allergy. Front Nutr 2016; 3:3. [PMID: 26858949 PMCID: PMC4728802 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system ingeniously balances the distinct responses of elimination and tolerance of non-self-substances for the creation and maintenance of homeostatic environments. Accumulating evidence has recently shown that various lipids, including dietary one, are involved in the regulation of intestinal immunity and are associated with biophylaxis and immune disorders. Recent advances in the lipidomics allow the identification of novel pathways of lipid metabolism and lipid metabolites for the control of intestinal immunity. In this paper, we describe the effects and functions of lipids, especially sphingolipids and new lipid metabolites originated from dietary oil on the immunomodulation and on the development and pathogenesis of allergic diseases in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Kunisawa J, Hashimoto E, Inoue A, Nagasawa R, Suzuki Y, Ishikawa I, Shikata S, Arita M, Aoki J, Kiyono H. Regulation of Intestinal IgA Responses by Dietary Palmitic Acid and Its Metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1666-71. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Garrido D, Dallas DC, Mills DA. Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: mechanisms and implications. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2013; 159:649-664. [PMID: 23460033 PMCID: PMC4083661 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a rich source of nutrients and energy, shaped by mammalian evolution to provide all the nutritive requirements of the newborn. In addition, several molecules in breast milk act as bioactive agents, playing an important role in infant protection and guiding a proper development. While major breast milk nutrients such as lactose, lipids and proteins are readily digested and consumed by the infant, other molecules, such as human milk oligosaccharides and glycosylated proteins and lipids, can escape intestinal digestion and transit through the gastrointestinal tract. In this environment, these molecules guide the composition of the developing infant intestinal microbiota by preventing the colonization of enteric pathogens and providing carbon and nitrogen sources for other colonic commensals. Only a few bacteria, in particular Bifidobacterium species, can gain access to the energetic content of milk as it is displayed in the colon, probably contributing to their predominance in the intestinal microbiota in the first year of life. Bifidobacteria deploy exquisite molecular mechanisms to utilize human milk oligosaccharides, and recent evidence indicates that their activities also target other human milk glycoconjugates. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how these microbes have been shaped by breast milk components and the strategies associated with their consumption of milk glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrido
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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8
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Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. Immunological function of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the intestine. Nutrients 2012; 4:154-66. [PMID: 22666543 PMCID: PMC3347024 DOI: 10.3390/nu4030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that dietary materials are involved in immune regulation in the intestine. Lipids mediate immune regulation through a complex metabolic network that produces many kinds of lipid mediators. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator that controls cell trafficking and activation. In this review, we focus on the immunological functions of S1P in the regulation of intestinal immune responses such as immunoglobulin A production and unique T cell trafficking, and its role in the development of intestinal immune diseases such as food allergies and intestinal inflammation, and also discuss the relationship between dietary materials and S1P metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (J.K.); (H.K.); Tel.: +81-3-5449-5274 (J.K.); +81-3-5449-5270 (H.K.); Fax: +81-3-5449-5411
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (J.K.); (H.K.); Tel.: +81-3-5449-5274 (J.K.); +81-3-5449-5270 (H.K.); Fax: +81-3-5449-5411
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9
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Abstract
Studies of sphingolipids have become one of the most rapidly advancing fields in the last two decades. These highly diverse lipids have been known to have multiple physiological functions and clinical implications in several diseases, including tumorigenesis, inflammation, atherosclerosis and neural degenerative diseases. Unlike other organs, sphingolipids in the intestinal tract are present not only as lipid constituents in the cells but also as dietary compositions for digestion in the lumen. The present review focuses on the presence of sphingolipids and their catalytic enzymes in the gut; the metabolism and the signaling effects of the metabolites and their impacts on barrier functions, cholesterol absorption, inflammatory diseases and tumor development in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Dong Duan
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Biomedical Center, B11, Institution of Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
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10
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Excretion into feces of asialo GM1 in the murine digestive tract and Lactobacillus johnsonii exhibiting binding ability toward asialo GM1. A possible role of epithelial glycolipids in the discharge of intestinal bacteria. Glycoconj J 2010; 28:21-30. [PMID: 21174147 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the digestive tract of mice (HR-1, 5 months old, ♀), asialo GM1 (GA1) exhibiting receptor activity toward several intestinal bacteria was preferentially expressed in the small intestine. Also, less than 10% of GA1 in the small intestine was converted into fucosylated and sulfated derivatives, but it was completely converted to fucosyl GA1 (FGA1) in the stomach, cecum and colon. Among the lipid components in these tissues, glycolipids other than Forssman antigen and cholesterol sulfate (CS) were present in the digestive tract contents. However, sulfated GA1, sulfatide and fucosyl GM1 in the gastro-intestinal contents were not present in the cecal and colonic contents, in which the major glycolipids were ceramide monohexoside (CMH), GA1 and FGA1. The total amount of GA1 in the whole contents was 20% of that in the tissues. Thus, glycolipids were stable during the process of digestion, and excreted from the body together with cholesterol and CS. On the other hand, Lactobacillus johnsonii (LJ), whose receptor is GA1, was detected in the cecal and colonic contents on sequential analysis of 16S-ribosomal RNA and TLC-immunostaining of antigenic glycolipids with anti-LJ antiserum. LJ was found to comprise 20% of the total bacteria cultured in the lactobacillus medium under aerobic conditions, and to be present in the cecal and colonic contents, 9.8 × 10(7) cells versus 37 μg GA1 and 1.4 × 10(8) cells versus 49 μg GA1, respectively. Thus, GA1 in the contents might facilitate the discharge of intestinal bacteria by becoming attached them to prevent their irregular diffusion.
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11
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Vergoten G, Zanetta JP. Structural differences between the putative carbohydrate-recognition domains of human IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist obtained by in silico modeling. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:183-93. [PMID: 17340198 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-9021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report (Cebo et al. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 5685-5691), it was established that biologically active recombinant human IL-1alpha and IL-1beta had different carbohydrate-binding properties. IL-1alpha recognized a di-antennary N-glycan with two alpha2-3-linked sialic acid residues, whereas IL-1beta recognized the GM(4), a alpha2-3-linked sialylated glycosphingolipid. These different carbohydrate-binding properties of two interleukins binding to the same receptor (IL-1R) could explain why these molecules had different biological effects and cell specificities. Molecular modeling of the ligands and in silico docking experiments defined putative carbohydrate-recognition domains localized in the same area of the two molecules, a domain different from that defined as the type I IL-1R binding domain. The calculated pattern of hydrogen bonding and of van der Waals interactions fulfilled the essential features observed for calcium-independent lectins (mammalian, viral or bacterial). The analysis of the same domain of the third members of this family of molecules, the IL-1R-antagonist, indicated it did not fulfill the criteria for carbohydrate-recognition domains. It is proposed that its role as a pure antagonist is due to the absence of lectin activity and consequently explained its inability to associate IL-1R with other surface molecular complexes necessary for signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Vergoten
- CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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12
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Falk P, Hoskins LC, Larson G. Enhancing effects of bile salts on the degradation of glycosphingolipids by glycosidases from bacteria of the human fecal flora. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1084:139-48. [PMID: 1854798 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Different concentrations of ionic and non-ionic detergents were examined for optimization of the in vitro degradations of intestinal glycosphingolipids by alpha- and beta-glycosidases from human fecal bacteria. In 5 mM Triton X-100 the enzymes hydrolyzed glycosphingolipids with lactoseries type 1 and 2 chains essentially to lactosylceramide (LacCer). In 5 mM sodium di- and trihydroxy bile salts lactosylceramide was degraded to glycosylceramide (GlcCer) in varying extent by enzymes from all five strains. The minimal bile salt concentrations for optimal 1,4-beta-galactosidase activities varied between 1 and 20 mM, i.e., close to or above the critical micellar concentrations (cmc). Dihydroxy bile salts were the most efficient in promoting conversion of LacCer to GlcCer at concentrations below 10 mM and conjugation with a taurine residue did not markedly lower the GlcCer yield. The optimal detergent concentrations for hydrolyses of the p-nitrophenyl (pnp) glycosides Gal beta 1-pnp and GalNAc alpha 1-pnp were approximately 0.05 mM for Triton X-100 and 0.5 mM for sodium taurodeoxycholate, i.e., clearly below their reported cmc values. Galabiosylceramide, globotria- and globotetraosylceramides, not degraded in the Triton X-100 micelles, were also resistant to hydrolysis using the sodium bile salts as detergents. In contrast, lactotetraosylceramide and isoglobotriaosylceramide were significantly more degraded by enzymes from a Ruminococcus gnavus strain and gangliotetraosylceramide by enzymes from a Bifidobacterium bifidum and a Bifidobacterium infantis strain using bile salt detergents. All strains but R. gnavus released terminal GalNAc from para-Forssman but not from the globotetraosylceramide or Forssman structures using 5 mM sodium deoxycholate as detergent. GM1 desialylation by two Ruminococcus torques strains and the R. gnavus and B. bifidum strains were enhanced under identical conditions. We conclude that the observed effects on glycosphingolipid hydrolyses reflects variations in the micellar presentation of the substrates. In addition, detergents seem to have a direct stimulating effect on the glycosidases, however at concentrations 10-100-times below the ones optimal for glycolipid degradations. These results with optimized bile salt concentrations, further support our previous observations that these five fecal bacterial strains produce enzymes with selected specificities towards glycosphingolipid core chains of the lactoseries type 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Falk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Göteborg, Sahlgren's Hospital, Sweden
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13
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Bouhours D, Bouhours JF, Larson G, Hansson GC. Regional differences in the appearance of adult-type glycosphingolipids in the small intestine of inbred rats at weaning time. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 282:147-51. [PMID: 2221916 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90098-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine of 15- to 33-day-old rats was cut into four segments: duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, and ileum. Neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides were purified from each segment and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography in order to study the developmental appearance of adult-type glycolipids at each level of the small intestine. Type 1 A-6 glycolipid was first detected in the ileum at 15 days and subsequently in the jejunum and duodenum at 19 days of age. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid was expressed first in the ileum at 17 days, then in the proximal jejunum at 21 days, but only after 29 days in the duodenum. In each region, 6-8 days were required between first detection and full expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The presence of 2-hydroxylated fatty acids in glucosylceramide was found first in the ileum at 19 days, 2-3 days before appearing in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. A period of 2-3 days was necessary to reach full adult-type level of 2-hydroxylated fatty acids in glucosylceramide. These results show that adult-type glycolipids appear earlier in the distal than in the proximal region of the rat small intestine, and that different glycolipids appear at different times and at different rates. The finding that the biochemical differentiation of the whole small intestine expands over a period of 3 days to 2 weeks, depending on the region and the glycolipid, before being fully completed indicates that, in addition to the time lag observed between the distal and the proximal region, the new cells arising from the crypt of Lieberkhün after 15 days of age are not at once fully differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bouhours
- Insitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 76, Paris, France
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14
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Strömberg N, Karlsson KA. Characterization of the binding of propionibacterium granulosum to glycosphingolipids adsorbed on surfaces. An apparent recognition of lactose which is dependent on the ceramide structure. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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UMESAKI Y. Intestinal Glycolipids and Their Possible Role in Microbial Colonization of Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus1982.8.1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Larson G, Midtvedt T. Glycosphingolipids in feces of germ-free rats as a source for studies of developmental changes of intestinal epithelial cell surface carbohydrates. Glycoconj J 1989; 6:285-92. [PMID: 2535490 DOI: 10.1007/bf01047848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-acid and acid glycosphingolipids were isolated from feces of one litter of germ-free rats from day 17 to day 51. Quantitative and qualitative changes described for small intestine of conventional rats [Bouhours D, Bouhours J-F (1981) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 99:1384-89] were also found in the feces of these germ-free rats. A decrease in lactosylceramide and sialyllactosylceramide excretion and a change from N-acetylneuraminic acid to N-glycoloylneuraminic acid, as well as an appearance of type 1 chain blood group H-active penta- and decaglycosylceramides were observed during the weaning period. Thus the dramatic changes seen in rat intestinal glycosphingolipids postnatally seem to be primarily regulated by non-microbial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Larson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gothenburg University, Sahlgren's Hospital, Sweden
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17
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Larson G, Falk P, Howard R, Banwell JG. Intestinal sphingolipid excretion associated with feeding of phytohemagglutinin lectin (Phaseolus vulgaris) to germ-free and conventional rats. Glycoconj J 1989; 6:539-50. [PMID: 2535498 DOI: 10.1007/bf01053776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal sphingolipids of feces of germ-free and conventional rats were analyzed during the pair feeding of a complete defined diet containing phytohemagglutinin lectin (PHA) from red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as 1% dietary protein in comparison to casein fed controls. Phytohemagglutinin in the diet increased the total fecal excretion of sphingomyelins (18-fold for germ-free and 20-fold for conventional rats), of non-acid glycosphingolipids (3.5-fold for germ-free and 9-fold for conventional rats) and also of the gangliosides (2.5-fold) for the germ-free rats compared to controls. For germ-free rats the increase of non-acid glycolipids was ascribed to an effect of the lectin strictly on the small intestinal mucosa, while for conventional rats an effect was seen also on the large intestinal mucosa. Increase of fecal gangliosides of germ-free rats was due mainly to an increased excretion of N-acetylneuraminosyl-lactosylceramide, a ganglioside species restricted to epithelial cells of duodenum, of upper jejunum and of large intestines. The effects on glycolipid excretion observed in germ-free rats and the rather similar effects seen in conventional animals suggested that the influence of dietary PHA was due directly to effects elicited by PHA binding to the enterocyte brush border membrane and not to secondary effects induced by increase in the luminal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Larson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gothenburg University, Sahlgren's Hospital, Sweden
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Degradation of human intestinal glycosphingolipids by extracellular glycosidases from mucin-degrading bacteria of the human fecal flora. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Larson G, Watsfeldt P, Falk P, Leffler H, Koprowski H. Fecal excretion of intestinal glycosphingolipids by newborns and young children. FEBS Lett 1987; 214:41-4. [PMID: 3569516 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids were shown to persist in human fecal excretions from birth up 2 years of age. The pattern of glycosphingolipids was dependent on blood group and secretor status of the child and changed dramatically during the first months of life. Perinatally cerebroside, hematoside and blood group active fucolipids were dominating among fecal glycolipids. From the time of weaning lactosylceramide abruptly became and then persisted as a dominating glycolipid although cerebroside, complex gangliosides and blood group active fucolipids could still be detected in feces even at 2 years of age.
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