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Evolutionarily conserved, growth plate zone-specific regulation of the matrilin-1 promoter: L-Sox5/Sox6 and Nfi factors bound near TATA finely tune activation by Sox9. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 31:686-99. [PMID: 21173167 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00019-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To help uncover the mechanisms underlying the staggered expression of cartilage-specific genes in the growth plate, we dissected the transcriptional mechanisms driving expression of the matrilin-1 gene (Matn1). We show that a unique assembly of evolutionarily conserved cis-acting elements in the Matn1 proximal promoter restricts expression to the proliferative and prehypertrophic zones of the growth plate. These elements functionally interact with distal elements and likewise are capable of restricting the domain of activity of a pancartilaginous Col2a1 enhancer. The proximal elements include a Pe1 element binding the chondrogenic L-Sox5, Sox6, and Sox9 proteins, a SI element binding Nfi proteins, and an initiator Ine element binding the Sox trio and other factors. Sox9 binding to Pe1 is indispensable for functional interaction with the distal promoter. Binding of L-Sox5/Sox6 to Ine and Nfib to SI modulates Sox9 transactivation in a protein dose-dependent manner, possibly to enhance Sox9 activity in early stages of chondrogenesis and repress it at later stages. Hence, our data suggest a novel model whereby Sox and Nfi proteins bind to conserved Matn1 proximal elements and functionally interact with each other to finely tune gene expression in specific zones of the cartilage growth plate.
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Hauser N, Di Cesare PE, Paulsson M. The spatial and temporal expression of cartilage matrix protein illustrates the molecular heterogeneity of cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/17453679509157641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nik Hauser
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul E Di Cesare
- Cartilage and Bone Research Center, Hospital for Joint Diseases, Orthopaedic Institute, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
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Tsonis PA, Lambris JD, Del Rio-Tsonis K. To regeneration...with complement. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 586:63-70. [PMID: 16893065 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34134-x_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rentsendorj O, Nagy A, Sinkó I, Daraba A, Barta E, Kiss I. Highly conserved proximal promoter element harbouring paired Sox9-binding sites contributes to the tissue- and developmental stage-specific activity of the matrilin-1 gene. Biochem J 2005; 389:705-16. [PMID: 15804237 PMCID: PMC1180720 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The matrilin-1 gene has the unique feature that it is expressed in chondrocytes in a developmental stage-specific manner. Previously, we found that the chicken matrilin-1 long promoter with or without the intronic enhancer and the short promoter with the intronic enhancer restricted the transgene expression to the columnar proliferative chondroblasts and prehypertrophic chondrocytes of growth-plate cartilage in transgenic mice. To study whether the short promoter shared by these transgenes harbours cartilage-specific control elements, we generated transgenic mice expressing the LacZ reporter gene under the control of the matrilin-1 promoter between -338 and +67. Histological analysis of the founder embryos demonstrated relatively weak transgene activity in the developing chondrocranium, axial and appendicular skeleton with highest level of expression in the columnar proliferating chondroblasts and prehypertrophic chondrocytes. Computer analysis of the matrilin-1 genes of amniotes revealed a highly conserved Pe1 (proximal promoter element 1) and two less-conserved sequence blocks in the distal promoter region. The inverted Sox motifs of the Pe1 element interacted with chondrogenic transcription factors Sox9, L-Sox5 and Sox6 in vitro and another factor bound to the spacer region. Point mutations in the Sox motifs or in the spacer region interfered with or altered the formation of nucleoprotein complexes in vitro and significantly decreased the reporter gene activity in transient expression assays in chondrocytes. In vivo occupancy of the Sox motifs in genomic footprinting in the expressing cell type, but not in fibroblasts, also supported the involvement of Pe1 in the tissue-specific regulation of the gene. Our results indicate that interaction of Pe1 with distal DNA elements is required for the high level, cartilage- and developmental stage-specific transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otgonchimeg Rentsendorj
- *Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Nagy
- *Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Sinkó
- *Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andreea Daraba
- *Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Endre Barta
- †Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Bioinformatics Group, P.O. Box 411, H-2101 Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Kiss
- *Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary (email )
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Ko YP, Kobbe B, Paulsson M, Wagener R. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) matrilins: shared and divergent characteristics with their mammalian counterparts. Biochem J 2005; 386:367-79. [PMID: 15588228 PMCID: PMC1134802 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned the cDNAs of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) members of the matrilin family of extracellular adaptor proteins. In contrast to mammals, no orthologue of matrilin-2 was found in zebrafish, either by RT (reverse-transcriptase) PCR using degenerated primers or by screening the databases (Ensembl and NCBI); however, two forms of matrilin-3, matrilin-3a and -3b, were present. The identity with the mammalian matrilins is from more than 70% for the VWA (von Willebrand factor A)-like domains to only 28% for the coiled-coil domains of matrilin-3a and -3b. In all zebrafish matrilins we found a greater variety of splice variants than in mammals, with splicing mainly affecting the number of EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like repeats. The exon-intron organization is nearly identical with that of mammals, and also the characteristic AT-AC intron interrupting the exons coding for the coiled-coil domain is conserved. In the matrilin-3b gene a unique exon codes for a proline- and serine/threonine-rich domain, possibly having mucin-like properties. The matrilin-1 and -3a genes were mapped to chromosome 19 and 20 respectively by the radiation hybrid method. The temporal and spatial expression of zebrafish matrilins is similar to that seen in the mouse. Zebrafish matrilin-4 is highly expressed as early as 24 hpf (h post fertilization), whereas the other matrilins show peak expression at 72 hpf. By immunostaining of whole mounts and sections, we found that matrilin-1 and -3a show predominantly skeletal staining, whereas matrilin-4 is more widespread, with the protein also being present in loose connective tissues and epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Ko
- *Centre for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Kobbe
- *Centre for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mats Paulsson
- *Centre for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- †Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Raimund Wagener
- *Centre for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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6
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Stefansson S, Yepes M, Gorlatova N, Day DE, Moore EG, Zabaleta A, McMahon GA, Lawrence DA. Mutants of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 designed to inhibit neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G are more effective in vivo than their endogenous inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:29981-7. [PMID: 15131125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401913200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G are abundant intracellular neutrophil proteinases that have an important role in destroying ingested particles. However, when neutrophils degranulate, these proteinases are released and can cause irreparable damage by degrading host connective tissue proteins. Despite abundant endogenous inhibitors, these proteinases are protected from inhibition because of their ability to bind to anionic surfaces. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), which is not an inhibitor of these proteinases, possesses properties that could make it an effective inhibitor of neutrophil proteinases if its specificity could be redirected. PAI-1 efficiently inhibits surface-sequestered proteinases, and it efficiently mediates rapid cellular clearance of PAI-1-proteinase complexes. Therefore, we examined whether PAI-1 could be engineered to inhibit and clear neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. By introducing specific mutations in the reactive center loop of wild-type PAI-1, we generated PAI-1 mutants that are effective inhibitors of both proteinases. Kinetic analysis shows that the inhibition of neutrophil proteinases by these PAI-1 mutants is not affected by the sequestration of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G onto surfaces. In addition, complexes of these proteinases and PAI-1 mutants are endocytosed and degraded by lung epithelial cells more efficiently than either the neutrophil proteinases alone or in complex with their physiological inhibitors, alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha1-antichymotrypsin. Finally, the PAI-1 mutants were more effective in reducing the neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G activities in an in vivo model of lung inflammation than were their physiological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steingrimur Stefansson
- Department of Vascular Biology, J. H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA.
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Karcagi I, Rauch T, Hiripi L, Rentsendorj O, Nagy A, Bõsze Z, Kiss I. Functional analysis of the regulatory regions of the matrilin-1 gene in transgenic mice reveals modular arrangement of tissue-specific control elements. Matrix Biol 2004; 22:605-18. [PMID: 15062854 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrilin-1 is a non-collagenous protein, which functions in the organization of the extracellular matrix by forming collagen-dependent and -independent filamentous networks. It is secreted primarily by chondrocytes in a characteristic spatial, temporal and developmental stage-specific pattern during skeletogenesis. As a first step to define the tissue- and site-specific regulatory regions of the chicken matrilin-1 gene in vivo, we generated transgenic mice harboring various promoter and intronic fragments fused to the LacZ reporter gene. Histological analysis of the transgene expression pattern during ontogenic development revealed specific X-gal staining in most primordial elements of endochondral bones of transgenic mouse lines carrying either the long promoter between -2011 and +67 or the intronic fragment with a short promoter between -338 and +1819. The cartilage-specific activity of the latter transgene, however, was accompanied with variable ectopic expression pattern in neural and other tissues depending on the site of integration. The presence of both promoter upstream and intronic elements was necessary for the high level transgene activity in all chondrogenic tissues and for the extraskeletal transgene expression pattern resembling the most to that of the chicken matrilin-1 gene, e.g. expression in the eye, and lack of expression in the diminishing notochord and nucleus pulposus. The activity of the transgenes was restricted to the columnar proliferating and pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes visualized by BrdU incorporation and distribution of phosphorylated Sox9, respectively. DNA elements between -2011 and -338 also mediated ectopic LacZ expression in cells of neural crest origin. These results suggest that an interplay of modularly arranged cartilage- and neural crest-specific DNA elements control the expression of the matrilin-1 gene. The dispersal of cartilage-specific elements in the promoter upstream and intronic regions shows similarity to the transcriptional regulation of the Col11a2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Karcagi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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8
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Kimura Y, Madhavan M, Call MK, Santiago W, Tsonis PA, Lambris JD, Del Rio-Tsonis K. Expression of complement 3 and complement 5 in newt limb and lens regeneration. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2331-9. [PMID: 12594255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Some urodele amphibians possess the capacity to regenerate their body parts, including the limbs and the lens of the eye. The molecular pathway(s) involved in urodele regeneration are largely unknown. We have previously suggested that complement may participate in limb regeneration in axolotls. To further define its role in the regenerative process, we have examined the pattern of distribution and spatiotemporal expression of two key components, C3 and C5, during limb and lens regeneration in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. First, we have cloned newt cDNAs encoding C3 and C5 and have generated Abs specifically recognizing these molecules. Using these newt-specific probes, we have found by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis that these molecules are expressed during both limb and lens regeneration, but not in the normal limb and lens. The C3 and C5 proteins were expressed in a complementary fashion during limb regeneration, with C3 being expressed mainly in the blastema and C5 exclusively in the wound epithelium. Similarly, during the process of lens regeneration, C3 was detected in the iris and cornea, while C5 was present in the regenerating lens vesicle as well as the cornea. The distinct expression profile of complement proteins in regenerative tissues of the urodele lens and limb supports a nonimmunologic function of complement in tissue regeneration and constitutes the first systematic effort to dissect its involvement in regenerative processes of lower vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kimura
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Ahrens T, Lambert M, Pertz O, Sasaki T, Schulthess T, Mège RM, Timpl R, Engel J. Homoassociation of VE-cadherin follows a mechanism common to "classical" cadherins. J Mol Biol 2003; 325:733-42. [PMID: 12507476 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin/cadherin5) is specifically expressed in adherens junctions of endothelial cells and exerts important functions in cell-cell adhesion as well as signal transduction. To analyze the mechanism of VE-cadherin homoassociation, the ectodomains CAD1-5 were connected by linker sequences to the N terminus of the coiled-coil domain of cartilage matrix protein (CMP). The chimera VECADCMP were expressed in mammalian cells. The trimeric coiled-coil domain leads to high intrinsic domain concentrations and multivalency promoting self-association. Ca(2+)-dependent homophilic association of VECADCMP was detected in solid phase assays and cross-linking experiments. A striking analogy to homoassociation of type I ("classical") cadherins like E, N or P-cadherin was observed when interactions in VECADCMP and between these trimeric proteins were analyzed by electron microscopy. Ca(2+)-dependent ring-like and double ring-like arrangements suggest interactions between domains 1 and 2 of the ectodomains, which may be correlated with lateral and adhesive contacts in the adhesion process. Association to complexes composed of two VECADCMP molecules was also demonstrated by chemical cross-linking. No indication for an antiparallel association of VECAD ectodomains to hexameric complexes as proposed by Legrand et al. was found. Instead the data suggest that homoassociation of VE-cadherin follows the conserved mechanism of type I cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ahrens
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Piecha D, Hartmann K, Kobbe B, Haase I, Mauch C, Krieg T, Paulsson M. Expression of matrilin-2 in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:38-43. [PMID: 12164922 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is composed of a large number of different modular proteins. Matrilin-2 is a newly described member of the protein superfamily with von Willebrand factor A-like modules. To examine the expression of matrilin-2 in human skin, the distribution of protein and mRNA was studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. In addition, immunoblotting and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate the expression of matrilin-2 in keratinocyte and fibroblast cultures. In vivo, keratinocytes and fibroblasts were both found to express matrilin-2 mRNA and deposit the protein at the basal side of the dermal-epidermal basement membrane. Matrilin-2 molecules synthesized by the two cell types in vitro appeared to be processed differently by cell-associated proteases. Transcription of matrilin-2 mRNA in keratinocytes was enhanced by a diffusible factor produced by fibroblasts, suggesting a regulatory mechanism for the production of extracellular matrix at the dermal-epidermal junction. These findings demonstrate that matrilin-2 is expressed in normal skin by keratinocytes and fibroblasts and may thus contribute to cutaneous homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Piecha
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Mátés L, Korpos E, Déak F, Liu Z, Beier DR, Aszódi A, Kiss I. Comparative analysis of the mouse and human genes (Matn2 and MATN2) for matrilin-2, a filament-forming protein widely distributed in extracellular matrices. Matrix Biol 2002; 21:163-74. [PMID: 11852232 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(01)00194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified matrilin-2 (MATN2), the largest member of the novel family of matrilins. These filament-forming adapter proteins expressed in a distinct, but partially overlapping, pattern in all tissues were implicated in the organization of the extracellular matrix. Matrilin-2 functions in a great variety of tissues. Here, we present the genomic organization of the highly conserved mouse and human MATN2 loci, which cover >100 kb and 167.167 kb genomic regions, respectively, and are composed of 19 exons. RT-PCR analysis revealed that alternative transcripts with identical protein coding regions are transcribed from two promoters in both species. The upstream, housekeeping type promoter is functional in all tissues and cell types tested. The activity of the downstream, TATA-like promoter preceded with putative motifs for the homeobox transcription factor PRRX2 is restricted to embryonic fibroblasts and certain cell lines. The oligomerization module is split by an U12-type AT-AC intron found in conserved position in all four matrilin genes. We assigned Matn2 to mouse chromosome 15, linked to Trhr and Sntb1 in a region synthenic to human chromosome 8q22-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Mátés
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- D Segat
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
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13
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Hansson AS, Heinegård D, Piette JC, Burkhardt H, Holmdahl R. The occurrence of autoantibodies to matrilin 1 reflects a tissue-specific response to cartilage of the respiratory tract in patients with relapsing polychondritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2402-12. [PMID: 11665983 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2402::aid-art405>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects cartilage tissue in the auricle, nose, and lower respiratory tract. When tracheolaryngeal cartilage is involved, the disease is occasionally fatal. Matrilin 1 is a cartilage-specific protein most prominently expressed in tracheal cartilage, but not in joint cartilage. Immunization with the protein in rats and mice induces respiratory distress and nasal destruction, as seen in RP. We investigated the response to matrilin 1 and other cartilage proteins in sera from patients with RP, 4 additional groups of patients with other major connective tissue diseases, and healthy control subjects. METHODS Sera were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody responses to matrilin 1, types II, IX, and XI collagen, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Titers above the mean + 3SD of controls were considered positive. Specificity of matrilin 1 recognition was further investigated by the capacity of high-titer sera to block the binding of a matrilin 1-specific monoclonal antibody in inhibition ELISAs. In vivo reactivity and specificity were tested by injecting sera into neonatal mice, and antibody binding was detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Serum antibodies from RP patients bound tracheolaryngeal and nasal cartilage in vivo and inhibited the binding of anti-matrilin 1-specific monoclonal antibodies. Thirteen of the 97 RP patients had increased titers of matrilin 1 antibody. Positive titers correlated with respiratory symptoms in 69% of the cases. Significant responses to type II collagen and COMP were also detected. CONCLUSION Antibodies to matrilin 1 bind tracheolaryngeal cartilage in vivo and are correlated with an inflammatory attack on tracheolaryngeal cartilage that is often seen in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Hansson
- Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Sweden.
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14
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Mumm S, Zhang X, Vacca M, D'Esposito M, Whyte MP. The sedlin gene for spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda escapes X-inactivation and contains a non-canonical splice site. Gene 2001; 273:285-93. [PMID: 11595175 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the sedlin gene cause spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT), a rare X-linked chondrodysplasia. Affected males suffer short stature, deformation of the spine and hips, and deterioration of intervertebral discs with characteristic radiographic changes in the vertebrae. We have sequenced two full-length cDNA clones corresponding to the human sedlin gene. The longest cDNA is 2836 bp, containing a 218 bp 5' untranslated region, a 423 bp coding region, and a 2195 bp 3' untranslated region. The second cDNA does not contain exon 2, suggesting alternative splicing. Sedlin was finely mapped in Xp22.2 by Southern blot analysis on a yeast artificial chromosome/bacterial artificial chromosome map. Comparison of the cDNA sequence and genomic sequence identified six sedlin exons of 67, 142, 112, 147, 84, and 2259 bp. The corresponding introns vary in size from 339 to 14,061 bp. Splice site sequences for four of the five introns conform to the GT/AG consensus sequences, however, the splice site between exons 4 and 5 displays a rare non-canonical splice site sequence, AT/AC. Northern blot analysis showed expression of the sedlin gene in all human adult and fetal tissues tested, with the highest levels in kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and placenta. Four mRNA sizes were detected with the major band being 3 kb and minor bands of 5, 1.6, and 0.9 kb (the smallest product may reflect a sedlin pseudogene). Sedlin is expressed from both the active and the inactive human X chromosomes helping to explain the recessive nature and consistent presentation of the disease. Human sedlin shows homology to a yeast gene, which conditions endoplasmic reticulum/golgi transport. Characterization of the human sedlin cDNA and determination of the sedlin gene structure enable functional studies of sedlin and elucidation of the pathogenesis of SEDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mumm
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital Research Institute, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Wagener R, Kobbe B, Aszódi A, Aeschlimann D, Paulsson M. Characterization of the mouse matrilin-4 gene: a 5' antiparallel overlap with the gene encoding the transcription factor RBP-l. Genomics 2001; 76:89-98. [PMID: 11549321 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized the gene encoding mouse matrilin-4 (Matn4), an extracellular matrix protein present in a broad spectrum of tissues. The gene spanned 16 kb, consisted of 12 exons, and localized to chromosome 2. As in all known matrilin genes, the last intron, separating the exons coding for the coiled-coil domain, did not follow the GT-AG rule and belonged to the subgroup of introns having AT-AC at the ends. Matn4 contained two exons in the 5' UTR that could be alternatively spliced. We localized a major and a minor transcription start site to two different untranslated exons: exon 0a and exon 0b. Matn4 divergently overlapped 5' with the gene encoding RBP-L (for recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless-like; Rbpsuhl), a transcription factor with homology to RBP-JK. Exon 1 of Rbpsuhl was located in the second intron of Matn4, whereas exon 0a, the first exon of Matn4, was located in the second intron of Rbpsuhl. The second exons of the respective genes overlapped in an antisense orientation. We mapped the major transcription start of Rbpsuhl to a position approximately 150 nt upstream of the splice acceptor site of the first intron, leading to the synthesis of a truncated variant of RBP-L probably missing the amino-terminal 121 amino acid residues. We analyzed the expression of the different Matn4 and Rbpsuhl transcripts by quantitative RT-PCR; this showed the highest expression for both genes in lung and brain. In situ hybridization of brain sections showed a partially overlapping expression pattern for the two genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wagener
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Cologne, D-50931, Germany.
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16
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Rousseau E, Goldstein ES. The gene structure of the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of the human proto-oncogene fos. Gene 2001; 272:315-22. [PMID: 11470538 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster homolog of the human proto-oncogene fos is Dfos. It is the only fos homolog in the Drosophila genome. Fos functions as a subunit of the heterodimeric transcription factor AP-1. There are two models of the Dfos gene. The first comes from a cDNA sequence of Dfos (Perkins et al., Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 822). The second is from the gene sequence published by the Drosophila genome project (Adams et al., Science 287 (2000) 2185), and there are notable contradictions between the two models. The promoter and the 5' end of the transcript sequence were not identified in either model. In this paper, we present the gene structure of Dfos and identify the promoter. This promoter has an initiator and a downstream promoter element sequence, but lacks a TATA box. Through comparison of the mRNA and genomic DNA sequences, three introns varying in length from 66 bp to 17.57 kb were found and verified by RT-PCR. The Dfos gene is 21.2 kb in length, giving a transcript of 3438 bp, coding for a predicted protein of 595 amino acids. The 3' untranslated region is confirmed to be 1092 bp in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rousseau
- Biology Department, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA
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17
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Abstract
Evolution of eukaryotes is mediated by sexual recombination of parental genomes. Crossovers occur in random, but homologous, positions at a frequency that depends on DNA length. As exons occupy only 1% of the human genome and introns about 24%, by far most of the crossovers occur between exons, rather than inside. The natural process of creating new combinations of exons by intronic recombination is called exon shuffling. Our group is developing in vitro formats for exon shuffling and applying these to the directed evolution of proteins. Based on the splice frame junctions, nine classes of exons and three classes of introns can be distinguished. Splice frame diagrams of natural genes show how the splice frame rules govern exon shuffling. Here, we review various approaches to constructing libraries of exon-shuffled genes. For example, exon shuffling of human pharmaceutical proteins can generate libraries in which all of the sequences are fully human, without the point mutations that raise concerns about immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kolkman
- Maxygen Inc., 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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18
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Kleemann-Fischer D, Kleemann GR, Engel D, Yates JR, Wu JJ, Eyre DR. Molecular Properties of Matrilin-3 Isolated from Human Growth Cartilage. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 387:209-15. [PMID: 11370843 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrilin-3 is a recently identified matrix protein of cartilage that shows sequence homology to matrilin-1 (cartilage matrix protein or CMP). Here we identify and characterize the molecular properties of matrilin-3 from human growth cartilage by immunochemical and mass spectrometry methods. Extracts of fetal skeletal cartilage were resolved by SDS-PAGE and candidate matrilin subunits were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides. Matrilin-3 and matrilin-1 were both present in disulfide-bonded tetrameric components. Polyclonal antisera to synthetic peptides specific to each subunit confirmed the identities by Western blotting and further demonstrated the existence of several forms of tetramer. A homotetramer (matrilin-3)4 and more than one species of heterotetramer containing matrilin-3 and matrilin-1 chains were resolved. Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections confirmed that both matrilin-1 and matrilin-3 are widely codistributed throughout human skeletal growth cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kleemann-Fischer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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19
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Zhen X, Wei L, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Chen Q. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 mediates regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by parathyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4879-85. [PMID: 11098049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004990200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its related peptide regulate endochondral ossification by inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation toward hypertrophy. However, the intracellular pathway for transducing PTH/PTH-related peptide signals in chondrocytes remains unclear. Here, we show that this pathway is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38. Incubation of hypertrophic chondrocytes with PTH (1-34) induces an inhibition of p38 kinase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of protein kinase C prevents PTH-induced p38 MAPK inhibition, whereas inhibition of protein kinase A has no effect. Thus, protein kinase C, but not protein kinase A, is required for the inhibition of p38 MAPK by PTH. Treatment of hypertrophic chondrocytes by PTH or by p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 up-regulates Bcl-2, suggesting that Bcl-2 lies downstream of p38 MAPK in the PTH signaling pathway. Inhibition of p38 MAPK in hypertrophic chondrocytes by either PTH, SB303580, or both together leads to a decrease of hypertrophic marker type X collagen mRNA and an increase of the expression of prehypertrophic marker cartilage matrix protein. Therefore, inhibition of p38 converts a hypertrophic cell phenotype to a prehypertrophic one, thereby preventing precocious chondrocyte hypertrophy. Taken together, these data suggest a major role for p38 MAPK in transmitting PTH signals to regulate chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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20
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Coats. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Zhang Y, Chen Q. Changes of matrilin forms during endochondral ossification. Molecular basis of oligomeric assembly. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:32628-34. [PMID: 10930403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002594200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the molecular properties of matrilin-3, a newly discovered member of the novel extracellular matrix protein family, we cloned a MAT-3 cDNA from developing chicken sterna. Real time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction indicates that MAT-3 mRNA is mainly expressed in the proliferation zone of a growth plate. It is also expressed in the maturation zone, overlapping with that of the mature chondrocyte-abundant matrilin-1 mRNA. This suggests that matrilin-3 may self-assemble in the proliferation zone, in addition to its co-assembly with matrilin-1 during endochondral ossification. Transfection of a MAT-3 cDNA into COS-7 cells shows that MAT-3 predominantly forms a homotetramer but also a trimer and a dimer. Co-transfection of both MAT-3 and MAT-1 cDNAs results in three major matrilins as follows: (MAT-1)(3), (MAT-3)(4), and (MAT-1)(2)(MAT-3)(2). Thus matrilin-3 may assemble into both homotypic and heterotypic oligomers. Our analysis shows that the assembly of MAT-3 does not depend on the number of epidermal growth factor repeats within the molecule, but the presence of Cys(412) and Cys(414) within the coiled-coil domain, which form covalent disulfide linkage responsible for both homo-oligomerization of MAT-3 and hetero-oligomerization of MAT-3 and MAT-1. Our data suggest that the varying synthetic levels of matrilins in different zones of a growth plate may result in a change of matrilin oligomeric forms during endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation and Cell and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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22
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Wu QQ, Chen Q. Mechanoregulation of chondrocyte proliferation, maturation, and hypertrophy: ion-channel dependent transduction of matrix deformation signals. Exp Cell Res 2000; 256:383-91. [PMID: 10772811 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress-induced matrix deformation plays a fundamental role in regulating cellular activities; however, little is known about its underlying mechanisms. To understand the effects of matrix deformation on chondrocytes, we characterized primary chondrocytes cultured on three-dimensional collagen scaffoldings, which can be loaded mechanically with a computer-controlled "Bio-Stretch" device. Cyclic matrix deformation greatly stimulated proliferation of immature chondrocytes, but not that of hypertrophic chondrocytes. This indicates that mechanical stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation is developmental stage specific. Synthesis of cartilage matrix protein (CMP/matrilin-1), a mature chondrocyte marker, and type X collagen, a hypertrophic chondrocyte marker, was up-regulated by stretch-induced matrix deformation. Therefore, genes of CMP and type X collagen are responsive to mechanical stress. Mechanical stimulation of the mRNA levels of CMP and type X collagen occurred exactly at the same time points when these markers were synthesized by nonloading cells. This indicates that cyclic matrix deformation does not alter the speed of differentiation, but affects the extent of differentiation. The addition of the stretch-activated channel blocker gadolinium during loading abolished mechanical stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, but did not affect the up-regulation of CMP mRNA by mechanical stretch. In contrast, the calcium channel blocker nifedipine inhibited both the stretch-induced proliferation and the increase of CMP mRNA. This suggests that stretch-induced matrix deformation regulates chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation via two signal transduction pathways, with stretch-activated channels involved in transducing the proliferative signals and calcium channels involved in transducing the signals for both proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Wu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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23
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Aszódi A, Bateman JF, Hirsch E, Baranyi M, Hunziker EB, Hauser N, Bösze Z, Fässler R. Normal skeletal development of mice lacking matrilin 1: redundant function of matrilins in cartilage? Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:7841-5. [PMID: 10523672 PMCID: PMC84857 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.11.7841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrilin 1, or cartilage matrix protein, is a member of a novel family of extracellular matrix proteins. To date, four members of the family have been identified, but their biological role is unknown. Matrilin 1 and matrilin 3 are expressed in cartilage, while matrilin 2 and matrilin 4 are present in many tissues. Here we describe the generation and analysis of mice carrying a null mutation in the Crtm gene encoding matrilin 1. Anatomical and histological studies demonstrated normal development of homozygous mutant mice. Northern blot and biochemical analyses show no compensatory up-regulation of matrilin 2 or 3 in the cartilage of knockout mice. Although matrilin 1 interacts with the collagen II and aggrecan networks of cartilage, suggesting that it may play a role in cartilage tissue organization, studies of collagen extractability indicated that collagen fibril maturation and covalent cross-linking were unaffected by the absence of matrilin 1. Ultrastructural analysis did not reveal any abnormalities of matrix organization. These data suggest that matrilin 1 is not critically required for cartilage structure and function and that matrilin 1 and matrilin 3 may have functionally redundant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aszódi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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24
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Lorenzo P, Aman P, Sommarin Y, Heinegård D. The human CILP gene: exon/intron organization and chromosomal mapping. Matrix Biol 1999; 18:445-54. [PMID: 10601732 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(99)00035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human cDNA for cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP) codes for a larger precursor protein that consists of CILP and a homologue to porcine Nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase (NTPPHase) [Lorenzo et al. 1998a. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23469-23475]. The human gene has now been isolated and characterized. Southern blot analysis indicated a single copy of the CILP gene in the human genome. The gene spans approximately 15.3 kbp of genomic DNA, and is organized in nine exons. The 5' flanking region contains a putative promoter region with a TATA-like box localized from -29 to -23 bp upstream of the transcription start site. Analysis of the putative promoter region revealed potentially cis-regulatory eukaryotic elements such as GATA-1, MyoD, MZF1, and CdxA. The protein coding region begins in exon 2 with the putative signal peptide. CILP is encoded from exon 3 to exon 9. In addition, exon 9 also codes for the entire NTPPHase homologue and contains the 3' untranslated region of the gene. All the introns follow the 'gt-ag' rule, except the last intron, intron 8, that belongs to the minor class of pre-mRNA introns that contain 'at-ac' at their 5' and 3' ends, respectively. The CILP gene was mapped to human chromosome 15q22.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lorenzo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Section for Connective Tissue Biology, University of Lund, Sweden
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25
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Hansson AS, Heinegård D, Holmdahl R. A new animal model for relapsing polychondritis, induced by cartilage matrix protein (matrilin-1). J Clin Invest 1999; 104:589-98. [PMID: 10487773 PMCID: PMC408533 DOI: 10.1172/jci5740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) differs from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in that primarily cartilage outside diarthrodial joints is affected. The disease usually involves trachea, nose, and outer ears. To investigate whether the tissue distribution of RP may be explained by a specific immune response, we immunized rats with cartilage matrix protein (matrilin-1), a protein predominantly expressed in tracheal cartilage. After 2-3 weeks, some rats developed a severe inspiratory stridor. They had swollen noses and/or epistaxis, but showed neither joint nor outer ear affection. The inflammatory lesions involved chronic active erosions of cartilage. Female rats were more susceptible than males. The disease susceptibility was controlled by both MHC genes (f, l, d, and a haplotypes are high responders, and u, n, and c are resistant) and non-MHC genes (the LEW strain is susceptible; the DA strain is resistant). However, all strains mounted a pronounced IgG response to cartilage matrix protein. The initiation and effector phase of the laryngotracheal involvement causing the clinical symptoms were shown to depend on alphabeta T cells. Taken together, these results represent a novel model for RP: matrilin-1-induced RP. Our findings also suggest that different cartilage proteins are involved in pathogenic models of RP and RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cartilage/immunology
- Cartilage/pathology
- Cattle
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ear, External/immunology
- Ear, External/pathology
- Epistaxis/etiology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Laryngeal Cartilages/immunology
- Laryngeal Cartilages/pathology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Male
- Matrilin Proteins
- Nasal Septum/immunology
- Nasal Septum/pathology
- Polychondritis, Relapsing/genetics
- Polychondritis, Relapsing/immunology
- Polychondritis, Relapsing/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Respiratory Sounds/etiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Trachea/immunology
- Trachea/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Hansson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
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26
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Tasheva ES, Funderburgh ML, McReynolds J, Funderburgh JL, Conrad GW. The bovine mimecan gene. Molecular cloning and characterization of two major RNA transcripts generated by alternative use of two splice acceptor sites in the third exon. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18693-701. [PMID: 10373482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimecan is a proteoglycan expressed by many connective tissues. It was originally isolated in a truncated form as a bone-associated glycoprotein, osteoglycin, and was considered an osteoinductive factor. Recently, we demonstrated that the full-length translation product of the cDNA encoding mimecan is a corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan present in other tissues without keratan sulfate chains. We also described multiple mimecan mRNA transcripts generated by differential splicing and alternative polyadenylation. In this study, we isolated genomic clones and determined the genomic organization of the bovine mimecan gene. The gene is spread over >33 kilobases of continuous DNA sequence and contains eight exons. The newly discovered first exon, identified by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, consists of a 5'-untranslated region and is enriched in C+G nucleotides. Two transcription initiation sites starting at the first and at the second exons were determined by primer extension. Molecular characterization shows that alternatively spliced RNA isoforms are generated by the use of two distinct splice acceptor sites in the third exon situated 278 base pairs apart. We determined a partial genomic structure of the human mimecan gene and demonstrated two alternatively spliced RNA transcripts that are generated likewise. Despite the diversity of mimecan transcripts, the primary structure of the core protein is encoded from exons 3 to 8 and remains unchanged, indicating its functional importance. Using ribonuclease protection assay, we analyzed the patterns of spliced RNA expressed in cultured bovine keratocytes. We demonstrated that their expression is differentially modulated in a temporal manner by basic fibroblast growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Tasheva
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4901, USA.
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27
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Makihira S, Yan W, Ohno S, Kawamoto T, Fujimoto K, Okimura A, Yoshida E, Noshiro M, Hamada T, Kato Y. Enhancement of cell adhesion and spreading by a cartilage-specific noncollagenous protein, cartilage matrix protein (CMP/Matrilin-1), via integrin alpha1beta1. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:11417-23. [PMID: 10196235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.16.11417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage matrix protein (CMP; also known as matrilin-1), one of the major noncollagenous proteins in most cartilages, binds to aggrecan and type II collagen. We examined the effect of CMP on the adhesion of chondrocytes and fibroblasts using CMP-coated dishes. The CMP coating at 10-20 micrograms/ml enhanced the adhesion and spreading of rabbit growth plate, resting and articular chondrocytes, and fibroblasts and human epiphyseal chondrocytes and MRC5 fibroblasts. The effect of CMP on the spreading of chondrocytes was synergistically increased by native, but not heated, type II collagen (gelatin). The monoclonal antibody to integrin alpha1 or beta1 abolished CMP-induced cell adhesion and spreading, whereas the antibody to integrin alpha2, alpha3, alpha5, beta2, alpha5beta1, or alphaVbeta5 had little effect on cell adhesion or spreading. The antibody to integrin alpha1, but not to other subunits, coprecipitated 125I-CMP that was added to MRC5 cell lysates, indicating the association of CMP with the integrin alpha1 subunit. Unlabeled CMP competed for the binding to integrin alpha1 with 125I-CMP. These findings suggest that CMP is a potent adhesion factor for chondrocytes, particularly in the presence of type II collagen, and that integrin alpha1beta1 is involved in CMP-mediated cell adhesion and spreading. Since CMP is expressed almost exclusively in cartilage, this adhesion factor, unlike fibronectin or laminin, may play a special role in the development and remodeling of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Makihira
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Hiroshima University School of Dentistry, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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28
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Deák F, Wagener R, Kiss I, Paulsson M. The matrilins: a novel family of oligomeric extracellular matrix proteins. Matrix Biol 1999; 18:55-64. [PMID: 10367731 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(98)00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The matrilin family at present has four members that all share a structure made up of von Willebrand factor A domains, epidermal growth factor-like domains and a coiled coil alpha-helical module. The first member of the family, matrilin-1 (previously called cartilage matrix protein or CMP), is expressed mainly in cartilage. Matrilin-3 has a similar tissue distribution, while matrilin-2 and -4 occur in a wide variety of extracellular matrices. Matrilin-1 is associated with cartilage proteoglycans as well as being a component of both collagen-dependent and collagen-independent fibrils and on the basis of the related structures other matrilins may play similar roles. The matrilin genes are strictly and differently regulated and their expression may serve as markers for cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Deák
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged
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29
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Del Rio-Tsonis K, Tsonis PA, Zarkadis IK, Tsagas AG, Lambris JD. Expression of the Third Component of Complement, C3, in Regenerating Limb Blastema Cells of Urodeles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.12.6819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study we have shown that complement component C3 is expressed in the regenerating tissue during urodele limb regeneration. C3 was expressed in the dedifferentiated regeneration blastema and in the redifferentiated limb tissues in the axolotl, Amblystoma mexicanum, and in Notophthalmus viridescens. This expression was verified by immunofluorescent staining using an Ab against axolotl C3 and by in situ hybridization with an axolotl C3 cDNA probe. In the early stages of regeneration C3 appeared to be equally present in all mesenchymal cells and in the wound epithelium, whereas in the later stages it was mainly expressed in the differentiating muscle cells. Since no expression was seen in the developing limb, it appears that the C3 expression was specific to the regeneration process. We then demonstrated by hybridization experiments that a blastema cell line of myogenic origin expresses C3. All these findings implicate C3 in the dedifferentiation process and may indicate a new role for this molecule in muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- *Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469; and
| | - Panagiotis A. Tsonis
- *Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469; and
| | - Ioannis K. Zarkadis
- †Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andreas G. Tsagas
- †Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John D. Lambris
- †Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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30
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Wagener R, Kobbe B, Paulsson M. Genomic organisation, alternative splicing and primary structure of human matrilin-4. FEBS Lett 1998; 438:165-70. [PMID: 9827539 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have recently cloned a cDNA for mouse matrilin-4. By sequence comparison we identified the 12 kb long human matrilin-4 gene as a part of a high-throughput genomic sequence (HS453C12) in the databases. Additionally we found a human matrilin-4 expressed sequence tag (H54037) in the database that had been mapped to chromosome 20q13.1-2. The gene contains 10 exons and, like the matrilin-1 gene, the human matrilin-4 gene contains an AT-AC intron between the two exons encoding the coiled-coil domain. The cDNA sequence of human matrilin-4 was determined by sequencing of RT-PCR products obtained from mRNA of the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK 293. At the amino acid level it showed an overall sequence identity to the mature mouse matrilin-4 of 91% with a maximum of 97% in the second vWFA-like module. Alternative splicing leads to three different mRNAs. They all encode the putative signal peptide, the two vWFA-like domains and the potential coiled-coil alpha-helical oligomerisation domain but differ in that either one, two or three EGF-like domains are retained in the mature mRNA. Due to a G to A mutation at the splice donor site of intron C, the third exon encodes an untranslated pseudo-exon specifying the first EGF-like domain when compared to mouse matrilin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wagener
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
We have isolated a cDNA clone for human matrilin-3 from a cartilage-specific cDNA library. The polypeptide predicted from the nucleotide sequence of this clone shared 83% identity with matrilin-3 from mouse and 61% with that from chicken. It was composed of 486 amino acid residues that were arranged in seven domains: a signal peptide, a von Willebrand factor A domain, four EGF repeats, and an alpha-helical region. The gene for human matrilin-3 (MATN3) was assigned to chromosome region 2p24-p23. The corresponding mRNA of 2.8 kb was expressed in every type of cartilage investigated thus far. It was also produced in vitro by primary chondrocytes isolated from articular cartilage. However, dedifferentiated chondrocytes of the third passage did not express it at all. Matrilin-3 might therefore serve as a marker for the differentiation state of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Belluoccio
- M.E. Müller-Institute, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
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32
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Dames SA, Kammerer RA, Wiltscheck R, Engel J, Alexandrescu AT. NMR structure of a parallel homotrimeric coiled coil. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1998; 5:687-91. [PMID: 9699631 DOI: 10.1038/90444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The solution structure of the oligomerization domain of cartilage matrix protein (also known as matrilin-1) has been determined by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The domain folds into a parallel, disulfide-linked, three-stranded, alpha-helical coiled coil, spanning five heptad repeats in the amino acid sequence. The sequence of the first two heptad repeats shows some deviations from the consensus of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residue preferences. While the corresponding region of the coiled coil has a higher intrinsic flexibility, backbone alpha-helix and superhelix parameters are consistent with a regular coiled coil structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Dames
- Department of Structural Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Wu JJ, Eyre DR. Matrilin-3 forms disulfide-linked oligomers with matrilin-1 in bovine epiphyseal cartilage. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:17433-8. [PMID: 9651330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.28.17433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison of noncollagenous matrix proteins from different types of bovine cartilage by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a prominent 240-kDa component in extracts of epiphyseal but not tracheal tissue. On amino-terminal sequence analysis, it gave two sequences. One matched the NH2 terminus of cartilage matrix protein (CMP) as reported for tracheal cartilage. The other did not match any known protein sequence. Further analysis of the 240-kDa protein after reduction of disulfides resolved two bands on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolation and sequence analysis of tryptic peptides confirmed that one was bovine CMP and the other a CMP homolog. A data base search identified the latter as matrilin-3, a molecule recently predicted from human and mouse cDNA sequences (Wagener, R., Kobbe, B., and Paulsson, M. (1997) FEBS Lett. 413, 129-134). Matrilin-3 and CMP (matrilin-1) were prominent in equimolar amounts in fetal bovine epiphyseal cartilage and absent from adult articular cartilage. Adult tracheal cartilage contained almost exclusively CMP. Although the mechanism of polymeric assembly is unknown, the matrilin-3 chain appears to function in the matrix linked to matrilin-1 in the form of disulfide-bonded heteromeric molecules. The results indicate a molecular stoichiometry of (matrilin-1)2(matrilin-3)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wu
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Pan OH, Beck K. The C-terminal domain of matrilin-2 assembles into a three-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14205-9. [PMID: 9603923 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.23.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrilin-2 is a member of von Willebrand factor A containing extracellular matrix proteins in which the cDNA-derived sequence shows similar domain organization to cartilage matrix protein/matrilin-1, but information on the protein structure is limited. Here we studied the oligomerization potential of a synthetic peptide NH2-ENLILFQNVANEEVRKLTQRLEEMTQRMEALENRLKYR-COOH corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of mouse matrilin-2. The central portion of this sequence shows a periodicity of hydrophobic residues occupying positions a and d of a heptad pattern (abcdefg)n, which is characteristic for alpha-helical coiled-coil proteins. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed a high alpha-helical content, and the shape of the spectra is indicative for a coiled-coil conformation. Chemical cross-linking and size exclusion chromatography suggest a homotrimeric configuration. Thermal denaturation in benign buffer shows a single cooperative transition with DeltaH0 = -375 kJ/mol. Melting temperatures Tm varied from 38 to 51 degreesC within a concentration range of 10 to 85 microM, which is about 35 degreesC lower than determined for a peptide corresponding to the C-terminal domain of matrilin-1. The data suggest that despite the low sequence identity within this region, matrilin-2 will form a homotrimer as matrilin-1 does.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Pan
- Department of Biological Science, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855, USA
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35
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Aszódi A, Beier DR, Hiripi L, Bösze Z, Fässler R. Sequence, structure and chromosomal localization of Crtm gene encoding mouse cartilage matrix protein and its exclusion as a candidate for murine achondroplasia. Matrix Biol 1998; 16:563-73. [PMID: 9569124 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(98)90067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mouse cartilage matrix protein gene (Crtm) was isolated from a cosmid library using a mouse Crtm cDNA fragment as probe. Crtm spans 12.2 kb from the start of translation to the polyadenylation signal sequence and comprises eight exons. Sequencing of the 1.9 kb 5' flanking region revealed a TATA-like box 72 bp upstream from the initiator Met codon as well as several cis-acting motifs known to bind eukaryotic transcription factors. Analysis of the exon-intron junctions demonstrated that the last intron does not follow the gt/ag rule but belongs to the minor class of pre-mRNA introns that contain "at" and "ac" at their 5'and 3' ends, respectively. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was used to map Crtm to the distal part of chromosome 4 between the microsatellite markers D4Mit16 and D4Mit339. Achodroplasia (cn), a recessive skeletal disorder in mice, has already been mapped to this region. Immunostaining for CMP and sequence of Crtm in cn/cn mice failed to reveal any disease-specific mutations, suggesting that mutations in Crtm do not cause achondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aszódi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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36
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Wagener R, Kobbe B, Paulsson M. Primary structure of matrilin-3, a new member of a family of extracellular matrix proteins related to cartilage matrix protein (matrilin-1) and von Willebrand factor. FEBS Lett 1997; 413:129-34. [PMID: 9287130 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A mouse cDNA encoding for matrilin-3, the third member of the novel matrilin family of extracellular matrix proteins, was cloned. The protein precursor of 481 amino acids consists of a putative signal peptide, a short positively charged sequence, a single vWFA-like domain followed by four epidermal growth factor-like modules and a potential coiled-coil alpha-helical oligomerization domain at the C-terminus. It is the smallest member of the matrilin family with a predicted Mr of the mature protein of 48 902. The primary structure of a C-terminal portion of 310 amino acids of the human matrilin-3 was determined and showed a sequence identity to the mouse matrilin-3 of 84.8%. Northern blot hybridization of mouse matrilin-3 mRNA showed a 2.9 kb mRNA expressed in sternum, femur and trachea and indicates a cartilage-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wagener
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany.
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37
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Deák F, Piecha D, Bachrati C, Paulsson M, Kiss I. Primary structure and expression of matrilin-2, the closest relative of cartilage matrix protein within the von Willebrand factor type A-like module superfamily. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:9268-74. [PMID: 9083061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.14.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A mouse cDNA encoding a novel member of the von Willebrand factor type A-like module superfamily was cloned. The protein precursor of 956 amino acids consists of a putative signal peptide, two von Willebrand factor type A-like domains connected by 10 epidermal growth factor-like modules, a potential oligomerization domain, and a unique segment, and it contains potential N-glycosylation sites. A sequence similarity search indicated the closest relation to the trimeric cartilage matrix protein (CMP). Since they constitute a novel protein family, we introduce the term matrilin-2 for the new protein, reserving matrilin-1 as an alternative name for CMP. A 3. 9-kilobase matrilin-2 mRNA was detected in a variety of mouse organs, including calvaria, uterus, heart, and brain, as well as fibroblast and osteoblast cell lines. Expressed human and rat cDNA sequence tags indicate a high degree of interspecies conservation. A group of 120-150-kDa bands was, after reduction, recognized specifically with an antiserum against the matrilin-2-glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in media of the matrilin-2-expressing cell lines. Assuming glycosylation, this agrees well with the predicted minimum Mr of the mature protein (104,300). Immunolocalization of matrilin-2 in developing skeletal elements showed reactivity in the perichondrium and the osteoblast layer of trabecular bone. CMP binds both collagen fibrils and aggrecan, and because of the similar structure and complementary expression pattern, matrilin-2 is likely to perform similar functions in the extracellular matrix assembly of other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Deák
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 521, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
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38
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Hauser N, Paulsson M, Heinegârd D, Mörgelin M. Interaction of cartilage matrix protein with aggrecan. Increased covalent cross-linking with tissue maturation. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:32247-52. [PMID: 8943283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.50.32247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage matrix protein (CMP) is a trimeric protein present in many types of cartilage extracellular matrix. It has recently been purified under native conditions that allowed the proposal of a structural model (Hauser, N., and Paulsson, M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 25747-25753). To examine the functional properties of CMP we studied its interaction with aggrecan within cartilage extracellular matrix. Aggrecan-enriched fractions were purified from bovine tracheal cartilage of different ages under nondenaturing and denaturing conditions, respectively, and characterized by a combination of biochemical methods and electron microscopy. The fractions contained a pool of CMP noncovalently associated with aggrecan as well as a pool of CMP that appears covalently cross-linked to the aggrecan core protein. Only about two thirds of the CMP subunits could be released even upon reduction under denaturing conditions. It appears that CMP is attached by a nonreducible covalent interaction of one of its subunits with the protein core. The amount of CMP strongly bound to aggrecan increases with age. Electron microscopy revealed interaction sites for CMP in the extended chondroitin-sulfate attachment domain E2. In old tissue five distinct binding sites for CMP were found while in young cartilage only three of these were occupied. The extent of decoration of E2 with CMP increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hauser
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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39
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Abstract
A minor class of metazoan introns has well-conserved splice sites with 5'-AU-AC-3' boundaries, compared to the 5'-GU-AG-3' boundaries and degenerate splice sites of conventional introns. Splicing of the AT-AC intron 2 of a sodium channel (SCN4A) precursor messenger RNA in vitro did not require inhibition of conventional splicing and required adenosine triphosphate, magnesium, and U12 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). When exon 3 was followed by the 5' splice site from the downstream conventional intron, splicing of intron 2 was greatly stimulated. This effect was U1 snRNA-dependent, unlike the basal AT-AC splicing reaction. Therefore, U1-mediated exon definition interactions can coordinate the activities of major and minor spliceosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Post Office Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724-2208, USA.
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40
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Chen Q, Johnson DM, Haudenschild DR, Goetinck PF. Cartilage matrix protein: expression patterns in chicken, mouse, and human. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 785:238-40. [PMID: 8702140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb56271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
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41
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Aszódi A, Hauser N, Studer D, Paulsson M, Hiripi L, Bösze Z. Cloning, sequencing and expression analysis of mouse cartilage matrix protein cDNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 236:970-7. [PMID: 8665920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding the mouse cartilage matrix protein (CMP) was cloned following the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends procedures using mRNA isolated from trachea. The open reading frame encodes a product of 500 amino acids. Large parts of the protein have been completely conserved when compared to chicken and human sequences, including all 12 cysteine residues of the mature CMP. In situ hybridization reveals an even distribution of the CMP mRNA in the developing skeleton, which is followed by a zonal distribution paralleling hypertrophy and calcification. From early cartilage differentiation and onwards, CMP transcript is absent in the forming articular surfaces and intervertebral discs. Extraskeletal expression of CMP mRNA was detected in the adult eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aszódi
- Institute for Animal Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllö, Hungary
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42
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Trottein F, Triglia T, Cowman AF. Molecular cloning of a gene from Plasmodium falciparum that codes for a protein sharing motifs found in adhesive molecules from mammals and plasmodia. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995; 74:129-41. [PMID: 8719155 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(95)02489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion of Plasmodium to host cells is an important phenomenon in parasite invasion and in malaria-associated pathology. We report here the molecular cloning of a putative adhesive molecule from P. falciparum that shares both sequence and structural similarities with a sporozoite surface molecule from Plasmodium termed the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) and, to a lesser extent, with the circumsporozoite (CS) protein. The gene, which is present on chromosome 3 as a single copy, was termed CTRP for CS protein-TRAP-related protein. The full-length CTRP encodes a protein containing a putative signal sequence followed by a long extracellular region of 1990 amino acids, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic segment. The putative extracellular region of CTRP is defined by two separated adhesive domains. The first domain contains six 210-amino acid-long homologous repeats, the sequence of which is related to the A-type domain found in adhesive molecules including the alpha subunits of several integrins and a number of extracellular matrix glycoproteins. The second domain contains seven repeats of 87-60 amino acids in length, which share similarities with the thrombospondin type 1 domain found in a variety of adhesive molecules. Finally, CTRP also contains consensus motifs found in the superfamily of haematopoietin receptors. Interstrain analysis of eight different parasite isolates revealed that CTRP does not show size polymorphism except in repetitive regions flanking potential adhesive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Trottein
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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43
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Haudenschild DR, Tondravi MM, Hofer U, Chen Q, Goetinck PF. The role of coiled-coil alpha-helices and disulfide bonds in the assembly and stabilization of cartilage matrix protein subunits. A mutational analysis. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:23150-4. [PMID: 7559460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.39.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage matrix protein (CMP) exists as a disulfide-bonded homotrimer in the matrix of cartilage. Each monomer consists of two CMP-A domains that are separated by an epidermal growth factor-like domain. A heptad repeat-containing tail makes up the carboxyl-terminal domain of the protein. The secreted form of CMP contains 12 cysteine residues numbered C1 through C12. Two of these are in each of the CMP-A domains, six are in the epidermal growth factor-like domain, and two are in the heptad repeat-containing tail. Two major categories of mutant CMPs were generated to analyze the oligomerization process of CMP: a mini-CMP and a heptadless full-length CMP. The mini-CMP consists of the CMP-A2 domain and the heptad repeat-containing tail. In addition, a number of mutations affecting C9 through C12 were generated within the full-length, the mini-, and the heptad-less CMPs. The mutational analysis indicates that the heptad repeats are necessary for the initiation of CMP trimerization and that the two cysteines in the heptad repeat-containing tail are both necessary and sufficient to form intermolecular disulfide bonds in either full-length or mini-CMP. The two cysteines within a CMP-A domain form an intradomain disulfide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Haudenschild
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
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44
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Szabó P, Moitra J, Rencendorj A, Rákhely G, Rauch T, Kiss I. Identification of a nuclear factor-I family protein-binding site in the silencer region of the cartilage matrix protein gene. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:10212-21. [PMID: 7730325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.17.10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage matrix protein (CMP) is synthesized by chondrocytes in a developmentally regulated manner. Here we have dissected promoter upstream elements involved in its transcriptional regulation. We show that although the 79-base pair CMP minimal promoter is promiscuous, 1137 base pairs of 5'-flanking region are capable of directing tissue- and developmental stage-specific transcription when fused to a reporter gene. This results from two positive control regions which, in proliferating chondrocytes, relieve the repression mediated by two non-tissue-specific negative control regions. Characterization of the promoter proximal silencer by DNase I footprinting and gel shifts revealed the presence of two elements, SI and SII, which bound mesenchymal cell proteins. Methylation interference analysis indicated a gapped palindromic binding site similar to nuclear factor I (NF-I) family proteins within SI, but only a half-site within SII. Gel shift assays with specific NF-I and mutated SI competitors, binding of recombinant NF-I, as well as supershift analysis with NF-I-specific antiserum verified the binding of NF-I family proteins to the SI element. Double-stranded SI and SII oligonucleotides inserted in single copy in either orientation were found to repress both homologous and heterologous promoters upon transfection into mesenchymal cells. Transcriptional repression also occurred when a consensus NF-I site itself was fused to the CMP minimal promoter. We conclude that NF-I-related protein(s) can mediate transcriptional repression in cells of mesenchymal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szabó
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged
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45
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Hauser N, Paulsson M. Native cartilage matrix protein (CMP). A compact trimer of subunits assembled via a coiled-coil alpha-helix. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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46
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47
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Liu K, Niu L, Linton JP, Crouse GF. Characterization of the mouse Rep-3 gene: sequence similarities to bacterial and yeast mismatch-repair proteins. Gene 1994; 147:169-77. [PMID: 7926796 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mouse Rep-3 gene is transcribed divergently from the same promoter region as the dihydrofolate reductase-encoding gene and has a deduced amino-acid sequence that shares identity with the bacterial protein, MutS, which is involved in DNA mismatch repair. We have cloned Rep-3, mapped it and sequenced all of the known exons and their intron junction sequences. We find that the open reading frame is considerably larger than initially reported and that the most abundant form of Rep-3 mRNA encodes a protein of 123 kDa. The gene spans at least 134 kb and consists of 26 exons, including several alternatively spliced exons. All of the exon/intron junctions match the expected consensus sequences with the exception of the splice junctions for intron 6, which has AT and AC dinucleotides instead of the usual GT and AG bordering the exon sequences. The junction sequences for this intron share consensus sequences with three intron sequences from other genes, thereby helping to establish an alternative consensus sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Liu
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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48
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Hunziker EB. Mechanism of longitudinal bone growth and its regulation by growth plate chondrocytes. Microsc Res Tech 1994; 28:505-19. [PMID: 7949396 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070280606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Growth plate chondrocytes play a pivotal role in promoting longitudinal bone growth. The current review represents a brief survey of the phenomena involved in this process at the cellular level; it delineates the contributions made by various activities during the course of the chondrocyte life cycle, notably proliferation and hypertrophy, and illustrates how the relative contributions may be modulated according to the particular needs of an organism at critical phases of growth. The cellular mechanisms by which a few well characterized growth-promoting substances exert their influences are discussed in the light of recent findings pertaining to epiphyseal plate chondrocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Hunziker
- M.E. Müller Institute for Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland
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49
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Smas CM, Green D, Sul HS. Structural characterization and alternate splicing of the gene encoding the preadipocyte EGF-like protein pref-1. Biochemistry 1994; 33:9257-65. [PMID: 7519443 DOI: 10.1021/bi00197a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Preadipocyte factor 1 (pref-1), a member of the EGF-like protein family, is a transmembrane protein with six tandem EGF-like repeats in the putative extracellular domain. Expression of pref-1 is abolished during the in vitro differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes, and constitutive expression of pref-1 in preadipocytes inhibits their differentiation [Smas, C.M., & Sul, H.S. (1993) Cell 73, 725-734]. In the present studies, we have isolated and characterized genomic clones for pref-1 and have identified multiple pref-1 transcripts generated by alternate splicing. The pref-1 gene consists of five exons and four introns spanning approximately 7.3 kb. By primer extension analysis, the transcription start site was determined to be 169 bp upstream from the translation initiation codon. We have identified functional promoter sequences by transient transfection using a 2.1 kb fragment of the pref-1 5' flanking region linked to a luciferase gene; the pref-1-luciferase fusion gene construct gave 20-fold higher promoter activity as compared to the promoterless vector. Analysis of exon-intron junctions reveals that unlike the majority of the mammalian EGF-like genes, EGF-like repeats of pref-1 are not encoded by discrete exons. Through RT-PCR and the isolation and analysis of multiple pref-1 cDNA clones, we have identified, in addition to full-length pref-1, five alternately spliced forms with various in-frame deletions of all or a part of the sixth EGF-like repeat, juxta-membrane, and predicted transmembrane domains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Smas
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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50
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Aszódi A, Módis L, Páldi A, Rencendorj A, Kiss I, Bösze Z. The zonal expression of chicken cartilage matrix protein gene in the developing skeleton of transgenic mice. Matrix Biol 1994; 14:181-90. [PMID: 8061929 DOI: 10.1016/0945-053x(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage matrix protein (CMP) is a major noncollagenous glycoprotein of hyaline cartilage with a molecular mass of about 148 kDa. It has been proposed to be involved in matrix organization by its interactions with proteoglycan and type II collagen. The 54-kDa monomers form homotrimers stabilized by disulfide bonds. The gene for chicken cartilage matrix protein was isolated, and its regulation has been studied recently in transient expression experiments. To learn more about the spatial and temporal expression of the gene during ontogenic development, we created transgenic mice via microinjection of a 21.8-kb genomic fragment, encoding the chicken cartilage matrix protein. None of the founder animals exhibited any abnormal phenotype. The developmental stage-specific expression of the transgene was examined by immunostaining with a chicken CMP specific antiserum at different stages of embryonic development in cartilage from different sources: lower and upper limb, vertebrae, ribs and nasal septum. The level of transgene expression showed marked differences in various zones of cartilage. Briefly, high levels were found in the zones of proliferating chondrocytes, while little if any transgene product was detected in the very early and hypertrophic stage of chondrogenesis. The expression pattern of the transgene correlated with the endogenous mouse CMP and did not cause any morphological changes detectable by microscopic analysis of cartilage. These data indicate that the injected CMP gene with its flanking sequences contained all the information necessary for cell type-specific expression in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aszódi
- Institute for Animal Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllö, Hungary
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