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Ueno T, Urano Y, Setsukinai KI, Takakusa H, Kojima H, Kikuchi K, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, Nagano T. Rational principles for modulating fluorescence properties of fluorescein. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:14079-85. [PMID: 15506772 DOI: 10.1021/ja048241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rational design strategies based on practical fluorescence modulation mechanisms would enable us to rapidly develop novel fluorescence probes for target molecules. Here, we present a practical and general principle for modulating the fluorescence properties of fluorescein. We hypothesized that (a) the fluorescein molecule can be divided into two moieties, i.e., the xanthene moiety as a fluorophore and the benzene moiety as a fluorescence-controlling moiety, even though there is no obvious linker structure between them, and (b) the fluorescence properties can be modulated via a photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) process from the excited fluorophore to a reducible benzene moiety (donor-excited PeT; d-PeT). To evaluate the relationship between the reduction potential of the benzene moiety and the fluorescence properties, we designed and synthesized various derivatives in which the reduction potential of the benzene moiety was fine tuned by introducing electron-withdrawing groups onto the benzene moiety. Our results clearly show that the fluorescence properties of fluorescein derivatives were indeed finely modulated depending upon the reduction potential of the benzene moiety. This information provides a basis for a practical strategy for rational design of novel functional fluorescence probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Ueno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Purich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Darwish IA, Blake DA. Development and validation of a one-step immunoassay for determination of cadmium in human serum. Anal Chem 2002; 74:52-8. [PMID: 11795817 DOI: 10.1021/ac010510r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple one-step immunoassay was developed and validated for quantitative determination of Cd(II) in human serum. In this method, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes Cd(II)-EDTA complexes was directly immobilized onto microwell plates. The serum sample containing metallothionein(MT)-bound and non-MT-bound Cd(II) was acidified to displace the Cd(II) from MT. The sample was then treated with metal-free EDTA to convert Cd(II) to Cd(II)-EDTA complexes. A mixture of Cd(II)-EDTA complexes derived from serum samples and Cd(II)-EDTA conjugated with peroxidase enzyme was incubated in the wells to compete for binding sites of the immobilized antibody. After addition of peroxidase substrate, the bound fraction of the enzyme conjugate was measured by a microplate reader, and the signal was inversely proportional to the concentration of the Cd(II) in the sample. The assay limit of detection was 0.24 microg/L, and the effective working range at coefficient of variation of < or = 10% was 0.24-100 microg/L. Analytical recovery of spiked Cd(II), in the concentration range between 0.8 and 50 microg/L, was 97.8 +/- 4.0%. The assay was selective for Cd(II); other metal ions (Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Mg, Hg, Ca, Ni, Fe, and Pb), tested at concentrations considerably higher than those present in human serum, did not significantly interfere with the assay. The assay results correlated well with those obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (r = 0.984).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center and the Tulane-Xavier Center for Bioenvironmental Research, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Shibata C, Ehara T, Tomura K, Igarashi K, Kobayashi H. Gene structure of Enterococcus hirae (Streptococcus faecalis) F1F0-ATPase, which functions as a regulator of cytoplasmic pH. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:6117-24. [PMID: 1328152 PMCID: PMC207678 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.19.6117-6124.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus hirae (formerly Streptococcus faecalis) ATCC 9790 has an F1F0-ATPase which functions as a regulator of the cytoplasmic pH but does not synthesize ATP. We isolated four clones which contained genes for c, b, delta, and alpha subunits of this enzyme but not for other subunit genes. It was revealed that two specific regions (upstream of the c-subunit gene and downstream of the gamma-subunit gene) were lost at a specific site in the clones we isolated, suggesting that these regions were unstable in Escherichia coli. The deleted regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the nucleotide sequences of these regions were determined. The results showed that eight genes for a, c, b, delta, alpha, gamma, beta, and epsilon subunits were present in this order. Northern (RNA) blot analysis showed that these eight genes were transcribed to one mRNA. The i gene was not found in the upper region of the a-subunit gene. Instead of the i gene, this operon contained a long untranslated region (240 bp) whose G + C content was only 30%. There was no typical promoter sequence such as was proposed for E. coli, suggesting that the promoter structure of this species is different from that of E. coli. Deduced amino acid sequences suggested that E. hirae H(+)-ATPase is a typical F1F0-type ATPase but that its gene structure is not identical to that of other bacterial F1F0-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shibata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
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Gambel A, Desrosiers M, Menick D. Characterization of a P-type Ca(2+)-ATPase from Flavobacterium odoratum. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Tsai KJ, Yoon KP, Lynn AR. ATP-dependent cadmium transport by the cadA cadmium resistance determinant in everted membrane vesicles of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:116-21. [PMID: 1530844 PMCID: PMC205684 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.1.116-121.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cadmium conferred by the staphylococcal plasmid pI258 occurs by means of energy-dependent efflux, resulting in decreased intracellular accumulation of cadmium. Recent sequence information suggested that efflux is mediated by a P-type ATPase. The cadA gene was previously expressed in Bacillus subtilis, conferring resistance to cadmium. Everted membrane vesicles were prepared from B. subtilis cells harboring either a plasmid containing the cadA system or the vector plasmid alone. 109Cd2+ transport into the everted membranes was measured in the presence of various energy sources. Cadmium transport was detected only in the presence of ATP as an energy source. The production of an electrochemical proton gradient (delta mu H+) by using NADH or phenazine methosulfate plus ascorbate was not able to drive transport. Reagents which dissipate delta pH abolished calcium transport due to the Ca2+/H+ antiporter but only partially inhibited cadmium transport. Inhibition of transport by the antibiotic bafilomycin A1 occurred at concentrations comparable to those which inhibit P-type ATPases. A band corresponding to the cadA gene product was identified on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and antibodies to the protein were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Na+,K+-ATPase lsoforms in the Retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Apell HJ, Solioz M. Electrogenic transport by the Enterococcus hirae ATPase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1017:221-8. [PMID: 2164846 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90188-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A transport ATPase from Enterococcus hirae was reconstituted in lipid vesicles and its electrogenic action investigated with the fluorescent dye oxonol VI as membrane potential probe. Reconstitution in bacterial and in soybean phospholipid mixtures led to transport-active vesicle preparations. Inside-out oriented ATPase molecules were activated by the addition of ATP to the extravesicular medium, generating in all experiments an intravesicularly positive potential. The extravesicular pH strongly influenced the initial pumping rate and the duration of the pumping activity. At neutral pH, transient pumping activity was observed, lasting for 1-2 min, while at pH 5.6, pumping was continuous. The transport activity was not dependent on the ionic composition of the buffer on either side of the membrane. These findings can be interpreted as the action of a proton ATPase, regulated by the cytoplasmic proton concentration and electrogenically translocating protons from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Apell
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, F.R.G
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Villalobo A. Reconstitution of ion-motive transport ATPases in artificial lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1017:1-48. [PMID: 1693288 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Villalobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain
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Winge DR, Mehra RK. Host defenses against copper toxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1990; 31:47-83. [PMID: 2292474 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-364931-7.50007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D R Winge
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84132
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Bourret RB, Hess JF, Borkovich KA, Pakula AA, Simon MI. Protein phosphorylation in chemotaxis and two-component regulatory systems of bacteria. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Koyama N. Characterization of the membrane-bound ATPase from a facultatively anaerobic alkalophile. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 980:255-9. [PMID: 2522797 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the properties of membrane-bound ATPase of a facultatively anaerobic alkalophile. The enzyme could not be solubilized without detergent, suggesting an integral membrane protein. The activity was accelerated by NH4+ and acetate anion, and inhibited by NH3-. The enzyme required Mg2+ or Mn2+ as a divalent cation for the maximal activity. In addition to ATP, the enzyme utilized other triphosphates of nucleosides as a substrate, but not di- nor monophosphates. The enzyme was suggested to crossreact with an antibody against the alpha-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase from dog kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koyama
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
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Abstract
During the last few years the studies about the physiology and bioenergetics of lactic acid bacteria during growth and starvation have evolved from a descriptive level to an analysis of the molecular events in the regulation of various processes. Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the modes of metabolic energy generation, the mechanism of homeostasis of the internal pH, and the mechanism and regulatory processes of transport systems for sugars, amino acids, peptides, and ions. Detailed studies of these transport processes have been performed in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of these organisms in which a foreign proton pump has been introduced to generate a high proton motive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Konings
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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Smith KE, Hammes GG. Studies of the phosphoenzyme intermediate of the yeast plasma membrane proton-translocating ATPase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Peschek G, Nitschmann W, Czerny T. [39] Respiratory proton extrusion and plasma membrane energization. Methods Enzymol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)67042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cloning of the K+-ATPase of Streptococcus faecalis. Structural and evolutionary implications of its homology to the KdpB-protein of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Fürst P, Solioz M. Arginine modification with butanedione inhibits the potassium ATPase of Streptococcus faecalis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 142:107-12. [PMID: 2949744 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)90457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The K+-ATPase of Streptococcus faecalis is inhibited by incubation with the arginine-modifying reagent 2,3-butanedione. The inactivation proceeds by pseudo - first order kinetics and a double-logarithmic plot of the pseudo - first order rate constants versus reagent concentrations yields a reaction order of 1.14 with respect to butanedione. Partially inactivated ATPase exhibits a decreased maximal velocity but the same affinity for ATP, as compared to the native enzyme. Butanedione modification is inhibited by adenine nucleotides. These results indicate the involvement of most likely one crucial arginyl residue in adenine nucleotide binding by the ATPase.
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Pedersen PL, Carafoli E. Ion motive ATPases. I. Ubiquity, properties, and significance to cell function. Trends Biochem Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(87)90071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Kristjansson H, Sadler MH, Hochstein LI. Halobacterial adenosine triphosphatases and the adenosine triphosphatase fromHalobacterium saccharovorum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Billich A, Stockhowe U, Witzel H. Nucleoside phosphotransferase from malt sprouts. II. Studies on the active site and the phospho-intermediate. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1986; 367:279-90. [PMID: 3013236 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1986.367.1.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The phospho-intermediate formed in the reaction of the nucleoside phosphotransferase is an acyl phosphate, the phosphorus bound to the gamma-carboxylate group of a glutamic acid. Reduction of this intermediate with sodium cyanoborotritiide yields labeled 2-amino-5-hydroxyvaleric acid after hydrolysis of the protein. Nucleophilic trapping of the intermediate with hydroxylamine during the reaction with substrates leads to N-phosphohydroxylamine, which is the only reaction product at a higher concentration of hydroxylamine. Evidence is obtained from modification experiments that in addition to the carboxylate group a histidine is involved in the reaction. The pKa-value for the histidine derived from the photoinactivation of the enzyme is 7.6, indicating that this group forms a salt bridge to a carboxylate group, probably that group attacking the phosphorus. The acceptor nucleosides are bound only by hydrophobic interactions of the base, a conclusion obtained from fluorescence studies and quenching experiments. The hydrophobic interaction obviously does not involve pi-interactions to tyrosine and tryptophan residues, since their fluorescence is not affected by addition of nucleotide inhibitors. Modification of these residues leads only to unspecific inactivation. From the Scatchard plot of the titration of the enzyme with 1,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-phosphoramidate, an efficient inhibitor (Kd = 1.2 X 10(-5) M), it can be concluded that there is only one binding site on the dimeric enzyme.
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Fry IV, Huflejt M, Erber WW, Peschek GA, Packer L. The role of respiration during adaptation of the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6311 to salinity. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 244:686-91. [PMID: 3004347 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth of the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6311 under saline conditions stimulated respiration tenfold during the first 24 h, while growth and photosynthesis were inhibited. The elevated respiration rate was seen under both light and dark conditions, was uncoupler and cyanide sensitive, and did not decrease upon salt removal. Membrane preparations from salt-grown cells exhibited a tenfold increase in cytochrome oxidase activity, while electron transfer rates from NADPH to cytochrome c only increased threefold. Cytochrome oxidase activities were correlated with levels of EPR detectable Cu2+ in the salt and control membranes. Sodium-driven proton (antiproter) gradients in salt-grown cells were sensitive to cyanide but not dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, indicating the direct role of respiratory electron transport in maintaining low intracellular sodium levels.
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