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Li AM, Ye J. The PHGDH enigma: Do cancer cells only need serine or also a redox modulator? Cancer Lett 2020; 476:97-105. [PMID: 32032680 PMCID: PMC7092752 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of serine biosynthesis pathway activity is an increasingly apparent feature of many cancers. Most notably, the first rate-limiting enzyme of the pathway, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), is genomically amplified in some melanomas and breast cancers and can be transcriptionally regulated by various tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Yet emerging evidence suggests that serine-in particular, serine biosynthetic pathway activity-may promote cancer in ways beyond providing the building blocks to support cell proliferation. Here, we summarize how mammalian cells tightly control serine synthesis before discussing alternate ways in which increased serine synthetic flux through PHGDH may benefit cancer cells, such as maintenance of TCA cycle flux through alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) and modulation of cellular redox balance. We will also provide an overview of the current landscape of therapeutics targeting serine synthesis and offer a perspective on future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Formoso E, Grande-Aztatzi R, Lopez X. Does phosphorylation increase the binding affinity of aluminum? A computational study on the aluminum interaction with serine and O-phosphoserine. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 192:33-44. [PMID: 30594864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several toxic effects arise from aluminum's presence in living systems, one of these effects is to alter the natural role of enzymes and non-enzyme proteins. Aluminum promotes the hyperphosphorylation of normal proteins. In order to assess the aluminum-binding abilities of phosphorylated proteins and peptides, the interaction of aluminum at different pH with serine and phosphoserine is studied by a Density Functional Theory study, combined with polarizable continuum models to account for bulk solvent effects, and the electronic structure of selected complexes are analyzed by Quantum Theory of "Atoms in Molecules". Our results confirm the high ability of aluminum to bind polypeptides as the pH lowers. Moreover, the phosphorylation of the building blocks increases the affinity for aluminum, in particular at physiological pH. Finally, aluminum shows a tendency to be chelated forming different size rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Formoso
- Farmazia Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Euskadi, Spain; Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain.
| | | | - Xabier Lopez
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain; Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
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Abstract
l-Serine is the immediate precursor of d-serine, a major agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. l-Serine is a pivotal amino acid since it serves as a precursor to a large number of essential metabolites besides d-serine. In all non-photosynthetic organisms, including mammals, a major source of l-serine is the phosphorylated pathway of l-serine biosynthesis. The pathway consists of three enzymes, d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH), phosphoserine amino transferase (PSAT), and l-phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP). PGDH catalyzes the first step in the pathway by converting d-3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), an intermediate in glycolysis, to phosphohydroxypyruvate (PHP) concomitant with the reduction of NAD+. In some, but not all organisms, the catalytic activity of PGDH can be regulated by feedback inhibition by l-serine. Three types of PGDH can be distinguished based on their domain structure. Type III PGDHs contain only a nucleotide binding and substrate binding domain. Type II PGDHs contain an additional regulatory domain (ACT domain), and Type I PGDHs contain a fourth domain, termed the ASB domain. There is no consistent pattern of domain content that correlates with organism type, and even when additional domains are present, they are not always functional. PGDH deficiency results in metabolic defects of the nervous system whose systems range from microcephaly at birth, seizures, and psychomotor retardation. Although deficiency of any of the pathway enzymes have similar outcomes, PGDH deficiency is predominant. Dietary or intravenous supplementation with l-serine is effective in controlling seizures but has little effect on psychomotor development. An increase in PGDH levels, due to overexpression, is also associated with a wide array of cancers. In culture, PGDH is required for tumor cell proliferation, but extracellular l-serine is not able to support cell proliferation. This has led to the hypothesis that the pathway is performing some function related to tumor growth other than supplying l-serine. The most well-studied PGDHs are bacterial, primarily from Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, perhaps because they have been of most interest mechanistically. However, the relatively recent association of PGDH with neuronal defects and human cancers has provoked renewed interest in human PGDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Grant
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Wu X, Sun H, Xue M, Wang D, Guan LL, Liu J. Serum metabolome profiling revealed potential biomarkers for milk protein yield in dairy cows. J Proteomics 2018; 184:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kawabata S, Terao Y, Hamada S. Molecular cloning, sequence and characterization of a novel streptococcal phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase gene. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 15:58-62. [PMID: 11155166 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a Streptococcus mutans serA gene that encodes D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase has been determined. The gene consisted of 1308-bp nucleotides coding for a 436-amino-acid polypeptide (48,546 Da). The deduced amino acid sequence showed a 66% identity with SerA from Bacillus subtilis and possessed specific residues (G-R-P-N-V-G) in the coenzyme-binding domain, alpha B helix. Recombinant streptococcal SerA was expressed using pMAL-c2 expression vector and purified by amylose resin affinity chromatography and DEAE-Sephacel column chromatography. This SerA enzyme catalyzed detectable reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutaric acid. These findings indicate that the novel streptococcal phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, SerA, is a member of a D-isomer-specific family of 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawabata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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Ho CL, Noji M, Saito K. Plastidic pathway of serine biosynthesis. Molecular cloning and expression of 3-phosphoserine phosphatase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:11007-12. [PMID: 10196182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.16.11007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, Ser is biosynthesized by two different pathways: a photorespiratory pathway via Gly and a plastidic pathway via the phosphorylated metabolites from 3-phosphoglycerate. In contrast to the better characterization of the photorespiratory pathway at a molecular level, the molecular regulation and significance of the plastidic pathway are not yet well understood. An Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA encoding 3-phosphoserine phosphatase, the enzyme that is responsible for the conversion of 3-phosphoserine to Ser in the final step of the plastidic pathway of Ser biosynthesis, was cloned by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli serB- mutant. The 1.1-kilobase pair full-length cDNA, encoding 295 amino acids in its open reading frame, contains a putative organelle targeting presequence. Chloroplastic targeting has been demonstrated by particle gun bombardment using an N-terminal 60-amino acid green fluorescence protein fusion protein. Southern hybridization suggested the existence of a single-copy gene that mapped to chromosome 1. 3-Phosphoserine phosphatase enzyme activity was detected in vitro in the overexpressed protein in E. coli. Northern analysis revealed preferential gene expression in leaf and root tissues of light-grown plants with an approximately 1.5-fold abundance in the root compared with the leaf tissues. This indicates the possible role of the plastidic pathway in supplying Ser to non-photosynthetic tissues, in contrast to the function of the photorespiratory pathway in photosynthetic tissues. This work completes the molecular cloning and characterization of the three genes involved in the plastidic pathway of Ser biosynthesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Abstract
A number of apparently unrelated factors are known to have a profound effect on the metabolism of cultured mammalian cells; and some of these may be operative as metabolic controls in the whole animal as well. The more complete exploration of (i) homotypic and heterotypic cellular interactions, (ii) the spontaneous transformations sometimes observed in cultured cells, (iii) the mode of action of cytotoxic agents, (iv) the multiple metabolic effects of viral infection, and (v) the conditions necessary for the maintenance of specialized function in cultured cells, can be expected to throw light on the basic mechanisms underlying such complex processes as differentiation, senescence, and cancer.
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Zhao G, Winkler ME. A novel alpha-ketoglutarate reductase activity of the serA-encoded 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli K-12 and its possible implications for human 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:232-9. [PMID: 8550422 PMCID: PMC177644 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.1.232-239.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli serA-encoded 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) dehydrogenase catalyzes the first step of the major phosphorylated pathway of L-serine (Ser) biosynthesis. The SerA enzyme is evolutionarily related to the pdxB gene product, 4-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the second step in one branch of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate coenzyme biosynthesis. Both the Ser and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthetic pathways use the serC(pdxF)-encoded transaminase in their next steps. In an analysis of these parallel pathways, we attempted to couple the transaminase and dehydrogenase reactions in the reverse direction. Unexpectedly, we found that the SerA enzyme catalyzes a previously undetected reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha KG) to 2-hydroxyglutaric acid (HGA). Numerous criteria ruled out the possibility that this SerA alpha KG reductase activity was caused by contamination in the substrate or purified enzyme preparations. HGA was confirmed as the product of the SerA alpha KG reductase reaction by thin-layer chromatography and by enzyme assays showing that both the D- and L-isomers of HGA were substrates for the reverse (dehydrogenase) reaction. Detailed steady-state kinetic analyses showed that alpha KG reduction (apparent Michaelis-Menten constant [Km(app)] = 88 microM; apparent catalytic constant [kcat(app)] = 33.3 s-1) and 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate reduction (Km(app) = 3.2 microM; kcatapp = 27.8 s-1), which is the reverse reaction of 3PG oxidation, were the major in vitro activities of the SerA enzyme. The SerA alpha KG reductase was inhibited by Ser, D-HGA, 3PG, and glycine (Gly), whereas the D-HGA dehydrogenase was inhibited by Ser, alpha KG, 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate, and Gly. The implications of these findings for the regulation of Ser biosynthesis, the recycling of NADH, and the enzymology of 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases are discussed. Since the same pathway of Ser biosynthesis seems to be present in all organisms, these results suggest that a mutation in the human SerA homolog may contribute to the neurometabolic diseases D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which lead to the accumulation of D-HGA and L-HGA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Houston Medical School 77030-1501, USA
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Nudelman E, Levery S, Igarashi Y, Hakomori S. Plasmalopsychosine, a novel plasmal (fatty aldehyde) conjugate of psychosine with cyclic acetal linkage. Isolation and characterization from human brain white matter. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Veeranna, Shetty KT. Phosphoserine phosphatase of human brain: partial purification, characterization, regional distribution, and effect of certain modulators including psychoactive drugs. Neurochem Res 1990; 15:1203-10. [PMID: 1965857 DOI: 10.1007/bf01208581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPase), a cytosolic enzyme has been purified 106 fold from human brain, by employing conventional protein purification techniques. The use of MgCl2 (10 mM) and chloroform treatment, during purification enabled the removal of non-specific proteins. The final enzyme preparation exhibited a broad pH optimum of 5.6-6.6 and could dephosphorylate both L and D enantiomers of the phosphoserine, but with different Km values for O-P-L serine (3.6 x 10(-5) M) and O-P-D serine (1 x 10(-4) M). Enzyme activity was found to be specific for phosphoserine, whereas other phosphoesters including phosphothreonine and phosphoproteins such as casein and phosvitin were found to be poor substrates. The enzyme activity was uncompetitively inhibited by L-serine. Further the PSPase activity was inhibited by vanadate, (41%), trifluoperazine (23%), chlorpromazine (34%) at an equimolar concentration of 1 mM, whereas lithium and ethanol did not influence the enzyme activity. Minor tranquilizers such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide activated the enzyme activity to an extent of 13% and 59% respectively. In addition, species and regionwise heterogeneity was observed with respect to distribution of enzyme activity in six major areas of human, rabbit and rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeranna
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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13
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Tobey KL, Grant GA. The nucleotide sequence of the serA gene of Escherichia coli and the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein, D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Ellis LL, Burcham JM, Paynter KT, Bishop SH. Amino acid metabolism in euryhaline bivalves: regulation of glycine accumulation in ribbed mussel gills. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1985; 233:347-58. [PMID: 3919146 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402330303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycine levels in isolated ribbed mussel (Modiolus demissus) gill tissue increased slightly and decreased markedly when incubated at high and low salinities, respectively. Low levels of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of serine from triose phosphate intermediates, the serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and serine dehydrase were detected in gill tissue homogenates. Experiments using gill tissue incubated with (U-14C)-glycine and (U-14C)-serine indicated interconversion between serine and glycine and transfer of label to alanine, asparate, glutamate, CO2, organic acids, and protein. Glyoxylate was metabolized more slowly than glycine and was probably converted to glycine for catabolism. Studies using (1-14C)-glycine and (2-14C)-glycine with isolated gill tissue and mitochondria indicated that the mitochondrial glycine cleavage enzyme was the major route of glycine catabolism. Metabolic controls activating or inhibiting the glycine cleavage enzyme regulate tissue glycine accumulation and catabolism during hypersalinity or hyposalinity stress.
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Snell K. Enzymes of serine metabolism in normal, developing and neoplastic rat tissues. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1984; 22:325-400. [PMID: 6089514 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(84)90021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellular pattern of serine metabolism was conceptualized into four main areas of metabolic sequences: the biosynthesis of serine from intermediates of the glycolytic pathway (the so-called "phosphorylated pathway"); and alternative pathways of serine utilization initiated by serine dehydratase, serine aminotransferase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase. The known regulatory and adaptive properties of the enzymes involved in these pathways were reviewed in detail and key enzymes associated with each pathway (phosphoserine aminotransferase, serine dehydratase, serine aminotransferase, and serine hydroxymethyltransferase, respectively) were selected for further investigation. Tissue distribution studies in the rat revealed that whereas serine dehydratase and serine aminotransferase activities were largely confined to the liver, phosphoserine aminotransferase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase activities were more broadly distributed. In particular in tissues with a high rate of cell turnover, phosphoserine aminotransferase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase activities were coordinately increased. An increase in serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity coincided temporally with the incorporation of [3-14C]serine and thymidine into DNA in normal human lymphocytes during proliferation after mitogenic stimulation by phytohemagglutinin. The evidence suggested a primarily gluconeogenic role for serine dehydratase and serine aminotransferase. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase has a role in providing glycine and one-carbon folate co-factors as precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis and in some situations serves to metabolically couple the pathway of serine biosynthesis to utilization for de novo purine and pyrimidine synthesis. Multiple enzymic forms were distinguished for serine dehydratase, serine aminotransferase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase. For serine dehydratase the two cytosolic multiple forms had no apparent functional significance; the multiple forms were catalytically unmodified by conditions promoting phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in vitro. The mitochondrial form of serine aminotransferase showed adaptive responses in gluconeogenic situations, and the hypothesis was proposed that the mitochondrial isoenzyme of serine hydroxymethyltransferase is associated together with serine aminotransferase in a pathway for gluconeogenesis from protein-derived amino acids such as glycine and hydroxyproline. The adaptive behaviour of the enzymes during the neonatal development of rat liver revealed that serine aminotransferase reached a peak in the mid-suckling period at a time when gluconeogenesis is known to be increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Merrill DK, McAlexander JC, Guynn RW. Equilibrium constants under physiological conditions for the reactions of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and L-phosphoserine aminotransferase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 212:717-29. [PMID: 7198894 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Allen RW, Moskowitz M. Arrest of cell growth in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by serine deprivation. Exp Cell Res 1978; 116:127-37. [PMID: 699986 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Allen RW, Moskowitz M. Regulation of the rate of protein synthesis in BHK21 cells by exogenous serine. Exp Cell Res 1978; 116:139-52. [PMID: 699987 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Isom HC, Pizer LI. Growth dependence of phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase activity in cultured rat liver cells. J Cell Physiol 1978; 95:139-50. [PMID: 206565 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040950203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rat liver epithelial cells in culture (WIRL-3C) have the enzymes that synthesize serine from 3-phophoglyceric acid. Both phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase (PGAD) and serine-phosphate (serine-P) forming activities fluctuate with time after subculture and are higher in growing than confluent cells. This activity pattern was not common for other dehydrogenases in WIRL-3C cells, nor was it common for PGAD activity in other cultured cells. At time of subculture, cells are removed from spent medium, treated with trypsin, and fed fresh medium. None of these parameters causes the rise in activity; in contrast, reduction in cell density and the accompanying stimulation of growth do. PGAD activity decreases when growth is slowed either as the cells progress to the end of the culture cycle, when cells are treated with dexamethasone-phosphate (Dx-P) or dibutyryl cyclic AMP(cAMP) and theophylline or when the serum concentration of the medium is reduced to 0.2%. Under these conditions, decreased PGAD activity is paralleled by a decline in growth and DNA accumulation. PGAD activity in WIRL-3C cells is regulated in a manner closely resembling what has been observed previously in rat liver from the whole animal. The possible use of this system in studying regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells is discussed.
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Dufresne MJ, MacLeod J, Rogers J, Sanwal BD. Serine auxotrophy of myoblasts in primary and secondary culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 70:1085-90. [PMID: 942431 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)91013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Goldsmith LA, O'Barr T. Serine biosynthesis in human hair follicles by the phosphorylated pathway: follicular 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. J Invest Dermatol 1976; 66:360-6. [PMID: 945314 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12482972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis was demonstrated in human hair bulbs and sheaths by the formation of phosphoserine and serine from (14C)3-phosphoglyceric acid. The initial and rate limiting enzyme of the pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH) was demonstrated by enzyme determinations in human and rat hair follicles, human epidermis, and chicken epidermis. Follicular 3-PGDH was characterized using a sensitive fluorometric assay with NADH as a co-substrate. Monovalent cations (Na+, K+, Li+, or NH4+) were necessary for full enzyme activity. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibited activity, and activity was 3 times higher with NADH as a co-substrate than with NADPH. The apparent Km for the substrate hydroxyphosphopyruvic acid was 32.8 muM, and the apparent Km for NADH 4.8 muM similar to the Kms for other mammalian 3-PGDHs. Enzyme activity was not altered by parenteral corticosteroids, a high carbohydrate diet, low protein diet, or starvation. Enzyme activity decreased over the first 12 days of life in newborn rats. The phosphorylated pathway of serine synthesis provides a potential nondietary and nonhepatic source of serine, glycine, and their products in keratinizing tissues.
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Saski R, Pizer LI. Regulatory properties of purified 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 51:415-27. [PMID: 168067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb03941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-phosphoglycerate:NAD oxidoreductase, EC. 1.1.1.95) was purified from Bacillus subtilis by conventional methods. The final preparation was homogeneous by electrophoretic analysis and had a sedimentation constant of 6.3 S. On the basis of gel filtration data the enzyme had a molecular weight of about 166000. The plot of velocity versus phosphoglycerate concentration was biphasic while similar plots for hydroxypyruvate phosphate and NADH were the conventional hyperbolic type. The enzyme was specifically inhibited by serine. The inhibition was time dependent, requiring several minutes incubation before a constant level of inhibition was achieved. Serine inhibition was of the "mixed type" with respect to 3-phosphoglycerate and Hill plots of these data had slopes that approached 2. Desensitization of the enzyme to serine inhibition was achieved by incubation in the absence of dithiothreitol. The desensitized enzyme was different from the native enzyme in fluoresence properties, sedimentation characteristics and in the absence of the biphasic phosphoglycerate saturation curve. Evidence was obtained for the participation of sulphydryl groups in the changes in protein structure responsible for serine inhibition as well as the dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme.
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Feld RD, Sallach HJ. Comparison of D-glycerate dehydrogenases from beef liver, beef spinal cord and hog spinal cord. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 166:417-25. [PMID: 804293 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Stauffer GV, Baker CA, Brenchley JE. Regulation of serine transhydroxymethylase activity in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:1017-25. [PMID: 4373434 PMCID: PMC245879 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.3.1017-1025.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of serine transhydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1.; l-serine:tetrahydrofolic-5,10-hydroxymethyltransferase) has been investigated in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Our results indicate that limitation of a methionine auxotroph for methionine does not cause derepression of this enzyme as reported for Escherichia coli. However, a sixfold decrease in specific activity was observed when S. typhimurium cells were grown in glucose minimal medium supplemented with serine, glycine, methionine, adenine, guanine, and thymine. None of these compounds added to the growth medium individually produced more than a 42% reduction of wild-type enzyme activity. This enhanced repression by the combination of compounds suggests a form of cumulative repression of this enzyme. Growth of serine and thymine auxotrophs, with the respective requirement of each limiting, did not result in increased enzyme activity. However, growth of a purine auxotroph with a limiting amount of either guanine or inosine resulted in a five- to sevenfold increase in enzyme activity. A second condition causing significant derepression (fourfold increase) above the levels observed with cells grown in minimal medium was the addition of 0.5 mug of trimethoprim per ml, an inhibitor of the dihydrofolate reductase activity. (A partial report on this work was presented at 1974 meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.)
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Regulation of serine dehydratase and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase by proteins and essential amino acids. Nutr Rev 1974; 32:88-9. [PMID: 4593260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Feld RD, Sallach H. Purification and properties of hydroxypyruvate: l-Alanine transaminase from rabbit liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mauron J, Mottu F, Spohr G. Reciprocal induction and repression of serine dehydratase and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase by proteins and dietary-essential amino acids in rat liver. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 32:331-42. [PMID: 4347092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Cell-free extracts of Bacillus subtilis strains GSY and 168 convert (14)C-phosphoglycerate to (14)C-serine phosphate and (14)C-serine. These reactions indicate a functional phosphorylated pathway for serine biosynthesis in these cells. The addition of serine to the incubation mixture inhibited the formation of both radioactive products. Extracts of mutant strains that require serine for growth lacked the capacity to synthesize serine phosphate, confirming that the phosphorylated pathway was the only functional pathway available for serine synthesis. Serine phosphate phosphatase and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity were demonstrated in cell extracts, and the phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase was shown to be inhibited specifically by l-serine. The extent of serine inhibition increased when the temperature was raised from 25 to 37 C, and the thermal stability of the enzyme was enhanced by the presence of the inhibitor serine or the coenzyme reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. At 37 C the curve representing the relationship between phosphoglycerate concentration and enzyme velocity was biphasic, and the serine inhibition which was competitive at low substrate concentrations became noncompetitive at higher concentrations.
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Ulane R, Ogur M. Genetic and physiological control of serine and glycine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces. J Bacteriol 1972; 109:34-43. [PMID: 4333378 PMCID: PMC247248 DOI: 10.1128/jb.109.1.34-43.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the three known metabolic pathways to serine and glycine have been shown to be present in prototrophic yeast strains, i.e., the phosphorylated pathway from glycolytic intermediates and the glyoxylate pathway from tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Two serine-glycine auxotrophs (ser1 and ser2) were found to be blocked in the phosphoglycerate pathway. The ser1 gene controls l-glutamate:phosphohydroxypyruvate transaminase biosynthesis, and the ser2 gene controls phosphoserine phosphatase biosynthesis. The other pathway to glycine, from isocitrate, is repressed by growth in glucose media, specifically, at isocitrate lyase and at the alanine:glyoxylate transaminase. This pathway is derepressed by growth to stationary phase in glucose media yielding high activity of these enzymes. The phosphorylated pathway appears to be the principal biosynthetic pathway to serine and glycine during growth on sugar media. Strains which are serine-glycine dependent in glucose media became capable of serine-glycine independent growth on acetate media. These results describe a method of physiological control of a secondary metabolic pathway allowing a single lesion in the principal biosynthetic pathway to produce auxotrophy. This may be termed conditional auxotrophy.
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Uhr ML, Sneddon MK. Glycine and serine inhibition of D-glycerate dehydrogenase and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase of rat brain. FEBS Lett 1971; 17:137-140. [PMID: 11946015 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L. Uhr
- Department of Physiology, Australian National University, A.C.T. 2601, Canberra, Australia
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Rosenblum IY, Antkowiak DH, Sallach HJ, Flanders LE, Fahien LA. Purification and regulatory properties of beef liver D-glycerate dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 144:375-83. [PMID: 4330130 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Davis JL, Fallon HJ. Studies on the Role of 3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase in the Regulation of Serine Biosynthesis in Rat Liver. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Bridgers WF. The relationship of the metabolic regulation of serine to phospholipid and one-carbon metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(70)90065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jamdar SC, Greengard O. Phosphoserine phosphatase: development formation and hormonal regulation in rat tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 134:228-32. [PMID: 4310222 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Knox WE, Herzfeld A, Hudson J. Phosphoserine phosphatase distribution in normal and neoplastic rat tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 132:397-403. [PMID: 4307821 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cheung GP, Cotropia JP, Sallach HJ. The effects of dietary protein on the hepatic enzymes of serine metabolism in the rabbit. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 129:672-82. [PMID: 4304213 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cagen LM, Friedmann HC. Enzymatic phosphorylation of serine by inorganic pyrophosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968; 33:528-33. [PMID: 4301878 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(68)90608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Suda M. A view of the comparison of the regulation of enzymes in mammalian and microbial systems. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1967; 5:181-209. [PMID: 4177445 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(67)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fallon HJ. Regulatory phenomena in mammalian serine metabolism. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1967; 5:107-20. [PMID: 4301789 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(67)90012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Grillo MA, Fossa T, Coghe M. Synthesis of serine in the liver of vertebrates. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1966; 19:589-96. [PMID: 6008344 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(66)90041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Pizer LI. Comparative enzymology of serine biosynthesis in mammalian systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 124:418-20. [PMID: 5968914 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Eagle H, Washington CL, Levy M. End Product Control of Amino Acid Synthesis by Cultured Human Cells. J Biol Chem 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)97133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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