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Mitchell P. Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. 1966. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1807:1507-38. [PMID: 22082452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
50 years ago Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1978. His comprehensive review on chemiosmotic coupling known as the first "Grey Book", has been reprinted here with permission, to offer an electronic record and easy access to this important contribution to the biochemical literature. This remarkable account of Peter Mitchell's ideas originally published in 1966 is a landmark and must-read publication for any scientist in the field of bioenergetics. As far as was possible, the wording and format of the original publication have been retained. Some changes were required for consistency with BBA formats though these do not affect scientific meaning. A scanned version of the original publication is also provided as a downloadable file in Supplementary Information and can be found online at doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.018. See also Editorial in this issue by Peter R. Rich. Original title: CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING IN OXIDATIVE AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION, by Peter Mitchell, Glynn Research Laboratories, Bodmin, Cornwall, England.
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Clayton RK. Photochemical Reaction Centers and Photosynthetic Membranes. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470143674.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Mitchell P. Translocations through natural membranes. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 29:33-87. [PMID: 4235731 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122747.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lehninger AL, Carafoli E, Rossi CS. Energy-linked ion movements in mitochondrial systems. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 29:259-320. [PMID: 4881885 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122747.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Strid Å, Karlsson IM, Baltscheffsky M. Demonstration of ΔpH- and Δψ-induced synthesis of inorganic pyrophosphate in chromatophores fromRhodospirillum rubrum. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Semenova GA, Agafonov AV, Opanasenko VK. Light-induced reversible local fusions of thylakoid membranes in the presence of dibucaine or tetracaine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1285:29-37. [PMID: 8948472 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(96)00143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of structural changes in pea chloroplasts in the presence of 25-50 microM dibucaine or tetracaine has been examined using electron microscopy. The light-induced uptake of anesthetic cations by thylakoids is attended by the appearance of local fusions of stroma-exposed thylakoid membranes. The first membrane protrusions and interthylakoid contacts are observed after 4 s illumination and they become numerous by 10 s. As a result, a network of anastomoses is formed which is maintained during at least 10 min. These effects are reversible in the dark and can be reproduced several times. The formation of membrane fusions is inhibited by the addition of protonophore. It is supposed that the energy-dependent uptake of protonated anesthetics by thylakoids leads to an increase in positive surface charge and thus a lateral pressure on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane. The appearance of membrane protrusions (crinkles) having the positive curvature of their inner surface may be considered as a way of compensating for lateral pressure. Presumably, anastomoses result from the fusion of crinkles to adjacent thylakoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Semenova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
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Prebble JN. Successful theory development in biology: a consideration of the theories of oxidative phosphorylation proposed by Davies and Krebs, Williams and Mitchell. Biosci Rep 1996; 16:207-15. [PMID: 8842371 DOI: 10.1007/bf01207335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemiosmotic theory is normally attributed to Peter Mitchell's formulation published in Nature in 1961. However, the essential elements of the theory were published 9 years earlier by Davies and Krebs. Why, then, was this earlier formulation overlooked? The success of Mitchell's theory is examined in comparison with those of Davies and Krebs and of Williams.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Prebble
- Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, England
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Ho YK, Liu CJ, Saunders DR, Wang JH. Light dependence of the decay of the proton gradient in broken chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 547:149-60. [PMID: 37901 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The initial rates and steady-state values of proton uptake by broken chloroplasts have been measured as functions of light intensity at various concentrations of chlorophyll, pyocyanine, supporting electrolyte, buffer, as well as pH and temperature. Kinetics analysis of the data shows that the rate of decay of proton gradient due to backward leakage depends on light intensity. Under steady illumination, the decay constant kL is equal to kD + mR0, where R0 is the initial rate of proton uptake which is a function of light intensity, kD is the decay constant in the dark and m is a parameter which is independent of light intensity. Treatment of chloroplasts with lysolecithin, neutral detergent, 2,4-dinitrophenol, or valinomycin in the presence of K+ increases kD without affecting m. Treatment with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or adenylyl imidodiphosphate under appropriate conditions decreases m without affectsity and hence m = 0. These results suggest that the light-dependent part (mR0) of kL is due to leakage of protons through the coupling factor (CF1-CF0) complex which can open or close depending on light intensity and that the light independent part (kD) of the decay constant kL is due to proton leakage elsewhere.
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A chloroplast membrane conformational change activated by electron transport between the region of photosystem II and plastoquinone. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01648984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chemically and Physically Induced Luminescence as a Probe of Photosynthetic Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152505-7.50010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Wyatt PJ. Chapter VI Differential Light Scattering Techniques for Microbiology. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Heath RL, Hind G. Bromocresol Purple and Ethyl Red as Indicators of Events Linked to Changes in the Energization of Chloroplast Membranes. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ito S, Murata N, Takamiya A. Studies on the delayed light emission in spinach chloroplasts. I. Nature of two phases in development of the millisecond delayed light emission during intermittent illumination. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 245:109-20. [PMID: 5002353 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(71)90013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Nelson N, Nelson H, Naim Y, Neumann J. Effect of pyridine on the light-induced pH rise and postillumination ATP synthesis in chloroplasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 145:263-7. [PMID: 5123141 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tzapin AI, Molotkovsky YG, Goldfield MG, Dzjubenko VS. Light-induced structural transitions of chloroplasts studied by the spin-probe method. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 20:218-24. [PMID: 4327093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Coupling of Ion and Electron Transport in Chloroplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152504-0.50012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Polya GM, Jagendorf AT. Inactivation of energy-linked functions of chloroplasts by polyanions at low pH. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 138:540-50. [PMID: 4247193 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Whittingham CP. The mechanism of photosynthesis and the structure of the chloroplast. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1970; 21:125-41. [PMID: 4913286 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(70)90024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Murata N, Sugahara K. Control of excitation transfer in photosynthesis. 3. Light-induced decrease of chlorophyll a fluorescence related to photophosphorylation system in spinach chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 189:182-92. [PMID: 5350446 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(69)90046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Wyatt PJ. Differential light scattering: a physical method for identifying living bacterial cells. APPLIED OPTICS 1968; 7:1879-96. [PMID: 20068905 DOI: 10.1364/ao.7.001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Differential light scattering techniques appear to represent an attractive physical method for the rapid identification of various microorganisms. Certain general results of inverse scattering theory suggest strongly that characteristic of each distinct microorganism that scatters light is an essentially unique scattering pattern, i.e., unique differential scattered intensity and polarization. Although a mathematically rigorous inversion procedure seems impractical at this time, the use of detailed differential scattered intensity data as an identification fingerprint shows considerable. promise. Published measurements on nonbiological scatterers confirm this possibility. A variety of calculations are presented that contrast the expected scattering characteristics of certain microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, B. anthracis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and the spores of B. mcgaterium and B. cereus. Experimental and instrumentation difficulties and possible procedures are discussed. A review and laboration of some applicable features of Rayleigh-Gans scattering are included as an appendix.
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Packer L, Allen JM, Starks M. Light-induced ion tranpsort in glutaraldehyde-fixed chloroplasts: studies with nigericin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 128:142-52. [PMID: 5677174 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Specht-Jürgensen I, Lutz H, Bachofen R. Exchange reaction between ATP and labelled pyrophosphate by isolated spinach chloroplasts. FEBS Lett 1968; 1:265-267. [PMID: 11945314 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(68)80080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Specht-Jürgensen I, Bachofen R. [Studies on the light-induced ATP-Pi exchange reaction with spinach chloroplasts]. PLANTA 1968; 79:222-234. [PMID: 24522871 DOI: 10.1007/bf00396029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/1967] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Light induced the formation of an energy pool in chloroplast fragments which was emptied within 20-30 min in the dark, while an ATP-Pi exchange was going on.The exchange reaction was dependent on Mg(2+) and was inhibited by NH 4 (+) but not by ADP. The optimum pH in the light and in the dark stage of the reaction lay between pH 7.5 and 8.The high energy intermediate was formed only in the presence of DTT in the light stage; phosphate had no influence on the formation of the intermediate in that period, but increased its stability in the dark.The relation between both high energy intermediates, that of the light-induced ATP-Pi exchange reaction and that of the light-induced ATP synthesis, is discussed in its meaning for the hypothesis of chemiosmotic phosphorylation.
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Molotkovsky YG, Dzyubenko VS. Regulation of light-induced swelling of isolated chloroplasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1967; 29:298-302. [PMID: 4229478 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(67)90452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dilley RA, Park RB, Branton D. ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF THE LIGHT-INDUCED CHLOROPLAST SHRINKAGE. Photochem Photobiol 1967. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1967.tb08887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shavit N, Avron M. The relation of electron transport and photophosphorylation to conformational changes in chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 131:516-25. [PMID: 6037352 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(67)90011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Active Transport and Ion Accumulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9712-8.50013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Photosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9716-6.50015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Crofts AR, Deamer DW, Packer L. Mechanisms of light-induced structural change in chloroplasts II. The role of ion movements in volume changes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(67)90033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Packer L, Barnard AC. Preservation of photophosphorylation in glycerinated chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 126:443-8. [PMID: 4381619 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6585(66)90003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Uncoupling and Energy Transfer Inhibition in Photophosphorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9969-6.50009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Packer L, Siegenthaler PA. Control of chloroplast structure by light. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1966; 20:97-124. [PMID: 5337303 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kinetics and Intermediates of the Oxygen Evolution Step in Photosynthesis1 1This investigation was supported in part by the Aerospace Medical Division (AF 41(609)–2369), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASw–747), and the National Institutes of Health (PH 43–63–36). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9969-6.50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Hind G, Jagendorf AT. Effect of Uncouplers on the Conformational and High Energy States of Chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)97308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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