1
|
Yousaf S, Arshad M, Harraz FA, Masood R, Zia MA, Jalalah M, Faisal M. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of streptokinase by comparison with the thrombolytic agent on animal model. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e271083. [PMID: 38422281 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.271083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), often lead to blood clot formation, impacting blood circulation. Streptokinase, a cost-effective and widely available thrombolytic agent, is crucial in treating thrombosis. This study aimed to produce streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes EBL-48 and compare its efficacy with heparin in an animal model. We evaluated the clot-lysing effectiveness of streptokinase produced from Streptococcus pyogenes EBL-48, emphasizing its low cost and ease of production. Streptokinase was produced using pre-optimized fermentation media and purified through ion exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. In vivo analysis involved inducing clots in a trial animal model using ferric chloride, comparing streptokinase with heparin. Ultrasonography assessed the clot-lysing activity of streptokinase. Streptokinase (47 kDa) effectively lysed clots, proving its low cost, easy production, and minimal adverse effects. Ultrasonography confirmed its fibrinolytic efficacy. These findings highlight potential as an affordable and easily produced thrombolytic agent, particularly relevant in resource-limited settings. Streptokinase efficacy and minimal adverse effects make it a promising option for thrombolytic therapy, especially in economically constrained regions. Future studies could optimize production techniques, explore different strains, and conduct clinical trials for human validation. Comparative studies with other thrombolytic agents would enhance understanding of their advantages and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yousaf
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Department of Biochemistry, Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Arshad
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Department of Basic Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - F A Harraz
- Najran University, Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre - AMNRC, Najran, Saudi Arabia
- Najran University, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Department of Chemistry, Sharurah Saudi Arabia
| | - R Masood
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Department of Biochemistry, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - M A Zia
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Department of Biochemistry, Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Jalalah
- Najran University, Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre - AMNRC, Najran, Saudi Arabia
- Najran University, College of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Faisal
- Najran University, Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre - AMNRC, Najran, Saudi Arabia
- Najran University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng Z, Nallan Chakravarthula T, Muralidharan C, Hall A, Linnemann AK, Alves NJ. Fluorescently conjugated annular fibrin clot for multiplexed real-time digestion analysis. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9295-9307. [PMID: 34698753 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Impaired fibrinolysis has long been considered as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Fibrin clots formed at physiological concentrations are promising substrates for monitoring fibrinolytic performance as they offer clot microstructures resembling in vivo. Here we introduce a fluorescently labeled fibrin clot lysis assay which leverages a unique annular clot geometry assayed using a microplate reader. A physiologically relevant fibrin clotting formulation was explored to achieve high assay sensitivity while minimizing labeling impact as fluorescence isothiocyanate (FITC)-fibrin(ogen) conjugations significantly affect both fibrin polymerization and fibrinolysis. Clot characteristics were examined using thromboelastography (TEG), turbidity, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Sample fibrinolytic activities at varying plasmin, plasminogen, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) concentrations were assessed in the present study and results were compared to an S2251 chromogenic assay. The optimized physiologically relevant clot substrate showed minimal reporter-conjugation impact with nearly physiological clot properties. The assay demonstrated good reproducibility, wide working range, kinetic read ability, low limit of detection, and the capability to distinguish fibrin binding-related lytic performance. In combination with its ease for multiplexing, it also has applications as a convenient platform for assessing patient fibrinolytic potential and screening thrombolytic drug activities in personalized medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr Rm. 2063, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tanmaye Nallan Chakravarthula
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr Rm. 2063, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Charanya Muralidharan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Abigail Hall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr Rm. 2063, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nathan J Alves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr Rm. 2063, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Taheri MN, Behzad-Behbahani A, Rafiei Dehbidi G, Salehi S, Sharifzadeh S. Engineering, expression and purification of a chimeric fibrin-specific streptokinase. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 128:14-21. [PMID: 27496727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Streptokinase is a valuable fibrinolytic agent used to cope with myocardial infarction and brain stroke. Despite its high efficiency in dissolving blood clots, streptokinase (SK) has no specificity in binding fibrin, causing some problems such as internal bleedings following its administration. To make streptokinase fibrin specific and limit the fibrinolytic process to the clot location, we engineered a chimeric streptokinase by fusing the fibrin binding Kringle 2 domain of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to the streptokinase N-terminal end. The chimeric SK construct (KSK) with inserted Kringle 2 domain was cloned into pET28a expression vector. The expression of recombinant protein was carried out in Escherichia coli origami (DE3) and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analyses. We used the chromogenic substrate S-2251 method to assess the specific activities of the chimeric and control wild-type proteins. Then, the two proteins were added in amounts with equal activity to fibrin clots of identical size. Finally, the supernatant above the fibrin clots was collected and subjected to the chromogenic assay to analyze the specificity of the chimeric protein. The specific activities of the chimeric and wild-type proteins were found to be 0.06 U/mg and 0.07 U/mg, respectively. Because of the binding of the chimeric protein to fibrin, the mean specific activity was significantly lower in the KSK supernatant (0.01) compared with the control (approximately 0.06) (p < 0.05). Our in vitro results indicate that the chimeric streptokinase protein has strong fibrin-specific activity compared to the wild-type protein. However, further in vivo studies are needed to evaluate its potential fibrinolytic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naser Taheri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Behzad-Behbahani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rafiei Dehbidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeede Salehi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sharifzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The therapeutic use of thrombolytic agents is the natural result of the increasing understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying normal and deranged thrombosis and fibrinolysis. Plasminogen activators capable of increasing the production of plasmin exhibit considerable efficacy in the treatment of a variety of arterial and venous thrombotic disorders. The ideal thrombolytic agent has yet to be developed but the desired clinical result of rapid opening of the thrombosed vessel without reocclusion, without activation of systemic fibrinogenolysis, and without a risk of hemorrhage is well defined. Clinical studies clearly demonstrate that the addition of a variety of adjunctive agents to the available thrombolytics enhances benefit without inordinate risk. The addition of intravascular angioplasty and stenting to thrombolysis increases the potential long-term benefit. Newer thrombolytic agents and new protocols for the use of existing therapies offer the promise of saving many who would otherwise succumb to coronary or cerebral arterial thrombosis or to venous thromboembolism.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu CK, Kohnert U, Wilhelm O, Fischer S, Llinás M. Tissue-type plasminogen activator domain-deletion mutant BM 06.022: modular stability, inhibitor binding, and activation cleavage. Biochemistry 1994; 33:11760-6. [PMID: 7918392 DOI: 10.1021/bi00205a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant BM 06.022 (M(r) 39,589) is a domain-deletion mutant of the human tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) structured by the kringle 2 and protease modules. Unfolding under various conditions was investigated via 1H-NMR spectroscopy by monitoring the well-resolved high-field methyl resonances at approximately -0.97 ppm (kringle 2) and approximately -0.29 and -0.54 ppm (protease). Reversible acid/base unfolding is manifest under low pH (< 4.8) conditions. It is observed that, relative to the protease, the kringle exhibits higher overall stability at low pH. At pH 4.6, BM 06.022 undergoes two distinct thermal melting transitions, at approximately 334 and approximately 352 K, assigned to an irreversible denaturation of the protease and a reversible unfolding of the kringle 2, respectively. Under the same conditions, the protease reacted with the active site inhibitor 1,5 dansyl-L-glutamylglycyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone (EGRck) exhibits a higher (approximately 10 K) thermal stability than the inhibitor-free protease. Upon acidification, the EGRck-modified protease unfolds irreversibly around pH 3.4. As exemplified by BM 06.022, a single-chain protein, as defined by continuity of the polypeptide backbone, can exhibit simultaneous folding reversibility and irreversibility for autonomous segments of the sequence. Conversion of the isolated (single-chain) protease or intact BM 06.022 to their catalytically active two-chain forms via plasminolytic cleavage of the Arg275-Ile276 peptide bond leaves the kringle 2 spectrum unaffected while perturbing the resolved high-field methyl resonances stemming from the protease. The latter also shift when the protease is reacted with EGRck, indicating that these signals are sensitive to events at the binding pocket.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mutant and hybrid protein derivatives for the experimental therapy with plasminogen activators (review). Pharm Chem J 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02218422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Horrevoets A, Smilde A, de Vries C, Pannekoek H. The specific roles of finger and kringle 2 domains of tissue-type plasminogen activator during in vitro fibrinolysis. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
8
|
Madison E. Probing structure-function relationships of tissue-type plasminogen activator by site-specific mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0268-9499(94)90720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Pharmacodynamics of modified tissue plasminogen activator LY210825 in the conscious dog as evaluated with immunocapture assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0268-9499(93)90135-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Berg DT, Grinnell BW. Pro to Gly (P219G) in a silent glycosylation site results in complete glycosylation in tissue plasminogen activator. Protein Sci 1993; 2:126-7. [PMID: 8443586 PMCID: PMC2142302 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D T Berg
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Margaglione M, Grandone E, Di Minno G. Mechanisms of fibrinolysis and clinical use of thrombolytic agents. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1992; 39:197-217. [PMID: 1475363 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7144-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Margaglione
- Clinica Medica, Istituto di Medicina Interna e Malattie Dismetaboliche, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Proteases are unquestionably the single most studied class of enzymes and yet many questions still remain about their mechanisms and roles. Protein engineering offers the opportunity to provide some of the answers. In this review, recent advances towards the understanding of stability, mechanism, specificity and regulation of proteases and their inhibitors are outlined. In addition, the application of this increased understanding is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Storer
- National Research Council, Biotechnology Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Berg DT, Grinnell BW. Signal and propeptide processing of human tissue plasminogen activator: activity of a pro-tPA derivative. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179:1289-96. [PMID: 1930175 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91713-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the heterogeneity in the proteolytic processing of the N-terminus of human tissue plasminogen activator. We demonstrate that normal propeptide processing occurs following Arg-4, preceding the sequence Gly-Ala-Arg-Ser+1. Generation of the previously designated Ser+1 occurs via secondary proteolysis following secretion. By site-directed mutagenesis, we have eliminated this cleavage site resulting in a derivative containing the propeptide sequence. N-terminal sequence analysis of this form indicated that signal peptide cleavage occurs following Ser-13. The pro-tPA derivative had near normal serine protease and plasminogen activating activities, and could be stimulated by fibrin. An additional derivative, containing the tribasic sequence from the human protein C propeptide preceding Ser+1, was secreted with full processing of the propeptide. Our data have defined the cleavages for the signal peptide and propeptide and demonstrate that a tribasic sequence can be used to eliminate N-terminal heterogeneity in this molecule. In addition, we demonstrate that, unlike several other serine proteases, a propeptide sequence does not alter the activity of this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Berg
- Cardiovascular Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Novokhatny V, Ingham K, Medved L. Domain structure and domain-domain interactions of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
15
|
Chromatographic method for the rapid determination of variant forms of a plasminogen activator. Anal Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(91)87023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Jackson CV, Crowe VG, Craft TJ, Sundboom JL, Grinnell BW, Bobbitt JL, Burck PJ, Quay JF, Smith GF. Thrombolytic activity of a novel plasminogen activator, LY210825, compared with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in a canine model of coronary artery thrombosis. Circulation 1990; 82:930-40. [PMID: 2118431 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.82.3.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LY210825, a recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA), which contains the kringle-2 and serine protease functional domains of native tissue-type plasminogen activator, was previously produced by site-directed mutagenesis in a Syrian hamster cell line. We studied the thrombolytic potential of this molecule in a canine thrombosis model. Male hounds (16-22 kg) were anesthetized; a 2.0-cm segment of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) was isolated proximal to the first main branch, and the dogs were instrumented with an electromagnetic flow probe to measure coronary blood flow. An occlusive thrombus was formed after injury of the intimal surface of the LCX with an electrical current applied by a needle-tipped anode placed distal to the electromagnetic flow probe. After 1 hour of occlusion, either LY210825 or rt-PA was administered intravenously according to the following protocols: 1) a 1-hour infusion of either 0.25 mg/kg LY210825 or 0.4 mg/kg rt-PA, 2) single injections of 0.15-0.6 mg/kg LY210825, and 3) a single injection of 0.45 mg/kg LY210825 and a 3-hour infusion of 1.0 or 1.7 mg/kg rt-PA. Plasma half-lives of LY210825 and rt-PA were 58 +/- 7 and 3.3 +/- 0.3 minutes, respectively. LY210825 produced more rapid reperfusion of the LCX than did rt-PA. In the third study, 90% of the rt-PA-treated vessels reoccluded within 1 hour after cessation of drug, whereas only 25% of the LY210825-treated vessels reoccluded during a 4-hour washout period. There were significant, but relatively small, reductions produced by both plasminogen activators on plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen (25-35% decreases). Because of its longer plasma half-life, LY210825 could be administered intravenously as a single injection. In a canine model of coronary artery thrombosis, LY210825 was a more effective thrombolytic agent than was rt-PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C V Jackson
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wilhelm O, Jaskunas S, Vlahos C, Bang N. Functional properties of the recombinant kringle-2 domain of tissue plasminogen activator produced in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)77345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|