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A safety review of topical bovine thrombin-induced generation of antibodies to bovine proteins. Clin Ther 2009; 31:679-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ashwell G, Morell AG. The role of surface carbohydrates in the hepatic recognition and transport of circulating glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 41:99-128. [PMID: 4609051 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122860.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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3
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Birdwell KR, Austell TL, Black RS, Jorgenson JW, Hiskey RG. Evaluation of Proteolytically Released Carbohydrate-Containing Peptides of Bovine Prothrombin Fragment 1 Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708010953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisa R. Birdwell
- a Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, CB, #3290, Venable Hall Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Todd L. Austell
- a Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, CB, #3290, Venable Hall Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Roderick S. Black
- a Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, CB, #3290, Venable Hall Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - James W. Jorgenson
- a Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, CB, #3290, Venable Hall Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Richard G. Hiskey
- a Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, CB, #3290, Venable Hall Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Webber D, Radcliffe CM, Royle L, Tobiasen G, Merry AH, Rodgers AL, Sturrock ED, Wormald MR, Harvey DJ, Dwek RA, Rudd PM. Sialylation of urinary prothrombin fragment 1 is implicated as a contributory factor in the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. FEBS J 2006; 273:3024-37. [PMID: 16817853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urinary glycoproteins are important inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and adhesion of crystals to renal cells, both of which are key mechanisms in kidney stone formation. This has been attributed to glycosylation of the proteins. In South Africa, the black population rarely form stones (incidence < 1%) compared with the white population (incidence 12-15%). A previous study involving urinary prothrombin fragment 1 from both populations demonstrated superior inhibitory activity associated with the protein from the black group. In the present study, we compared N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides released from urinary prothrombin fragment 1 isolated from the urine of healthy and stone-forming subjects in both populations to elucidate the relationship between glycosylation and calcium oxalate stone pathogenesis. The O-glycans of both control groups and the N-glycans of the black control samples were significantly more sialylated than those of the white stone-formers. This demonstrates a possible association between low-percentage sialylation and kidney stone disease and provides a potential diagnostic method for a predisposition to kidney stones that could lead to the implementation of a preventative regimen. These results indicate that sialylated glycoforms of urinary prothrombin fragment 1 afford protection against calcium oxalate stone formation, possibly by coating the surface of calcium oxalate crystals. This provides a rationale for the established roles of urinary prothrombin fragment 1, namely reducing the potential for crystal aggregation and inhibiting crystal-cell adhesion by masking the interaction of the calcium ions on the crystal surface with the renal cell surface along the nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Webber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Welsch DJ, Nelsestuen GL. Irreversible degradation of histidine-96 of prothrombin fragment 1 during protein acetylation: another unusually reactive site in the kringle. Biochemistry 1988; 27:7513-9. [PMID: 3207687 DOI: 10.1021/bi00419a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of prothrombin fragment 1 in acetate-borate buffer at pH 8.5 resulted in the appearance of increased light absorbance at about 250 nm. Protease digestions resulted in isolation of a single peptide (residues 94-99) with intense absorbance at about 250 nm (estimated extinction coefficient of 5000 M-1 cm-1). Amino acid analysis showed the expected composition except for the absence of His-96. Instead, an unidentified amino acid which had a ninhydrin product with absorption properties similar to those of proline eluted near aspartate. When sequenced, this peptide (YP?KPE containing epsilon-amino-acetyllysine) lacked histidine at the third position but gave a high yield of a PTH derivative that eluted near PTH-Gly from the HPLC column. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the derivatized 94-99 peptide showed a mass that was 74 units higher than expected. The histidine degradation product was identified as a di-N-acetylated side chain with an opened imidazole ring and loss of C2 of the ring. While a similar degradation pattern has previously been reported during acylation of histidine, the high chemical reactivity exhibited by His-96 was unusual. For example, under conditions sufficient for quantitative derivatization of His-96, His-105 of fragment 1 was not derivatized to a detectable level. Furthermore, His-96 in fragment 1 was at least an order of magnitude more susceptible to degradation than His-96 in the isolated 94-99 peptide. His-96 is therefore one of several neighboring amino acids of the kringle portion of fragment 1 that displays highly unusual chemistry (see also Asn-101 [Welsch, D.J., & Nelsestuen, G. L. (1988) Biochemistry 27 4946-4952] and Lys-97 [Pollock, J.S., Zapata, G.A., Weber, D.J., Berkowitz, P., Deerfield, D.W., II, Olson, D.L., Koehler, K.A., Pedersen, L.G., & Hiskey, R.G. (1988) in Current Advances in Vitamin K Research (Suttie, J.W., Ed.) pp 325-334, Elsevier Science, New York]).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Welsch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Wallin R, Martin LF. Early processing of prothrombin and factor X by the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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7
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Welsch DJ, Pletcher CH, Nelsestuen GL. Chemical modification of prothrombin fragment 1: documentation of sequential, two-stage loss of protein function. Biochemistry 1988; 27:4933-8. [PMID: 3167021 DOI: 10.1021/bi00413a051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amino groups of prothrombin fragment 1 (amino acids 1-156 of prothrombin) were derivatized by acetylation, amidination, and reductive methylation. Conditions that caused complete acetylation of protein amino groups produced a fragment 1 derivative which no longer displayed a metal ion dependent intrinsic fluorescence change and had lost its membrane binding capability as well. However, when derivatized in the presence of calcium ions, extensive acetylation yielded a product that underwent protein fluorescence quenching at metal ion concentrations similar to those observed for the native protein. This derivative bound to membranes in a calcium-dependent manner with only a small reduction in affinity. Several results showed the existence of a partially functional protein that was characterized by a high degree of calcium-dependent protein fluorescence quenching but which had a requirement for 10-fold higher calcium concentration. This derivative was produced by partial acetylation (greater than 3 equiv) of metal-free protein. This partially acetylated protein had greatly diminished membrane binding. The calcium-protected amino group, therefore, was among the most reactive acetylation sites in the metal-free protein. The second site, responsible for abolishing all metal ion induced fluorescence change, was resistant to acetylation and became derivatized at the last stages of amino group acetylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Welsch
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Wallin R, Patrick SD, Martin LF. 3-Methylcholanthrene induction of enzymes in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation system. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:4303-6. [PMID: 3120735 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on liver enzymes in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation system has been investigated in normal rats and rats treated with the anticoagulant warfarin. It was found that 3-methylcholanthrene did not interfere with the anticoagulant function of the drug. Treatment of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in a 2.7-fold increase in liver cytosolic DT-diaphorase activity and a 1.5-fold increase in liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity. A pathway for production of reduced vitamin K cofactor for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is catalyzed by DT-diaphorase and an as yet unidentified NADH-specific dehydrogenase(s). The data suggest that the unidentified enzyme(s) in the pathway is not induced by 3-methylcholanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wallin
- Department of Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033
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Van den Eijnden DH, Blanken WM, Winterwerp H, Schiphorst WE. Identification and characterization of an UDP-Gal: N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase in calf thymus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 134:523-30. [PMID: 6411466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Calf thymus was found to contain a high activity of a galactosyltransferase, which transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and N-acetyllactosamine. By means of competition and acceptor-specificity studies the enzyme could be distinguished from an N-acetylglucosaminide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase and an N-acetylgalactosamine-protein beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase, which in addition occur in calf thymus, as well as from the blood-group-B-associated alpha-galactosyltransferase. Identification of the products revealed that the enzyme accomplishes an alpha 1 leads to 3 linkage resulting in a terminal Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gal(beta 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc sequence. The enzyme is membrane-bound and is activated by Triton X-100. It shows optimal activity over a broad pH range (5.5-7.0) and has a pronounced requirement for Mn2+ ions (Km = 6.1 mM) for its action. It is suggested that the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase functions in the biosynthesis of calf thymocyte cell-surface glycoconjugates including glycoproteins.
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Fukuda M, Levery SB, Hakomori S. Carbohydrate structure of hamster plasma fibronectin. Evidence for chemical diversity between cellular and plasma fibronectins. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Furie BC, Tai MM, Rabiet MJ, Furie B. Approaches to the study of prothrombin conformation and activation in biological fluids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1981; 370:389-97. [PMID: 7023323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb29751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Meeks RG, Couri D. Inhibition by warfarin of prothrombin synthesis and of lipid-saccharide synthesis in rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 630:238-45. [PMID: 7388053 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro studies using [3H]glucosamine incorporation into prothrombin and into glycolipids were conducted in rat liver to determine the role of lipid-saccharides in the biosynthesis of prothrombin. In vivo studies demonstrated that 10 mg warfarin/kg inhibited the incorporation of radiolabeled glucosamine into liver prothrombin and glycolipids. This inhibition was similar to the kinetics of inhibition of prothrombin synthesis in the liver. In vitro studies demonstrated a time-dependent increase in the incorporation of radiolabeled glucosamine into lipid-saccharides and prothrombin. This incorporation was inhibited 50% by 5 . 10(-4) M warfarin. Warfarin also inhibited the incorporation of radiolabeled glucosamine into glycolipids in a dose-related manner. In all studies, vitamin K-1 reversed the inhibition of glucosamine incorporation into glycolipids and into prothrombin.
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Eckhardt AE, Goldstein IJ, Nelsestuen GL. Bovine prothrombin does not contain alpha-D-galactopyranosyl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 199:635-6. [PMID: 6244785 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Mizuochi T, Yamashita K, Fujikawa K, Kisiel W, Kobata A. The carbohydrate of bovine prothrombin. Occurrence of Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc grouping in asparagine-linked sugar chains. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Peters BP, Goldstein IJ. The use of fluorescein-conjugated Bandeiraea simplicifolia B4-isolectin as a histochemical reagent for the detection of alpha-D-galactopyranosyl groups. Their occurrence in basement membranes. Exp Cell Res 1979; 120:321-34. [PMID: 436961 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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van den Eijnden DH, Barneveld RA, Schiphorst WE. Structure of the disaccharide chain of galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-protein synthesized in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 95:629-37. [PMID: 221221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain a [14C]galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-protein which would be useful as an acceptor in studies on the specificity of glycosyltransferases, a porcine submaxillary gland microsomal galactosyltransferase preparation was used for the galactosylation in vitro of N-acetylgalactosaminyl-protein (desialylated ovine submaxillary mucin). The newly formed oligosaccharide unit was obtained as a reduced disaccharide after alkaline borohydride treatment of the [14C]galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-protein product and as glycopeptides by proteolytic digestion of the glycoprotein. The reduced disaccharide consisted of equimolar amounts of galactose and N-acetylgalactosaminitol and was characterized by thin-layer chromatography, high-voltage electrophoresis and gas-liquid chromatography. Periodate oxidation studies on the reduced disaccharide revealed that [14C]galactose was linked to position C-3 on the N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue. Digestion of the reduced disaccharide and the glycopeptides with galactosidases gave equivocal results as to the anomeric configuration of the [14C]galactose residue. Nuclear magnetic resonance of the reduced disaccharide, however, definitely indicated that the configuration was beta. The specificity of the porcine submaxillary gland galactosyltransferase thus can be defined as a uridine diphosphogalactose: alpha-D-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-protein beta 1 leads to 3 transferase activity.
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Abstract
Protein C is a vitamin K dependent protein present in bovine plasma (Stenflo, J. (1976), J. Biol. Chem. 251, 355). It is a glycoprotein (mol wt approximately 62 000) composed of a heavy chain (mol wt 41 000) and a light chain (mol wt 21 000). The heavy chain has an amino-terminal sequence of Asp-Thr-Asn-Gln and contains nearly three-fourths of the carbohydrate. The light chain has an amino-terminal sequence of Ala-Asn-Ser-Phe. Incubation of protein C with either factor X activator from Russell's viper venom or trypsin resulted in the cleavage of an Arg-Ile bond between residues 14 and 15 of the heavy chain. Concomitant with this cleavage was the formation of a serine enzyme which was inhibited by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate. Liberation of the tetradecapeptide decreased the molecular weight of the heavy chain from about 41 000 to 39 000 and resulted in the formation of a new amino-terminal sequence of Ile-Val-Asp-Gly in the heavy chain. No change in the molecular weight of the light chain was observed during the activation reaction. These results indicate that protein C, like the four vitamin K dependent coagulation proteins, exists in plasma in a precursor form and is converted to a serine protease by hydrolysis of a specific Arg-Ile peptide bond. The biological substrate for the enzymatic form of protein C and the physiological mechanism whereby protein C is converted to a serine enzyme are not known.
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Jesty J, Spencer AK, Nakashima Y, Nemerson Y, Konigsberg W. The activation of coagulation factor X. Identity of cleavage sites in the alternative activation pathways and characterization of the COOH-terminal peptide. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Suttie JW. Metabolism and properties of a liver precursor to prothrombin. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1975; 32:463-81. [PMID: 4617405 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shah DV, Suttie JW, Grant GA. A rat liver protein with potential thrombin activity: properties and partial purification. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 159:483-91. [PMID: 4206203 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nelsestuen GL, Suttie JW. The Purification and Properties of an Abnormal Prothrombin Protein Produced by Dicumarol-treated Cows. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)81825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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