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Clark RA, Yawitz T, Luchs L, Conrad T, Bartlebaugh O, Boyd H, Hargittai B. Tripeptide Self-Assembled Monolayers as Biocompatible Surfaces for Cytochrome c Electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1414-1424. [PMID: 36688667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible tripeptide self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are designed with a carboxylate group on the terminal amino acid (glutamate, aspartate, or amino adipate) to electrostatically attract the lysine groups around the heme crevice in horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c), creating an electroactive protein/tripeptide/Au interfacial structure. Exposing the peptide/Au electrode to cyt c resulted in an 11 ± 3 pmol/cm2 electroactive protein surface coverage. Topographical images of the interfacial structure are obtained down to single-protein resolution by atomic force microscopy. Uniform protein monolayer assemblies are formed on the Au electrode with no major surface roughness changes. The cyt c/peptide/Au electrode systems were examined electrochemically to probe surface charge effects on the redox thermodynamics and kinetics of cyt c. Neutralization of protein surface charge due to adsorption on anionic COOH-terminated SAMs was found to change the formal potential, as determined by cyclic voltammetry. The cyt c/peptide/Au electrodes exhibit formal potentials shifted to more positive values, have a surface carboxylic acid pKa of 6 or higher, and produce effective cyt c surface charges (Zox) of -6 to -14. The Marcus theory is utilized to determine the protein electron transfer rates, which are ∼5 times faster for cyt c/tripeptide/Au compared to cyt c/11-mercaptoundecanoic acid SAMs of similar chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Tanner Yawitz
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Logan Luchs
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Tiffany Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Owen Bartlebaugh
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Hannah Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Balazs Hargittai
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
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Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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3
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Vladimirov YA, Proskurnina EV, Alekseev AV. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. Structure of cytochrome c-cardiolipin complex. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:1086-97. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Hunter CL, Mauk AG. Engineered metalloregulation of azide binding affinity and reduction potential of horse heart myoglobin. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:3151-5. [PMID: 23250011 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32558f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal ion binding to a previously reported variant of horse heart myoglobin (Lys45Glu/Lys63Glu) with a metal ion binding site on the surface of the protein that is adjacent to the haem binding site has been shown to influence ligand binding and electrochemical properties of the protein. For example, the K(d) (μM) for binding of azide to this variant decreases from 277 ± 9 to 32 ± 3 following addition of a saturating concentration of Mn(2+) (the value for the wild-type protein under the same conditions is 26 ± 1). Similarly, the midpoint reduction potential E(m) (mV vs. standard hydrogen electrode) increases from 9 to 40 in the presence of a saturating concentration of Mn(2+) (the value for the wild-type protein under the same conditions is 45 ± 2). These results demonstrate the potential value of engineered metal ion binding sites as a means of regulating the functional properties of even simple haem proteins.
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5
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Azzaroni O, Yameen B, Knoll W. Effect of the electrostatic microenvironment on the observed redox potential of electroactive supramolecular bioconjugates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:7031-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b806445h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Vladimirov YA, Proskurnina EV, Izmailov DY, Novikov AA, Brusnichkin AV, Osipov AN, Kagan VE. Cardiolipin activates cytochrome c peroxidase activity since it facilitates H(2)O(2) access to heme. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:998-1005. [PMID: 17009954 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906090082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of liposomes consisting of tetraoleyl cardiolipin and dioleyl phosphatidylcholine (1 : 1, mol/mol) on the rate of three more reactions of Cyt c heme with H2O2 was studied: (i) Cyt c (Fe2+) oxidation to Cyt c (Fe3+), (ii) Fe...S(Met80) bond breaking, and (iii) heme porphyrin ring decomposition. It was revealed that the rates of all those reactions increased greatly in the presence of liposomes containing cardiolipin and not of those consisting of only phosphatidylcholine, and approximately to the same extent as peroxidase activity. These data suggest that cardiolipin activates specifically Cyt c peroxidase activity not only because it promotes Fe...S(Met80) bond breaking but also facilitates H2O2 penetration to the reaction center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Vladimirov
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 117192, Russia.
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7
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Petrović J, Clark RA, Yue H, Waldeck DH, Bowden EF. Impact of surface immobilization and solution ionic strength on the formal potential of immobilized cytochrome C. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:6308-16. [PMID: 15982036 DOI: 10.1021/la0500373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Four different self-assembled monolayer (SAM) electrode systems were examined electrochemically in order to better understand surface charge effects on the redox thermodynamics of immobilized horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c). Neutralization of protein surface charge upon adsorption on anionic COOH-terminated SAMs was found to cause substantial changes in the formal potential, as determined by cyclic voltammetry. For cyt c immobilized on negatively charged surfaces, the formal potential shifted to more negative values as the ionic strength was decreased, which is opposite to the trend displayed by solution cyt c. In contrast, immobilization to uncharged interfaces resulted in an ionic strength dependence for cyt c that is similar to its solution behavior. The results provide insight into the importance of surface charge on the formal potential of cyt c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Petrović
- Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Saint Francis University, Loretto, Pennsylvania 15940, USA
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8
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Imabayashi SI, Mita T, Kakiuchi T. Effect of mono-CDNP substitution of lysine residues on the redox reaction of cytochrome c electrostatically adsorbed on a mercaptoheptanoic acid modified Au(111) surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:2474-2479. [PMID: 15752042 DOI: 10.1021/la047447w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of charge-inverting modification of single surface lysine residue on the electron transfer (ET) reaction of horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c) is examined for 12 different types of mono-4-chloro-2,5-dinitrobenzoic acid substituted cyt c (mCDNPc) adsorbed on a Au(111) electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 7-mercapto-heptanoic acid (MHA). A negative shift in the redox potential by 10-35 mV as compared to that of native cyt c and a monolayer coverage in the range of 13-17 pmol cm(-2) are observed for electroactive mCDNPc's. The magnitude of the decrease in the ET rate constant (k(et)) of mCDNPc's compared with that of native cyt c depends on the position of the CDNP substitution. For mCDNPc's in which the modified lysine residue is outside of the interaction domain of cyt c with the SAM, the ratio of the k(et) of mCDNPc to that of native cyt c is correlated to the change in the dipole moment vector of cyt c due to the CDNP modification. This correlation suggests that the dipole moment of cyt c determines its orientation of adsorption on the SAM of MHA and significantly affects the rate of the ET. The CDNP modification of lysine residues at the interaction domain significantly decreases the rate, demonstrating the importance of the local charge environment in determining the rate of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Imabayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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9
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10
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Anderson JR, Chemiavskaya O, Gitlin I, Engel GS, Yuditsky L, Whitesides GM. Analysis by capillary electrophoresis of the kinetics of charge ladder formation for bovine carbonic anhydrase. Anal Chem 2002; 74:1870-8. [PMID: 11985320 DOI: 10.1021/ac0109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of charge ladders of bovine carbonic anhydrase II were synthesized and the relative abundances of the rungs analyzed by capillary electrophoresis as a function of the quantity of acylating agent used. A simulation that models the kinetics of formation of the members of the charge ladders is described. The observed rate constants decreased as the extent of acylation increased. These rate constants correlated adequately with theoretical rate constants calculated using Debye-Hückel theory. The data are compatible with, but do not demand, a model for the formation of this charge ladder in which all unacetylated amino groups in each rung have indistinguishable reactivity and in which the reactivity of the amines in each rung decreases as the net charge on the protein increases; in this model, decreased reactivity is due to increased extent of protonation. This agreement between experiment and model suggests that the charge shielding that results from an ionic strength of 130 mM is not sufficient to suppress the influence of the increasingly negative charge of the protein with acetylation on the extent of protonation of Lys epsilon-NH2 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle R Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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12
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Abstract
The redox properties of cytochromes (cyt) c, a ubiquitous class of heme-containing electron transport proteins, have been extensively investigated over the last two decades. The reduction potential (E degrees') is central to the chemistry of cyt c for two main reasons. First, E degrees' influences both the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the electron exchange reaction with redox partners. Second, this thermodynamic parameter is remarkably sensitive to changes in the properties of the heme and the protein matrix, and hence can be profitably used for the investigation of the solution chemistry of cyt c. This research area owes much to the exploitation of voltammetric techniques for the determination of E degrees' for metalloproteins, which dates back to the late 1970s. Since then, much effort has been devoted to the comprehension of the molecular factors that control E degrees' in cyt c, which include first coordination sphere effects on the heme iron, the interactions of the heme group with the surrounding polypeptide chain and the solvent, and also include medium effects related to the nature and ionic composition of the solvent, pH, the presence of potential protein ligands, and the temperature. This article provides an overview of the most significant advances made in this field recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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13
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Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Ranieri A, Sola M. Effects of Specific Anion-Protein Binding on the Alkaline Transition of Cytochrome c. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 386:117-22. [PMID: 11360995 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic parameters of the alkaline transition of beef heart ferricytochrome c have been measured through direct electrochemistry experiments carried out at variable pH and temperature in the presence of different sulfate concentrations. Sulfate is known to bind specifically to cytochrome c in a sequential manner at two surface sites. The effects of such a specific binding reflect on the thermodynamics of the transition and can be satisfactorily interpreted within the frame of the Debye-Hückel theory with simple electrostatic considerations. In particular, the increase in the thermodynamic pKa values (extrapolated to I = 0) upon sulfate binding turns out to be a fully enthalpic effect which can be accounted for by considering the coulombic effects of the formation of ionic couple(s) on the protein surface. This study also shows that the apparent pKa values at finite ionic strength are only moderately affected by the nature of the anion in solution, and differences tend to vanish at high ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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14
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Carbeck JD, Colton IJ, Anderson JR, Deutch JM, Whitesides GM. Correlations Between the Charge of Proteins and the Number of Ionizable Groups They Incorporate: Studies Using Protein Charge Ladders, Capillary Electrophoresis, and Debye−Hückel Theory. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991526q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Carbeck
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Ian J. Colton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Janelle R. Anderson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - John M. Deutch
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Contribution from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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15
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Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Loschi L, Martinelli A, Sola M. Thermodynamics of the alkaline transition of cytochrome c. Biochemistry 1999; 38:7900-7. [PMID: 10387031 DOI: 10.1021/bi983060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The apparent equilibrium constant (Kapp) of the alkaline transition (AT) of beef heart cytochrome c, obtained from pH titrations of the current intensities in cyclic voltammetry experiments, has been measured as a function of the temperature from 5 to 65 degrees C, at different ionic strength (I = 0.01-0.2 M). The temperature profile of the pKapp values is biphasic and yields two distinct sets of DeltaH degrees 'AT and DeltaS degrees 'AT values below and above approximately 40 degrees C. In the low-temperature range, the process is endothermic and is accompanied by a small positive entropy change, while at higher temperatures it becomes less endothermic and involves a pronounced entropy loss. The temperature dependence of the transition thermodynamics is most likely the result of the thermal transition of native ferricytochrome c from a low-T to an high-T conformer which occurs at alkaline pH values at a temperature comparable with above (Ikeshoji, T., Taniguchi, I., and Hawkridge, F. M. (1989) J. Electroanal. Chem. 270, 297-308; Battistuzzi, G., Borsari, M., Sola, M., and Francia, F. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 16247-16258). Thus, it is apparent that the transitions of the two native conformers to the corresponding alkaline form(s) are thermodynamically distinct processes. It is suggested that this difference arises from either peculiar transition-induced changes in the hydration sphere of the protein or to the preferential binding of different lysines to the heme iron in the two temperature ranges. Extrapolation of the Kapp values at null ionic strength allowed the determination of the thermodynamic equilibrium constants (Ka) at each temperature, hence of the "true" standard thermodynamic parameters of the transition. The pKa value at 25 degrees C was found to be 8.0. A pKapp value of 14.4 was calculated for the alkaline transition of ferrocytochrome c at 25 degrees C and I = 0.1 M. The much greater relative stabilization of the native state in the reduced as compared to the oxidized form turns out to be almost entirely enthalpic in origin, and is most likely due to the greater affinity of the methionine sulfur for the Fe(II) ion. Finally, it is found that the Debye-Hückel theory fits the ionic strength dependence of the pKapp values, at least qualitatively, as observed previously for the ionic strength dependence of the reduction potential of this protein class. It is apparent that the increase in the pKapp values with increasing ionic strength is for the most part an entropic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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16
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Colton IJ, Anderson JR, Gao J, Chapman RG, Isaacs L, Whitesides GM. Formation of Protein Charge Ladders by Acylation of Amino Groups on Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9723491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Colton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Janelle R. Anderson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Jinming Gao
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Robert G. Chapman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Lyle Isaacs
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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17
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McDonald JF, Evans TC, Emeagwali DB, Hariharan M, Allewell NM, Pusey ML, Shah AM, Nelsestuen GL. Ionic properties of membrane association by vitamin K-dependent proteins: the case for univalency. Biochemistry 1997; 36:15589-98. [PMID: 9398287 DOI: 10.1021/bi971114z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionic properties of membrane interaction by prothrombin, protein Z, and other vitamin K-dependent proteins were studied to determine the relevance of a monovalent membrane contact mechanism between one phospholipid headgroup and a calcium-lined pore in the protein [McDonald, J. F., Shah, A. M., Schwalbe, R. A., Kisiel, W., Dahlback, B., and Nelsestuen, G. L. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 5120-5127]. For comparison, multivalent ionic interaction was illustrated by peptides of +3 to +5 net charge and by blood clotting factor V. As expected, the peptides were easily dissociated by salt and gave nominal charge-charge interactions (zazb values) of -13 to -17. Factor V showed much higher binding affinity despite nominal zazb values of about 9. Membrane-bound prothrombin and protein Z showed very low sensitivity to salt as long as calcium was at saturating levels (zazb values of approximately -1.3 to -1.4), appropriate for univalent ionic attraction. Prothrombin contains +3 charge groups (Lys-2, Lys-11, Arg-10) that are absent from the GLA domain (residues 1-35) of protein Z, while protein Z contains -4 charge groups (Gla-11, Asp-34, Asp-35) that are absent in prothrombin. Thus, similar zazb relationships indicated little role for these surface charges in direct membrane contact. Calcium-saturated protein Z bound to phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a manner which indicated the addition of one calcium ion, bringing the total calcium stoichiometry in the protein-membrane complex to at least 8. Protein Z bound to phosphatidic acid (PA) in a manner suggesting the need for a fully ionized phosphate headgroup, a property expected by ion pairing in an isolated environment. Electrostatic calculations showed that the proposed protein site for phosphate interaction was electropositive. The cluster of hydrophobic amino acids (Phe-5, Leu-6, and Val-9) on the surface of prothrombin was electronegative, suggesting a role in the electrostatic architecture of the GLA domain. Overall, membrane binding by vitamin K-dependent proteins appeared consistent with the formation of an ion pair in an isolated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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18
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Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Dallari D, Ferretti S, Sola M. Cyclic voltammetry and 1H-NMR of Rhodopseudomonas palustris cytochrome c2. Probing surface charges through anion-binding studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 233:335-9. [PMID: 7588763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.335_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increasing concentrations of Cl-, ClO4-, and HCO3- on the redox potential of Rhodopseudomonas palustris cytochrome c2 indicate that the two polyatomic anions bind specifically to the protein at one site, while chloride simply exerts an ionic atmosphere effect. The change in E degree upon specific anion binding allows us to probe for the influence of surface charges on the redox potential of cytochromes c. The decrease in redox potential at null ionic strength (delta E degree I = 0) due to anion neutralization of one positive surface charge was found to be 23 mV with perchlorate and 33 mV with bicarbonate. These values compare reasonably well with previous theoretical predictions and estimates of the effect of charge alteration on the E degree values in cytochromes c chemically modified or mutated at surface lysines. These delta E degree values, determined on the unmodified protein, are unprecedented for c-type cytochromes. The anion-induced chemical shift changes of the hyperfine-shifted heme 1H-NMR resonances of the oxidized protein yield lower limit values of 53 M-1 and 18 M-1 for the affinity constant for specific HCO3- and ClO4- binding, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena, Italy
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19
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Ubbink M, Hunt NI, Hill HA, Canters GW. Kinetics of the reduction of wild-type and mutant cytochrome c-550 by methylamine dehydrogenase and amicyanin from Thiobacillus versutus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 222:561-71. [PMID: 8020493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the kinetic properties of the methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) redox chain of Thiobacillus versutus the reduction of cytochrome c-550 by MADH and amicyanin has been studied. Under steady state conditions, the rate constants of the reactions have been determined as a function of the ionic strength, both for wild type cytochrome c-550 and for mutants in which the conserved residue Lys14 has been replaced as follows: Lys14-->Gln (mutant [K14Q]cytochrome c-550) and Lys14-->Glu (mutant [K14E]cytochrome c-550). The second-order rate constant of the reduction of cytochrome c-550 by MADH shows a biphasic ionic-strength dependence. At low ionic strength the rate constant remains unchanged (wild type) or increases ([K14Q]cytochrome c-550) with increasing ionic strength, while at high salt concentrations the rate constant decreases monotonically as the ionic strength increases. It is suggested that conformational freedom exists in the association complex and that this is favourable for electron transfer. [K14Q]cytochrome c-550 and [K14E]cytochrome c-550 are reduced at rates 20-fold and 500-fold slower than wild-type cytochrome c-550 by MADH, due to a lower association constant. It is concluded that MADH possesses a negative patch with which cytochrome c-550 associates. Lys14 plays an important role in the formation of the reaction complex. The midpoint potentials of wild-type and mutant cytochrome c-550 have been determined by using cyclic voltammetry. [K14Q]cytochrome c-550 and [K14E]cytochrome c-550 show an increase in E0 of only 2 mV and 8 mV, respectively, compared to wild-type cytochrome c-550 (241 mV at pH 8.1). [K14Q]cytochrome c-550 and [K14E]cytochrome c-550 cytochrome c-550 are reduced by amicyanin at rates that are only slightly faster than for wild-type cytochrome c-550. The difference is partly attributable to the change in E0. High ionic strength results in a threefold increase in the rate in all three cases. These results indicate that charge interactions do not play a major role in the formation of the amicyanin/cytochrome c-550 reaction complex, suggesting an interaction at the hydrophobic patch of amicyanin. The reduction of cytochrome c-550 by MADH can be inhibited by Zn(2+)-substituted amicyanin. Ag(+)-amicyanin, however, has little effect on the reduction rate. These results suggest that MADH has a much higher affinity for Cu(2+)-amicyanin (substrate) than for Cu(+)-amicyanin (product). On the basis of these findings the roles of the components of the MADH redox chain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ubbink
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Caffrey MS, Cusanovich MA. The effects of surface charges on the redox potential of cytochrome c2 from the purple phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 285:227-30. [PMID: 1680306 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90353-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Four site-directed mutants of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c2, which substitute lysines at three positions with aspartate or glutamate, have been prepared. Mutations included the single charge substitutions K12D, K14E, and K32E and a double charge substitution K14E/K32E. Characterization of the ionic strength dependence of the wild-type and mutant redox potentials in the "nonbinding" buffer Tris-cacodylate suggests that (i) at zero ionic strength introduction of negatively charged groups stabilizes the oxidized state by 11-14 mV per charge and (ii) at high ionic strengths where the charged groups are masked, the effects of single charge substitutions are overcome; however, the redox potential of the double charge substitution is still affected. These results indicate that at physiological ionic strengths charge distribution only affects redox potential when the heme environment has been perturbed by a structural perturbation and that the determinants of redox potential in c-type cytochromes is primarily due to the local heme environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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Tollin G, Brown K, De Francesco R, Edmondson DE. Flavodoxin-cytochrome c interactions: circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Biochemistry 1987; 26:5042-8. [PMID: 2822104 DOI: 10.1021/bi00390a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism and 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used to investigate complex formation between cytochrome c and the flavodoxins from Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum. Such complexes are known to be involved in the mechanism of electron transfer between these two redox proteins. A large increase in ellipticity in the Soret band of the cytochrome heme was observed upon formation of the Clostridium flavodoxin complex, whereas much smaller changes were found for the complexes with either Azotobacter flavodoxin or an 8 alpha-imidazolyl-FMN-substituted Clostridium flavodoxin analogue. Similarly, the magnitudes of the perturbations of the contact-shifted heme proton resonances obtained upon complexation of cytochrome c by Azotobacter flavodoxin were much smaller than those previously shown for Clostridium flavodoxin [Hazzard, J. T., & Tollin, G. (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 130, 1281-1286]. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were also consistent with differences in the interactions between the components in the complexes of the two flavodoxins with cytochrome c. It is suggested that these spectral changes are due to a loosening or opening of the heme crevice upon Clostridium flavodoxin binding, which allows closer contact between the heme and flavin prosthetic groups and results in a faster rate of electron transfer. The implications of these observations for biological oxidation-reduction processes are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tollin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Rogers NK. The modelling of electrostatic interactions in the function of globular proteins. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 48:37-66. [PMID: 3544054 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(86)90009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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MYER YASHP. Circular Dichroism Studies of Electron-Transport Components. CURRENT TOPICS IN BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152514-9.50012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Schafer MA, Wilson GS. Spectral and electron transfer properties of Sepharose 6MB-immobilized cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Myer YP, Srivastava RB, Kumar S, Raghavendra K. State of heme in heme c systems: Cytochrome c and heme c models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The present paper has reviewed several factors related to ion transport and examined the properties of cation transport in mitochondria. The analysis suggests that: (1) The concept that a metabolically dependent electrical potential across the mitochondrial membrane plays a role in determining ion fluxes and steady-state concentrations is not justified and the data indicate that such exchanges are generally electroneutral. (2) Generally, the influx and efflux of an ion proceed by the same mechanism with at least one exception. (3) There are indications that some of the steps in transport are common to several cations. (4) The idea that carrier or ionophoric molecules are involved in cation transport has been examined in some detail together with the possible involvement of some known mitochondrial components. In particular, a model has been introduced in which local charge imbalances produced by H+ fluxes serve as the driving force of transport. The molecules of the complex are arranged in series in a tripartite arrangement including a filter or gate, a nonselective channel and an H+-transferring portion linked to either electron transport or the ATPase. Parts of this model have been introduced by other investigators. Models in which different portions of channels have differing functions have been proposed previously for other transport systems.
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Finkelstein E, Rosen GM, Patton SE, Cohen MS, Rauckman EJ. Effect of modification of cytochrome c on its reactions with superoxide and NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 102:1008-15. [PMID: 6272810 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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