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Watanabe-Okochi N, Tsuneyama H, Isa K, Sasaki K, Suzuki Y, Yabe R, Tsuno NH, Nakajima K, Ogasawara K, Uchikawa M. Novel hybrid genes and a splice site mutation encoding the St a antigen among Japanese blood donors. Vox Sang 2020; 115:756-766. [PMID: 32394466 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low-incidence antigen Sta of the MNS system is usually associated with the GP(B-A) hybrid molecule, which carries the 'N' antigen at the N terminus. The GP(A-A) molecule with trypsin-resistant M antigen has been found in a few St(a+) individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among Japanese blood donors, we screened 24 292 individuals for the presence of St(a+) with trypsin-resistant 'N' antigen and 193 009 individuals for the presence of St(a+) with trypsin-resistant M antigen. The breakpoints responsible for the Sta antigen were analysed by sequencing the genomic DNAs. RESULTS A total of 1001 (4·1%) individuals were identified as St(a+) with trypsin-resistant 'N' antigen. Out of 1001 individuals, 115 were selected randomly for sequencing. Two novel GYP*Sch (GYP*401) variants with new intron 3 breakpoints of GYPA were detected in three cases. Twenty-five (0·013%) individuals were identified as St(a+) with trypsin-resistant M antigen. Five individuals had the GYP(A-ψB-A) hybrid allele; two of these five individuals were GYP*Zan (GYP*101.01), and the remaining three had a novel GYP(A-ψB-A) allele with the first breakpoint in GYPA exon A3 between c.178 and c.203. Nine individuals had a novel GYP(A-E-A) allele with GYPE exon E2 and pseudoexon E3 instead of GYPA exon A2 and A3. The 11 remaining individuals had a novel GYP(A-A) allele with a 9-bp deletion that included the donor splice site of intron 3 of GYPA. CONCLUSION Our finding on diversity of glycophorin genes responsible for Sta antigen provides evidence for further complexity in the MNS system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hatsue Tsuneyama
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
- Central blood institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Isa
- Central blood institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Sasaki
- Central blood institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Suzuki
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Yabe
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Uchikawa
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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Ji Y, Wen J, Veldhuisen B, Haer-Wigman L, Wang Z, Lodén-van Straaten M, Wei L, Luo G, Fu Y, van der Schoot CE. Validation of the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay and its application on the distribution study of the major alleles of 17 blood group systems in Chinese donors from Guangzhou. Transfusion 2016; 57:423-432. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Ji
- Institute of Clinical Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jizhi Wen
- Institute of Clinical Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Barbera Veldhuisen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Haer-Wigman
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | | | - Ling Wei
- Institute of Clinical Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Guangping Luo
- Institute of Clinical Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yongshui Fu
- Institute of Clinical Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - C. Ellen van der Schoot
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Gerritsen K, Voorter C, Joannes M, Senden-Gijsbers B, Agis F, Wieten L, Tilanus M. RNA and protein expression of HLA-A∗23:19Q. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Taylor C, Craven RA, Harnden P, Selby PJ, Banks RE. Determination of the consequences of VHL mutations on VHL transcripts in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1229-40. [PMID: 22825683 PMCID: PMC3583750 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic changes in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene are common in sporadic conventional (clear cell) renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The effects on VHL expression are unknown but increased understanding may be relevant clinically, either in terms of prognosis or in therapy selection. We have examined the expression of VHL mutant RNA in 84 ccRCC tumours previously screened for mutations in genomic DNA, 56 of which contained 52 unique mutations or polymorphisms. Based on the predicted change to the primary amino acid sequence, 24 of the mutations were missense, 11 resulted in frameshifts with premature truncation, 9 resulted in immediate truncation at the site of the mutation and 2 were frameshifts which extended the reading frame beyond the normal stop codon. Nine tumours had intronic variants, including substitution of invariant residues at splice sites, deletion of nucleotides spanning the exon-intron junction, an intronic variant of unknown function and the polymorphism c.463+43A>G. Four variants were identified which were present in genomic DNA but not in mRNA. Three of these, all encoding apparent missense changes to the primary amino acid sequence, were located close to the ends of exons, reduced the strength of the splice site and function as null rather than missense variants. One nonsense variant was not detectable in mRNA but all other mutations resulting in premature truncation codons (PTCs) were, suggesting truncating VHL mutations may potentially generate truncated VHL protein. An intronic variant, c.341-11T>A, previously regarded as of unknown function, is associated with an increased level of skipping of exon 2 and may, therefore, reduce production of pVHL. Our data show that the biological consequences of VHL mutations are not necessarily predictable from the sequence change of the mutation and that for the majority of VHL mutations, the potential for the generation of mutant protein exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre Genomics Facility, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Yamada K, Fukao T, Zhang G, Sakurai S, Ruiter JPN, Wanders RJA, Kondo N. Single-base substitution at the last nucleotide of exon 6 (c.671G>A), resulting in the skipping of exon 6, and exons 6 and 7 in human succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) gene. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 90:291-7. [PMID: 17169596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT, EC 2.8.3.5) is the key enzyme for ketone body utilization. Hereditary SCOT deficiency (MIM 245050) causes episodes of severe ketoacidosis. We identified a homozygous point mutation (c.671G>A) , which is a single-base substitution at the last nucleotide of exon 6, in a Turkish patient (GS12) with SCOT deficiency. This point mutation resulted in the skipping of exon 6, and exons 6 and 7 in human SCOT genes. To understand why the c.671G>A causes exons 6 and 7 skipping, nuclear RNA was separated from cytoplasmic RNA and both were analyzed by RT-PCR. In nuclear RNA, SCOT mRNA with exon 6 skipping was predominant and mRNA with exons 6 and 7 skipping was hardly detected, whereas the latter became one of major mRNA species in cytoplasmic RNA. This discrepancy was interpreted as follows: exon 6 skipping causes a frameshift and nonsense-mediated RNA decay in the cytosol, so mRNA with exon 6 skipping was unstable. On the other hand, SCOT mRNA with exons 6 and 7 is a minor transcript but it retains the reading-frame and is stable in cytosol. As a result, the latter mRNA is more abundant under steady-state conditions as compared to the former mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Coats. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Chabre O, Portrat-Doyen S, Vivier J, Morel Y, Defaye G. Two novel mutations in splice donor sites of CYP11B1 in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Endocr Res 2000; 26:797-801. [PMID: 11196457 DOI: 10.3109/07435800009048602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We present an in vivo and in vitro study of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a patient with 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Genetic analysis showed two new base substitutions of CYP11B1, a conservative transition at the last base of exon 5, and a IVS8+4A-->G transition in intron 8. Difficulties with suppressive therapy resulted in severe hypertension. A laparoscopic adrenalectomy was decided which lead to normalization of blood pressure. In vitro, steroidogenesis by adrenal cells showed no measurable 11beta-hydroxylase activity. Analysis of CYP11B1 mRNA by RT-PCR and sequencing showed expression of a mRNA which lacked exon 8, presumably resulting from the intron 8 mutation. In addition a highly truncated mRNA was detected corresponding to exons 1, 2, 8, 9, with the loss of exons 3-7, presumably related to the exon 5 mutation. Western blot analysis showed a shorter CYP11B immunoreactive band of 43 kDa, consistent with truncation of exon 8. Thus adrenalectomy in this patient allowed effective treatment of severe hypertension and helped to understand the mechanisms of two novel mutations responsible for aberrant splicing of CYP11B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Chabre
- Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble
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8
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Chabre O, Portrat-Doyen S, Chaffanjon P, Vivier J, Liakos P, Labat-Moleur F, Chambaz E, Morel Y, Defaye G. Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia with severe hypertension, resulting from two novel mutations in splice donor sites of CYP11B1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:4060-8. [PMID: 11095433 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.11.6897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an in vivo and in vitro study of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a patient with 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Sequencing of the CYP11B1 gene showed two new base substitutions, a conservative 954 G-->C transversion at the last base of exon 5 (T318T), and a IVS8 + 4A-->G transition in intron 8. In addition, two polymorphisms were found in exons 1 and 2. The genetically female patient was raised as a male because of severe pseudohermaphroditism. Glucocorticoid-suppressive treatment encountered difficulties in equilibration and compliance, resulting in uncontrolled hypertension with pronounced hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. At 42 yr of age the occurrence of central retinal vein occlusion with permanent loss of left eye vision led to the decision to perform bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Surgery was followed by normalization of blood pressure and good compliance with glucocorticoid and androgen substitutive therapies. In vitro, adrenal cells in culture and isolated mitochondria showed extremely low 11beta-hydroxylase activity. Analysis of adrenal CYP11B1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by RT-PCR and sequencing showed the expression of a shorter mRNA that lacked exon 8 and did not contain either the exon 5 mutation or the exon 1 and 2 polymorphisms. This suggested that one CYP11B1 allele carried the intron 8 mutation, responsible for skipping exon 8. The other allele carried the exon 5 mutation, and its mRNA was not detectable. Western blot analysis showed weak expression of a shorter CYP11B immunoreactive band of 43 kDa, consistent with truncation of exon 8. Thus, bilateral adrenalectomy in this patient allowed effective treatment of severe hypertension and helped in understanding the mechanisms and physiopathological consequences of two novel mutations of CYP11B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Chabre
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France.
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Huang CH, Chen Y, Blumenfeld OO. A novel St(a) glycophorin produced via gene conversion of pseudoexon III from glycophorin E to glycophorin A gene. Hum Mutat 2000; 15:533-40. [PMID: 10862083 DOI: 10.1002/1098-1004(200006)15:6<533::aid-humu5>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stone (St(a)) is a variant antigen carried on human erythrocyte MNSs glycophorins (GPSt(a)) that are genetically associated with splicing mutations in GPA genes or with hybrid formation between GPA and GPB genes. Here we identify the first and rare gene conversion event in which GPE, the third member of the family, recombined with GPA, giving rise to a GPA-E-A hybrid gene encoding the St(a) antigen. Western blot detected expression in the proband of both GPA and GPSt(a) on the plasma membrane. Southern blot showed a new restriction fragment from the GPSt(a) gene, indicating an altered exon III-intron 3 junction. Sequencing of RT-PCR products identified one full-length and two shortened glycophorin cDNAs. The shortened forms were derived from GPSt(a) lacking one (exon III) and two exons (exon III and IV), respectively. To define the molecular basis for exon skipping, the genomic region spanning exon III of the GPSt(a) gene was amplified and sequenced. This revealed transfer from GPE to GPA of a DNA segment containing the pseudoexon III and its silent donor splice site. Thus, the inactivation of GPA exon III by conversion of a silent GPE donor splice site portrays a new molecular mechanism for St(a) antigen expression in human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Huang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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10
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Chen W, Kubota S, Seyama Y. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing of the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP 27) caused by a G to A mutation at the last nucleotide of exon 6 in a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
The antigens for the MNS blood group system are Glycophorins A and B (GPA,GPB), products of the GPA gene family. The existence of close to 40 variant phenotypes of this blood group system has been documented by serological analyses. Here is summarized the molecular basis for a large number of variants, including all the variants of the Miltenberger complex and several isoforms of Sta; also, Dantu, Sat, He, Mg, and deletion variants Ena, S-s-U- and Mk. The diversity is based predominantly on gene recombinations, namely unequal homologous recombinations and/or gene conversions, often coupled to pre-mRNA splicing. Most rearrangements occurred between GPA and GPB alleles, and were confined to hot-spots within the 4 kb region coding for the extracellular domain. The homologous region in GPE, the third member of the gene family, was involved only rarely. Sites of the variant epitopes are mapped to new intra- and inter-exon junctions or to patches of previously silenced sequences that become expressed following recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Blumenfeld
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York 10461, USA
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Kennedy BP, Payette P, Mudgett J, Vadas P, Pruzanski W, Kwan M, Tang C, Rancourt DE, Cromlish WA. A natural disruption of the secretory group II phospholipase A2 gene in inbred mouse strains. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:22378-85. [PMID: 7673223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.38.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The synovial fluid or group II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) has been implicated as an important agent involved in a number of inflammatory processes. In an attempt to determine the role of sPLA2 in inflammation, we set out to generate sPLA2-deficient mice. During this investigation, we observed that in a number of inbred mouse strains, the sPLA2 gene was already disrupted by a frameshift mutation in exon 3. This mutation, a T insertion at position 166 from the ATG of the cDNA, terminates out of frame in exon 4, resulting in the disruption of the calcium binding domain in exon 3 and loss of both activity domains coded by exons 4 and 5. The mouse strains C57BL/6, 129/Sv, and B10.RIII were found to be homozygous for the defective sPLA2 gene, whereas outbred CD-1:SW mice had variable genotype at this locus. BALB/c, C3H/HE, DBA/1, DBA/2, NZB/BIN, and MRL lpr/lpr mice had a normal sPLA2 genotype. The sPLA2 mRNA was expressed at very high levels in the BALB/c mouse small intestine, whereas in the small intestine of the sPLA2 mutant mouse strains, sPLA2 mRNA was undetectable. In addition, PLA2 activity in acid extracts of the small intestine were approximately 40 times higher in BALB/c than in the mutant mice. Transcription of the mutant sPLA2 gene resulted in multiple transcripts due to exon skipping. None of the resulting mutant mRNAs encoded an active product. The identification of this mutation should not only help define the physiological role of sPLA2 but also has important implications in mouse inflammatory models developed by targeted mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Quebec, Canada
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Huang CH, Blumenfeld OO. MNSs Blood Groups and Major Glycophorins. MOLECULAR BASIS OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9537-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Blumenfeld OO, Huang CH. Molecular genetics of the glycophorin gene family, the antigens for MNSs blood groups: multiple gene rearrangements and modulation of splice site usage result in extensive diversification. Hum Mutat 1995; 6:199-209. [PMID: 8535438 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the review is to describe a system of human erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins exhibiting extensive diversity. Glycophorins A and B (GPA and GPB) are the antigens of the MNSs blood groups; thus individuals bearing variant glycophorins can be readily identified by serological typing. Examination of the wide array of variants of these antigens showed that they include many forms, possibly made evident by lack of constraints due to the apparent dispensability of the parent molecules. This article reviews the molecular genetics of 25 variants of the glycophorin gene family, whose common denominator is that they arise from unequal gene recombinations or gene conversions coupled to splice-site mutations. Most rearrangements occurred within a 2-kb region mainly within GPA and GPB of the gene family and only rarely within the third member, GPE. The key feature is the shuffling of sequences within two specific exons (one of which is silent), homologous in the two parent genes. This has resulted in expression of a mosaic of sequences within this region, leading to polymorphism. The common pattern of recombinations coupled to pre-mRNA splicing was the predominant mechanism of the origin of glycophorin diversity. Thus far this mechanism appears to be unique among human gene families. It could have occurred by chance rearrangements among closely linked genes and been driven by a biological advantage, not as yet identified. This remains to be established. Nevertheless, gene rearrangements observed here are akin to those reported for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In the glycophorin family the small size of the region within which gene interactions have occurred and the participation of essentially only two alleles makes this relatively simpler system more focused and easier to dissect and describe molecularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Blumenfeld
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Abstract
The unfolding story of genes encoding variant glycophorin molecules is already known to be more complicated than described here. The principles outlined provide a basis for understanding the fundamental events that occur in genes encoding the glycophorins as well as genes encoding unrelated proteins carrying other blood group antigens. Over 20 different genes involving the GYPA and GYPB family have been described. These genes arise from gene rearrangements within a relatively short region. This hot spot of activity has inverted palindromic sequences, which are known to be sites for DNA recombination. Similar structures exist in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) where allelic diversity is a functional requisite. However, the significance of allelic diversity in the glycophorin gene family is not understood. The GYPA, GYPB and GYPE gene cluster is known to be prone to mutation by radiation because there is a high incidence of somatic mutation events in atomic bomb survivors, in people exposed to accidental radiation, in patients with Bloom's syndrome and in patients receiving radiation therapy. The mutation events were dose dependent: the greater the exposure, the greater proportion of red blood cells exhibited mutations. While it is known that MHC diversity protects against infection, the reason for glycophorin rearrangements remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Reid
- Immunohematology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, NY 10021
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Huang C, Reid M, Blumenfeld O. Remodeling of the transmembrane segment in human glycophorin by aberrant RNA splicing. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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