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Lewis WH, Lind AE, Sendra KM, Onsbring H, Williams TA, Esteban GF, Hirt RP, Ettema TJG, Embley TM. Convergent Evolution of Hydrogenosomes from Mitochondria by Gene Transfer and Loss. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:524-539. [PMID: 31647561 PMCID: PMC6993867 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenosomes are H2-producing mitochondrial homologs found in some anaerobic microbial eukaryotes that provide a rare intracellular niche for H2-utilizing endosymbiotic archaea. Among ciliates, anaerobic and aerobic lineages are interspersed, demonstrating that the switch to an anaerobic lifestyle with hydrogenosomes has occurred repeatedly and independently. To investigate the molecular details of this transition, we generated genomic and transcriptomic data sets from anaerobic ciliates representing three distinct lineages. Our data demonstrate that hydrogenosomes have evolved from ancestral mitochondria in each case and reveal different degrees of independent mitochondrial genome and proteome reductive evolution, including the first example of complete mitochondrial genome loss in ciliates. Intriguingly, the FeFe-hydrogenase used for generating H2 has a unique domain structure among eukaryotes and appears to have been present, potentially through a single lateral gene transfer from an unknown donor, in the common aerobic ancestor of all three lineages. The early acquisition and retention of FeFe-hydrogenase helps to explain the facility whereby mitochondrial function can be so radically modified within this diverse and ecologically important group of microbial eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Lewis
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anders E Lind
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kacper M Sendra
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Onsbring
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Genoveva F Esteban
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Hirt
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thijs J G Ettema
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Martin Embley
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Hasse D, Andersson E, Carlsson G, Masloboy A, Hagemann M, Bauwe H, Andersson I. Structure of the homodimeric glycine decarboxylase P-protein from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 suggests a mechanism for redox regulation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35333-45. [PMID: 24121504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.509976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine decarboxylase, or P-protein, is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme in one-carbon metabolism of all organisms, in the glycine and serine catabolism of vertebrates, and in the photorespiratory pathway of oxygenic phototrophs. P-protein from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is an α2 homodimer with high homology to eukaryotic P-proteins. The crystal structure of the apoenzyme shows the C terminus locked in a closed conformation by a disulfide bond between Cys(972) in the C terminus and Cys(353) located in the active site. The presence of the disulfide bridge isolates the active site from solvent and hinders the binding of PLP and glycine in the active site. Variants produced by substitution of Cys(972) and Cys(353) by Ser using site-directed mutagenesis have distinctly lower specific activities, supporting the crucial role of these highly conserved redox-sensitive amino acid residues for P-protein activity. Reduction of the 353-972 disulfide releases the C terminus and allows access to the active site. PLP and the substrate glycine bind in the active site of this reduced enzyme and appear to cause further conformational changes involving a flexible surface loop. The observation of the disulfide bond that acts to stabilize the closed form suggests a molecular mechanism for the redox-dependent activation of glycine decarboxylase observed earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hasse
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Cicchillo RM, Lee KH, Baleanu-Gogonea C, Nesbitt NM, Krebs C, Booker SJ. Escherichia coli lipoyl synthase binds two distinct [4Fe-4S] clusters per polypeptide. Biochemistry 2004; 43:11770-81. [PMID: 15362861 DOI: 10.1021/bi0488505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipoyl synthase (LS) is a member of a recently established class of metalloenzymes that use S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) as the precursor to a high-energy 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical (5'-dA(*)). In the LS reaction, the 5'-dA(*) is hypothesized to abstract hydrogen atoms from C-6 and C-8 of protein-bound octanoic acid with subsequent sulfur insertion, generating the lipoyl cofactor. Consistent with this premise, 2 equiv of SAM is required to synthesize 1 equiv of the lipoyl cofactor, and deuterium transfer from octanoyl-d(15) H-protein of the glycine cleavage system-one of the substrates for LS-has been reported [Cicchillo, R. M., Iwig, D. F., Jones, A. D., Nesbitt, N. M., Baleanu-Gogonea, C., Souder, M. G., Tu, L., and Booker, S. J. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 6378-6386]. However, the exact identity of the sulfur donor remains unknown. We report herein that LS from Escherichia coli can accommodate two [4Fe-4S] clusters per polypeptide and that this form of the enzyme is relevant to turnover. One cluster is ligated by the cysteine amino acids in the C-X(3)-C-X(2)-C motif that is common to all radical SAM enzymes, while the other is ligated by the cysteine amino acids residing in a C-X(4)-C-X(5)-C motif, which is conserved only in lipoyl synthases. When expressed in the presence of a plasmid that harbors an Azotobacter vinelandii isc operon, which is involved in Fe/S cluster biosynthesis, the as-isolated wild-type enzyme contained 6.9 +/- 0.5 irons and 6.4 +/- 0.9 sulfides per polypeptide and catalyzed formation of 0.60 equiv of 5'-deoxyadenosine (5'-dA) and 0.27 equiv of lipoylated H-protein per polypeptide. The C68A-C73A-C79A triple variant, expressed and isolated under identical conditions, contained 3.0 +/- 0.1 irons and 3.6 +/- 0.4 sulfides per polypeptide, while the C94A-C98A-C101A triple variant contained 4.2 +/- 0.1 irons and 4.7 +/- 0.8 sulfides per polypeptide. Neither of these variant proteins catalyzed formation of 5'-dA or the lipoyl group. Mössbauer spectroscopy of the as-isolated wild-type protein and the two triple variants indicates that greater than 90% of all associated iron is in the configuration [4Fe-4S](2+). When wild-type LS was reconstituted with (57)Fe and sodium sulfide, it harbored considerably more iron (13.8 +/- 0.6) and sulfide (13.1 +/- 0.2) per polypeptide and catalyzed formation of 0.96 equiv of 5'-dA and 0.36 equiv of the lipoyl group. Mössbauer spectroscopy of this protein revealed that only approximately 67% +/- 6% of the iron is in the form of [4Fe-4S](2+) clusters, amounting to 9.2 +/- 0.4 irons and 8.8 +/- 0.1 sulfides or 2 [4Fe-4S](2+) clusters per polypeptide, with the remainder of the iron occurring as adventitiously bound species. Although the Mössbauer parameters of the clusters associated with each of the variants are similar, EPR spectra of the reduced forms of the cluster show small differences in spin concentration and g-values, consistent with each of these clusters as distinct species residing in each of the two cysteine-containing motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cicchillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. The Metabolism of Nitrogen and Amino Acids. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Abstract
The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the Escherichia coli gcvP gene was determined. The polypeptide deduced from the DNA sequence has an M(r) of 104,375 (957 amino acids). In a minicell system, gcvP encodes a polypeptide that migrates at 93.3 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. After the coding region, there is a 39-nt sequence followed by a T-rich sequence within which transcription appears to terminate. This region is preceded by a G/C-rich sequence that could form a stable stem-loop structure once transcribed, and is characteristic of Rho-independent transcription terminators. A Northern analysis identified an approx. 4700-nt RNA molecule, large enough to encode the T-, H-and P-proteins of the glycine cleavage enzyme complex. Analyses of gcvP::lacZ fusions with and without stop codons in gcvT, the first gene in the operon, confirmed gcvT, gcvH and gcvP lie in an operon. RNA slot blot analyses indicated that induction of gcv by glycine, and PurR-mediated repression of gcv occur at the level of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Stauffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Abstract
Some strict anaerobic bacteria catalyze with glycine as substrate an internal Stickland reaction by which glycine serves as electron donor being oxidized by glycine-cleavage system or as electron acceptor being reduced by glycine reductase. In both cases, energy is conserved by substrate level phosphorylation. Except for the different substrate-activating proteins PB, reduction of sarcosine or betaine to acetyl phosphate involves in Eubacterium acidaminophilum the same set of proteins as observed for glycine, e.g. a unique thioredoxin system as electron donor and an acetyl phosphate-forming protein PC interacting with the intermediarily formed Secarboxymethylselenoether bound to protein PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Andreesen
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Halle, Germany
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Bourguignon J, Macherel D, Neuburger M, Douce R. Isolation, characterization, and sequence analysis of a cDNA clone encoding L-protein, the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase component of the glycine cleavage system from pea-leaf mitochondria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 204:865-73. [PMID: 1541297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
L-protein is the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase component of the glycine decarboxylase complex which catalyses, with serine hydroxymethyltransferase, the mitochondrial step of photorespiration. We have isolated and characterized a cDNA from a lambda gt11 pea library encoding the complete L-protein precursor. The derived amino acid sequence indicates that the protein precursor consists of 501 amino acid residues, including a presequence peptide of 31 amino acid residues. The N-terminal sequence of the first 18 amino acid residues of the purified L-protein confirms the identity of the cDNA. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of L-protein with human, porcine and yeast dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase sequences reveals high similarity (70% in each case), indicating that this enzyme is highly conserved. Most of the residues located in or near the active sites remain unchanged. The results described in the present paper strongly suggest that, in higher plants, a unique dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of different mitochondrial enzyme complexes. Confidence in this conclusion comes from the following considerations. First, after fractionation of a matrix extract of pea-leaf mitochondria by gel-permeation chromatography followed by gel electrophoresis and Western-blot analysis, it was shown that polyclonal antibodies raised against the L-protein of the glycine-cleavage system recognized proteins with an Mr of about 60000 in different elution peaks where dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase activity has been detected. Second, Northern-blot analysis of RNA from different tissues such as leaf, stem, root and seed, using L-protein cDNA as a probe, indicates that the mRNA of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase accumulates to high levels in all tissues. In contrast, the H-protein (a specific protein component of the glycine-cleavage system) is known to be expressed primarily in leaves. Third, Southern-blot analysis indicated that the gene coding for L-protein in pea is most likely to be present in a single copy/haploid genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bourguignon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unit Associé au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No 576, Grenoble, France
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8
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Kim Y, Oliver DJ. Molecular cloning, transcriptional characterization, and sequencing of cDNA encoding the H-protein of the mitochondrial glycine decarboxylase complex in peas. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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9
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Immunocytochemical localization of proteins P1, P2, P3 of glycine decarboxylase and of the selenoprotein PA of glycine reductase, all involved in anaerobic glycine metabolism of Eubacterium acidaminophilum. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00456099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Eubacterium acidaminophilum sp. nov., a versatile amino acid-degrading anaerobe producing or utilizing H2 or formate. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Min KH, Kwon-Chung KJ. The biochemical basis for the distinction between the two Cryptococcus neoformans varieties with CGB medium. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, UND HYGIENE. SERIES A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY 1986; 261:471-80. [PMID: 3094288 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(86)80079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical basis for the reaction to canavanine-glycine-bromthymol blue (CGB) agar by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and C. neoformans var. neoformans was investigated. All of the var. gattii isolates tested were found to utilize glycine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen and were resistant to L-canavanine. Only 11% of the serotype D isolates of var. neoformans utilized glycine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, but these were all sensitive to canavanine. Nineteen percent of the serotype A isolates of var. neoformans were able to assimilate glycine, and 81% of the glycine users were resistant to canavanine. However, these canavanine-resistant, glycine-assimilating, var. neoformans isolates failed to grow when they were cultured on a medium containing glycine and canavanine. Unlike the var. neoformans isolates, all of the var. gattii isolates tested grew on a medium that contained both of these compounds. Glycine-utilizing isolates exhibited good uptake of the amino acid, and a glycine-cleaving enzyme was discernable in the isolate. The isolates that fail to utilize glycine accumulated the amino acid at a rate which was barely 15% of that seen in the glycine users, and no glycine-cleaving enzyme was apparent within the 48-hr incubation period. When a cell-free extract (which had been derived from a glycine-utilizing isolate), was incubated with 14C-labeled glycine, ammonia, radiolabeled CO2, and serine were produced. The glycine decarboxylase activity of the cell-free extract was found to be enhanced by the addition of dithiothreitol, tetrahydrofolate, pyridoxal phosphate, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The ammonia released during glycine cleavage seems to be responsible for the positive reaction on CGB medium.
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12
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Stauffer LT, Plamann MD, Stauffer GV. Cloning and characterization of the glycine-cleavage enzyme system of Escherichia coli. Gene 1986; 44:219-26. [PMID: 3023185 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The glycine-cleavage enzyme system of Escherichia coli has been cloned in the cosmid vector pMF7. The recombinant plasmid, designated pGS64, carries two 19.4-kb EcoRI insert fragments. One of these fragments, which carries the gcv system, was subcloned from plasmid pGS64 into the plasmid vectors pACYC184 and pSC101 (creating plasmids pGS96 and pGS97, respectively). Plasmid pGS97, but not pGS96, complements a gcv mutant on glycine-supplemented plates. Enzyme assays, however, verified that both plasmids carry an inducible gcv system. The location of the gcv system in plasmid pGS97 was determined by Tn5 insertional inactivation. Subcloning experiments identified the region on the 19.4-kb fragment that inhibits growth in strains transformed with plasmid pGS96 and a region that is possibly involved in negative regulation of the gcv system.
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Sokatch JR, Burns G. Oxidation of glycine by Pseudomonas putida requires a specific lipoamide dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 228:660-6. [PMID: 6546487 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida produces two lipoamide dehydrogenases with molecular weights of 49,000 and 56,000 designated LPD-val and LPD-glc, respectively. LPD-val is required for oxidation of valine, since it is specifically utilized as the E3 component of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. Since glycine oxidation by bacteria and mammals also requires lipoamide dehydrogenase, we desired to determine which lipoamide dehydrogenase would be used by the P. putida glycine oxidation system. When grown in a medium with glycine as the sole nitrogen source, P. putida produced a single lipoamide dehydrogenase with a molecular weight of 56,000 and which reacted with antiserum to LPD-glc. The partially purified glycine oxidation system from P. putida was stimulated by LPD-glc but not by LPD-val and was inhibited by anti-LPD-glc, but not by anti-LPD-val. It was not possible to detect LPD-val in extracts of cells grown in glucose-glycine medium by the use of anti-LPD-val. LPD-glc was five times as active as LPD-val in catalyzing the oxidation of purified protein H, the heat-stable, lipoic acid-containing protein of the glycine oxidation system. These results indicate that LPD-glc is specifically utilized for glycine oxidation in P. putida.
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Fujiwara K, Motokawa Y. Mechanism of the glycine cleavage reaction. Steady state kinetic studies of the P-protein-catalyzed reaction. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)82042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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D�rre P, Spahr R, Andreesen JR. Glycine fermentation via a glycine reductase in Peptococcus glycinophilus and Peptococcus magnus. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Okamura-Ikeda K, Fujiwara K, Motokawa Y. Purification and characterization of chicken liver T-protein, a component of the glycine cleavage system. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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The mitochondrial glycine cleavage system. Purification and properties of glycine decarboxylase from chicken liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Fujiwara K, Okamura K, Motokawa Y. Hydrogen carrier protein from chicken liver: purification, characterization, and role of its prosthetic group, lipolic acid, in the glycine cleavage reaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197:454-62. [PMID: 389161 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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O'Brien WE. Inhibition of glycine synthase by branched-chain alpha-keto acids. A possible mechanism for abnormal glycine metabolism in ketotic hyperglycinemia. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 189:291-7. [PMID: 708054 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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The Metabolism of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds. Biochemistry 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-492550-2.50019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase. I. Purification and role in pantothenate biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kochi H, Kikuchi G. Mechanism of reversible glycine cleavage reaction in Arthrobacter globiformis. Function of lipoic acid in the cleavage and synthesis of blycine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:71-81. [PMID: 1259444 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Motokawa Y, Kikuchi G. Glycine metabolism by rat liver mitochondria. Reconstruction of the reversible glycine cleavage system with partially purified protein components. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:624-33. [PMID: 4460882 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Kikuchi G. The glycine cleavage system: composition, reaction mechanism, and physiological significance. Mol Cell Biochem 1973; 1:169-87. [PMID: 4585091 DOI: 10.1007/bf01659328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Motokawa Y, Kikuchi G. Glycine metabolism in rat liver mitochondria. V. Intramitochondrial localization of the reversible glycine cleavage system and serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 146:461-4. [PMID: 4107181 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Motokawa Y, Hiraga K, Kochi H, Kikuchi G. Evidence for the presence of a protein-bound intermediate in the cleavage and the synthesis of glycine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 38:771-8. [PMID: 5462702 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Motokawa Y, Kikuchi G. Glycine metabolism by rat liver mitochondria. IV. Isolation and characterization of hydrogen carrier protein, an essential factor for glycine metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 135:402-9. [PMID: 4312072 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Kochi H, Kikuchi G. Reactions of glycine synthesis and glycine cleavage catalyzed by extracts of Arthrobacter globiformis grown on glycine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 132:359-69. [PMID: 4389630 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Williams CH, Zanetti G, Arscott LD, McAllister JK. Lipoamide Dehydrogenase, Glutathione Reductase, Thioredoxin Reductase, and Thioredoxin. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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33
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Sato T, Motokawa Y, Kochi H, Kikuchi G. Glycine synthesis by extracts of acetone powder of rat-liver mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1967; 28:495-501. [PMID: 6052484 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(67)90340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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