1
|
High Molecular Weight Kininogen: A Review of the Structural Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413370. [PMID: 34948166 PMCID: PMC8706920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kininogens are multidomain glycoproteins found in the blood of most vertebrates. High molecular weight kininogen demonstrate both carrier and co-factor activity as part of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, leading to thrombin generation. Kininogens are the source of the vasoactive nonapeptide bradykinin. To date, attempts to crystallize kininogen have failed, and very little is known about the shape of kininogen at an atomic level. New advancements in the field of cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) have enabled researchers to crack the structure of proteins that has been refractory to traditional crystallography techniques. High molecular weight kininogen is a good candidate for structural investigation by cryoEM. The goal of this review is to summarize the findings of kininogen structural studies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Gansler J, Jaax M, Leiting S, Appel B, Greinacher A, Fischer S, Preissner KT. Structural requirements for the procoagulant activity of nucleic acids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50399. [PMID: 23226277 PMCID: PMC3511531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids, especially extracellular RNA, are exposed following tissue- or vessel damage and have previously been shown to activate the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway in vitro and in vivo. Yet, no information on structural requirements for the procoagulant activity of nucleic acids is available. A comparison of linear and hairpin-forming RNA- and DNA-oligomers revealed that all tested oligomers forming a stable hairpin structure were protected from degradation in human plasma. In contrast to linear nucleic acids, hairpin forming compounds demonstrated highest procoagulant activities based on the analysis of clotting time in human plasma and in a prekallikrein activation assay. Moreover, the procoagulant activities of the DNA-oligomers correlated well with their binding affinity to high molecular weight kininogen, whereas the binding affinity of all tested oligomers to prekallikrein was low. Furthermore, four DNA-aptamers directed against thrombin, activated protein C, vascular endothelial growth factor and nucleolin as well as the naturally occurring small nucleolar RNA U6snRNA were identified as effective cofactors for prekallikrein auto-activation. Together, we conclude that hairpin-forming nucleic acids are most effective in promoting procoagulant activities, largely mediated by their specific binding to kininogen. Thus, in vivo application of therapeutic nucleic acids like aptamers might have undesired prothrombotic or proinflammatory side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gansler
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Miriam Jaax
- Institute for Immunology und Transfusion Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Leiting
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bettina Appel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institute for Immunology und Transfusion Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silvia Fischer
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sankaralingam S, Lalu MM, Xu Y, Davidge ST. Effect of Peroxynitrite Scavenging on Endothelial Cells Stimulated by Plasma from Women with Preeclampsia: A Proteomic Approach. Hypertens Pregnancy 2010; 29:419-28. [DOI: 10.3109/10641950903452360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
4
|
Johansen HT, Briseid K. Separation of Plasma Kallikrein and a Kallikrein-like Plasminogen Activator Generated by Acetone in Rat Plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:371-80. [PMID: 6554030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1983.tb01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator (PGA), kininogenase (Kase) and benzoyl arginine ethyl ester (BAEe) activities generated in plasminogen-free rat plasma by incubation with acetone (23% v/v) at 22 degrees were purified. The activities passed unadsorbed through columns of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 (pH 7.8) and arginine methylester-Sepharose 4B (pH 8.5). Part of the activities (rat plasma kallikrein) was adsorbed onto a soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI)-Sepharose 4B column at pH 8.5. At pH 7.0 a fraction with higher ratios PGA/BAEe esterase and Kase/BAEe esterase was also adsorbed. Both fractions could be eluted with 5 mM sodium hydroxide. The fraction not adsorbed at pH 8.5, but adsorbed at pH 7.0 was designated low molecular weight plasminogen activator (LMr-PGA), a plasminogen activator fraction with higher molecular weight, but without esterase activity being also present (Berstad & Briseid 1982). LMr-PGA was strongly inhibited by tranexamic acid (AMCA) 0.10 mM, whereas the fraction designated rat plasma kallikrein was not. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Mr-values in the range 120,000 to 130,000 were established for native samples of both rat plasma kallikrein and LMr-PGA, whereas Mr-values of 78,000 to 80,000 were established after treatment with SDS.
Collapse
|
5
|
Surface-induced alterations in the kinetic pathway for cleavage of human high molecular weight kininogen by plasma kallikrein. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
6
|
Legris F, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Colman R, Adam A. An ultrasensitive chemiluminoenzyme immunoassay for the quantification of human tissue kininogens: application to synovial membrane and cartilage. J Immunol Methods 1994; 168:111-21. [PMID: 8288887 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a chemiluminescent detection has been developed for the quantification of total human (high and low molecular weight) kininogens in tissue extracts. This assay uses monospecific polyclonal IgG labelled with alkaline phosphatase and the commercially available dioxetane derivatives as substrates, for the detection of immune complexes. This method exhibits a sensitivity level of 1 fmol/ml and allows a precise quantification of total kininogens in synovium and cartilage extracts. When characterized by Western blot, the immunoreactive material reveals the presence of both high and low molecular weight kininogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Legris
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Basak A, Yuan XW, Harris R, Seidah NG, Chrétien M. Synthesis of the segment (11-23) located in the first tandem repeat of plasma kallikrein: comparative binding studies of this and another segment (328-343) to high-molecular-mass kininogen. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 615:251-64. [PMID: 8335703 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of porcine plasma kallikrein (pPK) segment (11-23), of sequence Phe-Phe-Arg-Gly-Gly-Asp-Val-Ser-Ala-Met-Tyr-Thr-Pro, present in the first tandem repeat sequence of the regulatory chain of PK, has been accomplished following the peptide fragments (5 + 4 + 4) condensation strategy in solution, as well as by fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl solid-phase chemistry. This and another synthetic PK segment of residues (328-343) present in the fourth tandem repeat sequence [Cys(ACM)-Ser-Leu-Arg-Leu-Ser-Thr-Asp-Gly-Ser-Pro-Thr-Arg-Ile-Thr-Tyr] and synthesized by a solid-phase method, were fully characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, amino acid composition and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Proteolysis of these peptides by either rat PK (rPK) or trypsin resulted in cleavages between Arg decreases Gly for pPK (11-23) and between Arg decreases Leu and Arg decreases Ile for rPK (328-343). Kinetic studies revealed that for peptide pPK (11-23), the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of rPK is congruent to 9-fold higher than that of trypsin, but for the other peptide, rPK (328-343), kcat/Km of trypsin is congruent to 49-fold higher than that of rPK. The facile cleavage of pPK (11-23) by rPK confirms the Arg13 decreases Gly14 position as the site of autolytic degradation of PK and also explains its special preference for Phe-Phe-Arg sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Basak
- J.A. de Sève Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- D Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roeise O, Nuijens JH, Hack CE, Bouma BN, Stadaas JO, Aasen AO. Methylprednisolone induces activation of the contact system in a dose-dependent manner. An in vitro study. Thromb Res 1990; 57:877-88. [PMID: 2382256 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(90)90154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) on the contact system of plasma was studied in human citrated pool plasma. Contact activation was demonstrated by the presence of plasma kallikrein (KK) activity and activated Hageman factor (FXIIa) and/or KK in complex with C1 inhibitor (C1inh), detected by chromogenic peptide substrates or radioimmunoassays, using monoclonal antibodies directed to neodeterminants exposed on complexed C1inh, respectively. When plasma and different doses of MP were incubated for a period of 24 hours, the highest dose of MP (10 mg/ml) gave rapid and marked increases in KK activities and concentrations of C1inh complexes. MP at 5 mg/ml plasma also induced activation of the contact system, although this activation was less pronounced. Even the lower dose of MP (1 mg/ml), which is equivalent to doses used in humans, increased plasma concentrations of KK-C1inh complexes. In conclusion, this in vitro study shows that MP in a dose-dependent way activates the contact system of plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Roeise
- Department of Surgery, Ullevaal Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roeise O, Sivertsen S, Ruud TE, Bouma BN, Stadaas JO, Aasen AO. Studies on components of the contact phase system in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer 1990; 65:1355-9. [PMID: 1689607 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19900315)65:6<1355::aid-cncr2820650618>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors have studied components of the contact system in plasma obtained from patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Plasma samples from 118 healthy blood donors served as controls. Plasma prekallikrein (PKK) values, evaluated by chromogenic peptide substrate technique, were significantly decreased in patients with cancer compared with healthy blood donors. High molecular weight kininogen (HMwK) and Hageman factor (FXII) values, assayed by immunochemical techniques, were also decreased in the patients with cancer. The changes of contact factors were most pronounced in patients with liver metastasis. The most striking observation in our study, however, was the elevated inhibitor values in patients with cancer. Alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) and C1 inhibitor (C1INH) values, determined both by functional and immunochemical techniques, were markedly increased in patients with cancer. In conclusion, this study shows that patients with intestinal cancer have reduced values of contact factors and markedly elevated inhibitor values which indicate that development of malignant tumors in the gastrointestinal tract is associated with changes in the contact system of plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Roeise
- Department of Surgery, Ullevaal Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hayashi I, Maruhashi J, Oh-ishi S. Functionally active high molecular weight-kininogen was found in the liver, but not in the plasma of brown Norway Katholiek rat. Thromb Res 1989; 56:179-89. [PMID: 2617467 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(89)90160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma and liver levels of high molecular weight (HMW-) kininogen were assessed by a newly developed radioimmunoassay in B/N-Katholiek strain rats, which is congenitally deficient in plasma HMW- and low molecular weight (LMW-) kininogens. The plasma level of immuno-reactive HMW-kiniogen in this strain was about 4% of that of the normal strain, B/N-Kitasato, whereas its level in B/N-Katholiek liver was approximately 60% of that in normal strain liver. There was no significant difference of half-life of HMW-kininogen in the circulating blood between the deficient and normal rats. When secretion of HMW-kiniogen from the liver cells of the two strains was examined by primary culture of their hepatocytes, the hepatocytes from the deficient strain did not secrete HMW-kininogen in the medium. HMW-kininogens were isolated from the liver microsomal fractions of both strains by use of an immuno-affinity column. The isolated protein from B/N-Katholiek liver showed similar mobility on SDS-PAGE to that from normal rat liver, and had biological activities of HMW-kininogen purified from normal rat plasma, such as intrinsic blood clotting cofactor, thiol-proteinase inhibitor, and kinin precursor. These results indicate that the plasma deficiency in the B/N-Katholiek strain is due to a defect of HMW-kininogen secretion from the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Uehara S, Honjyo K, Furukawa S, Hirayama A, Sakamoto W. Role of the kallikrein-kinin system in human pancreatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 247B:643-8. [PMID: 2481954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9546-5_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various factors in the kallikrein-kinin system were evaluated in acute and chronic pancreatitis. It was noted in particular that plasma trypsin and glandular kallikrein increased markedly in acute phase of pancreatitis and its correlation with amylase was observed. Plasma prekallikrein (PPK) decreased in acute pancreatitis, but increased in chronic pancreatitis. A negative correlation was noted between PPK and kallikrein like activity. Both HMW and LMW kininogen decreased in acute pancreatitis. It was presumed from these findings that the increase in kinin and its activation at the acute phase of pancreatitis might be due to kallikrein or trypsin originating from the pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Uehara
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Tonan Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Figueroa CD, MacIver AG, Mackenzie JC, Bhoola KD. Localisation of immunoreactive kininogen and tissue kallikrein in the human nephron. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1988; 89:437-42. [PMID: 3170266 DOI: 10.1007/bf00492599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cellular localisation of kininogen and its relationships with tissue kallikrein containing cells was studied in the human kidney by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method using antisera to human LMW kininogen and to human tissue kallikrein. Immunoreactive kininogen was localised in the principal cells of collecting ducts. Immunoreactive tissue kallikrein was detected in the connecting tubule cells, segment of the nephron preceding the cortical collecting ducts. The co-existence of tissue kallikrein and kininogen in the same transitional tubule, but in different cells, was established by the use of serial sections and double immunostaining. This anatomical relationship is in accordance with known studies that describe intermingling of principal cells and connecting tubule cells where connecting tubules merge into cortical collecting ducts in the human nephron. The close relationship between cells that contain tissue kallikrein and its substrate, kininogen, suggests that kinins could be generated in the lumen of distal cortical segments of the human nephron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Figueroa
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Bristol, England
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Primary structure requirements for the binding of human high molecular weight kininogen to plasma prekallikrein and factor XI. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
15
|
Fung WP, Schreiber G. Structure and expression of the genes for major acute phase alpha 1-protein (thiostatin) and kininogen in the rat. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
16
|
Derkx F, Schalekamp M, Schalekamp M. Two-step prorenin-renin conversion. Isolation of an intermediary form of activated prorenin. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
17
|
Tait JF, Fujikawa K. Identification of the binding site for plasma prekallikrein in human high molecular weight kininogen. A region from residues 185 to 224 of the kininogen light chain retains full binding activity. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
18
|
Uchida Y, Majima M, Katori M. A method of determination of human plasma HMW and LMW kininogen levels by bradykinin enzyme immunoassay. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1986; 18:831-46. [PMID: 3541001 DOI: 10.1016/0031-6989(86)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
19
|
Greengard JS, Heeb MJ, Ersdal E, Walsh PN, Griffin JH. Binding of coagulation factor XI to washed human platelets. Biochemistry 1986; 25:3884-90. [PMID: 3017409 DOI: 10.1021/bi00361a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The binding of human coagulation factor XI to washed human platelets was studied in the presence of zinc ions, calcium ions, and high molecular weight kininogen. Significant factor XI binding occurred at physiological levels of these metal ions when high molecular weight kininogen was present. Binding required platelet stimulation and was specific, reversible, and saturable. Scatchard analysis of the binding yielded approximately 1500 binding sites per platelet with an apparent dissociation constant of approximately 10 nM. Since the concentration of factor XI in plasma is about 25 nM, this suggests that in plasma factor XI binding sites on stimulated platelets might be saturated. Calcium ions and high molecular weight kininogen acted synergistically to enhance the ability of low concentrations of zinc ions to promote factor XI binding. The similarity between the concentrations of metal ions optimal for factor XI binding and those optimal for high molecular weight kininogen binding, as well as the ability of high molecular weight kininogen to modulate these metal ion effects, implies that factor XI and high molecular weight kininogen may form a complex on the platelet surface as they do in solution and on artificial negatively charged surfaces.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chapter 5A Initiation mechanisms: The contact activation system in plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
|
21
|
Kärkkäinen T, Syvänen AC, Hamberg U. Studies on the antigenic determinants of human low molecular weight kininogen. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1986; 198 Pt A:155-60. [PMID: 2433909 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5143-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Colman RW, Budzynski AZ. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. Compr Physiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
23
|
Bock PE, Shore JD, Tans G, Griffin JH. Protein-protein interactions in contact activation of blood coagulation. Binding of high molecular weight kininogen and the 5-(iodoacetamido) fluorescein-labeled kininogen light chain to prekallikrein, kallikrein, and the separated kallikrein heavy and light chains. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
24
|
Reis ML, Alhenc-Gelas F, Alhenc-Gelas M, Allegrini J, Kerbiriou-Nabias D, Corvol P, Menard J. Rat high-molecular-weight kininogen: purification, production of antibodies and demonstration of lack of immunoreactive kininogen in a strain of brown Norway rats. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 831:106-13. [PMID: 3929838 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-molecular-weight kininogen was purified to apparent homogeneity from Wistar rat plasma by a two-steps chromatographic procedure. 3 mg of kininogen were obtained from 205 ml of plasma. The purified high-Mr kininogen had a bradykinin content of 10.2 micrograms bradykinin equivalents/mg protein. Under denatured and reduced conditions it gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis corresponding to an apparent molecular mass of 110 kDa. Antibodies obtained against rat high-Mr kininogen gave a single precipitation line when tested against rat plasma in double immunodiffusion and in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Although rat high-Mr kininogen possesses physicochemical properties (molecular mass, kinin content per molecule and amino acid composition) similar to human high-Mr kininogen, its antibodies do not cross-react with human, monkey or rabbit plasma, indicating major interspecies differences in the structure of the molecule. Immunoreactive kininogen of Wistar rats was identical to that of Brown Norway rats from a strain bred in Orleans, France (BN/Orl). However, plasma from a strain of Brown Norway rats bred in Leuven, Belgium (BN/Kat), reported to be deficient in a kinin precursor (Damas, J. and Adam, A. (1980) Experientia 36, 586-587), did not contain immunoreactive material discernible by double immunodiffusion or crossed immunoelectrophoresis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hayashi I, Oh-ishi S, Kato H, Enjyoji K, Iwanaga S, Nakano T. Identification of T-kininogen in high and low molecular weight kininogens deficient rat (brown Norway Katholiek strain). Thromb Res 1985; 39:313-21. [PMID: 3850646 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(85)90227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinin release in Brown Norway Katholiek (B/N-Ka) rat plasma was compared with those of Brown Norway Kitasato and Sprague-Dawley rats by treating with rat plasma kallikrein, rat urinary kallikrein, snake venom kininogenase and trypsin. B/N-Ka rat plasma yielded no detectable amount of kinin by either plasma kallikrein, urinary kallikrein or snake venom kininogenase, but yielded variable amount of kinin by trypsin. The released kinin was proved to be isoleucylseryl-bradykinin by high performance liquid chromatography and bioassay profiles. B/N-Ka rat plasma formed a precipitation line against antiserum to T-kininogen, but no line against antiserum to HMW kininogen-light chain.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Kinetics of plasminogen activation by purified activated plasma kallikrein have been studied in a purified system using Glu-plasminogen as a substrate. A synthetic paranitroanilide substrate was used for quantification of the formed plasmin. In that system kallikrein cleaved plasminogen with a Km value of 0.56 microM, a kcat of 1.6 X 10(-4) s-1 and a catalytic efficiency kcat/Km of 2.7 X 10(-4) s-1 microM-1. Addition of CNBr fibrinogen fragments resulted in an increase of Km to 1.18 microM, an increase of kcat to 5.1 X 10(-4) s-1 and an increase in the catalytic rate constant kcat/Km to 4.3 X 10(-4) s-1 microM-1. Addition of purified high molecular weight kininogen had no effect on the kinetics of plasminogen activation whether or not stimulating fibrinogen fragments were present. A stimulating effect of fibrinogen fragments could also be shown for the cleavage of the low molecular weight paranitroanilide substrate H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA by kallikrein; in that system the kcat for substrate cleavage by kallikrein increased from 200 s-1 to 280 s-1, while the Km value remained unchanged. From these data it can be concluded that based on enzyme kinetic studies plasminogen activator activity of purified plasma kallikrein is about 1/1000 of that of high molecular weight urokinase and is only slightly influenced by addition of stimulating fibrinogen fragments. Addition of high molecular weight kininogen does not affect plasminogen activator activity of purified plasma kallikrein.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lämmle B, Griffin JH. Formation of the Fibrin Clot: the Balance of Procoagulant and Inhibitory Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-2261(21)00478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
28
|
Schwartz LB, Bradford T, Griffin JH. The effect of tryptase from human mast cells on human prekallikrein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 129:76-81. [PMID: 3890857 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tryptase, the dominant protease in human mast cells, was examined for its effect on human prekallikrein. Tryptase in the presence and absence of heparin failed to activate prekallikrein as shown in a spectrophotometric assay for kallikrein employing benzoy 1-pro-phe-arg-p-nitroanilide. Treated prekallikrein was converted to active kallikrein by bovine trypsin. Prekallikrein cleavage products were analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions (+/- reduction). Tryptase caused no apparent cleavage under conditions where trypsin caused complete cleavage. Thus, tryptase, which has previously been shown to lack kallikrein and kininase activities, neither activates nor destroys prekallikrein.
Collapse
|
29
|
Müller-Esterl W, Rauth G, Lottspeich F, Kellermann J, Henschen A. Limited proteolysis of human low-molecular-mass kininogen by tissue kallikrein. Isolation and characterization of the heavy and the light chains. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 149:15-22. [PMID: 2581778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The limited proteolysis of human low-molecular-mass kininogen by kallikrein from tissue sources has been studied. Porcine pancreatic kallikrein applied in catalytic amounts split the kininogen molecule (apparent mass 68 kDa) with the release of lysyl-bradykinin (1 kDa). This generated a nicked kininogen molecule with a heavy chain and light chain interconnected via disulfide bridging. Following reductive cleavage of the disulfide bonds, the heavy chain of apparent mass 62 kDa was isolated by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, and the light chain of 5 kDa by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The light chain was found to be composed of 38 amino acids with a single half-cystine residue. Amino-terminal sequence analysis revealed that the light chain is derived from the carboxy terminus of the kininogen molecule [Lottspeich et al. (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 142, 227-232]. Immunological characterization of the isolated L chain indicated that it harbours antigenic site(s) unique for low-Mr kininogen as well as sites common to high-Mr and low-Mr kininogen.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sugo T, Kato H, Iwanaga S, Takada K, Sakakibara S. Kinetic studies on surface-mediated activation of bovine factor XII and prekallikrein. Effects of kaolin and high-Mr kininogen on the activation reactions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 146:43-50. [PMID: 3871394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The kaolin-mediated reciprocal activation of bovine factor XII and prekallikrein was divided into the following two reactions: the activation of factor XII by plasma kallikrein (reaction 1) and the activation of prekallikrein by factor XIIa (reaction 2). The effects of high-Mr kininogen and kaolin surface on the kinetics of these activation reactions were studied. High-Mr kininogen markedly enhanced the rate of reactions 1 and 2 in the presence of kaolin, and the enhancements were highly dependent on the concentrations of the protein cofactor and amount of kaolin surface. For the activation of factor XII by plasma kallikrein (reaction 1), high-Mr kininogen was required when a low concentration of factor XII and kaolin was used. The molar ratio of the protein cofactor to factor XII for optimal activation was found to be approximately 1:1. The apparent Km value and the kcat/Km value for plasma kallikrein on factor XII were calculated to be 4 nM and 5.2 X 10(7) s-1 X M-1, respectively. The activation of prekallikrein by factor XIIa, (reaction 2) proceeded even in the absence of high-Mr kininogen and kaolin. The addition of the protein cofactor and surface to the reaction mixture remarkably accelerated the reaction, and the apparent Km value for factor XIIa on prekallikrein was reduced from 1 microM to 40 nM. Moreover, the kcat/Km value was altered from 7.3 X 10(4) to 1.1 X 10(6) s-1 X M-1). These results suggest that high-Mr kininogen accelerates the surface-mediated activation of factor XII and prekallikrein by enhancing the susceptibility of factor XII to plasma kallikrein, on the one hand, and the affinity of factor XIIa for prekallikrein, on the other hand. Kaolin may play an important role in the concentration and organization of these components on the negatively charged surface.
Collapse
|
31
|
Mort JS, Leduc MS. The combined action of two enzymes in human serum can mimic the activity of cathepsin B. Clin Chim Acta 1984; 140:173-82. [PMID: 6380824 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(84)90342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic substrates are often used to measure the activity of proteolytic enzymes. We have investigated the activities which cleave synthetic substrates such as alpha-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg-Arg-beta-naphthylamide, for which the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin B has a high affinity, in sera from normal individuals, pregnant women and patients with breast cancer. As reported by other workers, activities against these substrates were elevated during pregnancy. Naphthylamine release, however, was shown to be the result of the combined action of two enzymes. The substrate is first cleaved by an endopeptidase to yield alpha-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg and the aminopeptidase substrate Arg-beta-naphthylamide, which is then cleaved by serum aminopeptidases, particularly oxytocinase. A similar mechanism of cleavage was also found in the sera of breast cancer patients, where the endopeptidase catalyzing the first reaction was characterized as plasma kallikrein and the second reaction was carried out by serum leucine aminopeptidase. In no serum sample was there evidence for true cathepsin B activity.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kerbiriou-Nabias DM, Garcia FO, Larrieu MJ. Radioimmunoassays of human high and low molecular weight kininogens in plasmas and platelets. Br J Haematol 1984; 56:273-86. [PMID: 6691922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1984.tb03955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Radioimmunoassays of human high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and low molecular weight kininogen (LMWK) were developed using antibodies directed against the light and the heavy chains of kallikrein-cleaved HMWK. With the anti-light chain antibodies, the radioimmunoassay was specific for HMWK with a detection limit of 0.4 ng. The anti-heavy chain antibodies were used to quantify the concentration of total kininogen antigens. In four different plasmas with a congenital deficiency in HMWK procoagulant activity, there was no detectable antigen in two cases and trace amounts, less than 1 micrograms/ml in the other plasmas (normal concentration: 72 +/- 6 micrograms/ml). In the absence of HMWK, the radioimmunoassay performed with the anti-heavy chain antibodies was specific for LMWK. The amount of LMWK was different in each of these patients' plasmas, ranging from no detectable antigen, i.e. less than 0.15 micrograms/ml, to a normal content. Antigens immunologically indistinguishable from plasma kininogens were detected in lysates of five times washed platelets. HMWK antigen concentration was 3.17 +/- 0.87 micrograms per 10(11) platelets (mean value in 11 donors). LMWK was also present in platelet lysates and the relative concentration versus HMWK was the same as in plasma.
Collapse
|
33
|
Müller-Esterl W, Fritz H. Human Kininogens and their Function in the Kallikrein-Kinin Systems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1984; 167:41-62. [PMID: 6561914 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9355-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
|
34
|
Armour PC, Levi S, Golds EE, Poole AR, Mort JS, Roughley PJ. Activation of latent collagenase by serum proteinases that interact with immobilized immunoglobulin G. Rheumatol Int 1984; 4:151-5. [PMID: 6091234 DOI: 10.1007/bf00541205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously observed that collagen destruction occurs in the vicinity of immune complexes present in articular cartilages of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. When IgG is covalently linked to Sepharose it behaves as if it has reacted with an antigen to form an immune complex, in that it binds the complement component C1 from human serum. Other serum components also interact with this matrix, though their interaction may not be specific for IgG. Two of these components were shown to possess proteolytic activity, one being kallikrein and the other having the properties of plasmin. Both of the activities could activate latent human collagenase. Whilst the binding of the plasmin activity is probably nonspecific, the binding of the kallikrein activity may be selective for IgG (although it is not certain whether this binding is direct or indirect via another molecule). These results therefore suggest that active proteinases such as plasma kallikrein may be selectively concentrated on immune complexes in vivo, where they may locally activate latent proteinases such as collagenase thereby initiating tissue destruction.
Collapse
|
35
|
Bock PE, Shore JD. Protein-protein interactions in contact activation of blood coagulation. Characterization of fluorescein-labeled human high molecular weight kininogen-light chain as a probe. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
36
|
Maier M, Austen KF, Spragg J. Purification of single-chain human low-molecular-weight kininogen and demonstration of its cleavage by human urinary kallikrein. Anal Biochem 1983; 134:336-46. [PMID: 6557772 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human low-molecular-weight kininogen (LMWK) was purified to apparent physical and functional homogeneity by a six-step procedure consisting of ion-exchange chromatography, reverse ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization, hydrophobic chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, gel filtration, and removal of contaminating proteins by their affinity for Affi-Gel blue and zinc. The recovery averaged 15.6% (n = 4). Purified LMWK presented as a single stained band on alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which corresponded to the region of function in eluates from a duplicate gel. The apparent homogeneity was also observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, where the protein presented as a single band of Mr = 65,000 without reduction and 68,000 with reduction. A mole of substrate released 0.8 mol of kinin in 5 min when cleaved by human urinary kallikrein (HUK), and 0.9 mol after 30 min. Cleavage of the single-chain LMWK released kinin from within a disulfide loop as indicated by the SDS-gel electrophoresis of reduced and unreduced kinin-free LMWK. The heavy chain exhibited an Mr = 62,000, which is similar to the Mr of the amino-terminal chain of human HMWK and is consistent with their antigenic relatedness. In contrast to the Mr = 64,000 procoagulant chain of human HMWK, the small (less than 10,000) carboxy-terminal chain of LMWK has no procoagulant activity and may serve only to protect the kinin moiety in the intact substrate.
Collapse
|
37
|
Syvänen AC, Kärkkäinen T, Hamberg U. Conformation and sequence dependent antigenic determinants in human low molecular weight kininogen. Mol Immunol 1983; 20:669-78. [PMID: 6192331 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(83)90011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Conformation and sequence-dependent antigenic determinants were investigated using a kinin-free low molecular weight kininogen isolated from Cohn's plasma fraction IV. This antigen contains the determinants of the apparently intact heavy chain common to the high molecular weight and low molecular weight kininogens. Straightforward reduction and carboxymethylation destroyed the immunoreactivity of this molecule. Antiserum prepared against the reduced protein recognized both reduced and unreduced antigen showing the presence of both types of antigenic determinant. The corresponding antibodies were separated using immunoadsorbent columns. As shown by the higher avidity of the antibodies, the conformation-dependent determinants dominate the antigenic structure.
Collapse
|
38
|
Graham JB, Barrow ES, Reisner HM, Edgell CJ. The genetics of blood coagulation. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1983; 13:1-81. [PMID: 6362359 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8342-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
39
|
van der Graaf F, Tans G, Bouma BN, Griffin JH. Isolation and functional properties of the heavy and light chains of human plasma kallikrein. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
40
|
Yamada K, Erdös EG. Kallikrein and prekallikrein of the isolated basolateral membrane of rat kidney. Kidney Int 1982; 22:331-7. [PMID: 6757527 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1982.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A basolateral membrane (BLM) enriched fraction of the homogenized rat kidney contained kallikrein and prekallikrein which differ from urinary kallikrein. Triton X-100 (0.1%) or melittin (10(-7) - 10(-5)M) solubilized the membrane-bound enzyme. Prekallikrein was activated by trypsin and plasmin. Active kallikrein and activated prekallikrein cleaved the chromogenic substrate S-2266 and released bradykinin from kininogen. Aprotinin and antiserum to rat urinary kallikrein inhibited BLM kallikrein. Gel electrophoresis separated activated BLM prekallikrein and kallikrein; prekallikrein even after activation moved slower (Rf = 0.3) in electrophoresis at an alkaline pH than active kallikrein (Rf = 1). Gel filtration resolved BLM kallikrein to two proteins of low (4 X 10(4) M) and high (1.5 X 10(5) M) molecular weight. After isoelectric focusing of the activated BLM fraction, two kallikreins with pIs of 3.9 and 5.3 were obtained. The BLM fraction also contained renin which became active after Triton treatment. Renin activity was not enhanced by trypsin or acid pH indicating that there was no prorenin present. Thus, BLM of rat kidney contains a kallikrein which is different from urinary kallikrein. This kallikrein, when released from basal membrane, may appear in renal lymph and venous effluent.
Collapse
|
41
|
Rapp JP, Joseph MK, McPartland RP. Proteins binding to kallikrein and esterase A2 in the urine of salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Hypertension 1982; 4:545-55. [PMID: 6759395 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.4.4.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-labeled ([125I]) rat urinary kallikrein and rat urinary TAME esterase A2 were used as probes to look for urinary and plasma proteins that bind to these enzymes. Such proteins are presumptive enzyme inhibitors. Complexes formed with labeled enzymes were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Urine from young (6 weeks old) Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats showed no, or only traces, of protein binding to kallikrein. Concomitant with the slow development of hypertension and proteinuria in S rats fed normal rat chow, one of the six kallikrein-binding proteins demonstrable in plasma was readily found in S-rat urine. This kallikrein-binding protein was called "KBP-1." R rats showed either no or much less KBP-1 in the urine, compared to S rats up to 5 months of age. A partly purified preparation of KBP-1 was shown to inhibit the TAME esterase activity of rat urinary kallikrein in the radiometric TAME assay. Urine of proteinuric S rats also contained two TAME esterase-binding proteins, TEBP-1 and TEBP-2, detected with the [125I]-esterase A2 probe. As S rats aged from 3 to 8 months, free KBP-1 disappeared from the urine in spite of increased and marked proteinuria and the continued presence of KBP-1 in plasma. Concomitant with this age-related loss of urinary KBP-1 there was a marked shift in S urinary proteins binding to [125I]-esterase A2 from TEBP-1 to TEBP-2. It was speculated that KBP-1 and TEBP-1 were the same protein detectable with either labeled kallikrein or labeled esterase A2. The concomitant disappearance of free KBP-1 (TEBP-1) and the appearance of free TEBP-2 in the urine of old, hypertensive, proteinuric S rats suggests that: 1) most of the KBP-1 (TEBP-1) is bound to enzyme(s) in old rats; or 2) KBP-1 (TEBP-1) is largely converted to TEBP-2 in old rats; or 3) both are true and that binding of KBP-1 (TEBP-1) to enzymes is associated with the generation of TEBP-2.
Collapse
|
42
|
Schapira M, Scott CF, James A, Silver LD, Kueppers F, James HL, Colman RW. High molecular weight kininogen or its light chain protects human plasma kallikrein from inactivation by plasma protease inhibitors. Biochemistry 1982; 21:567-72. [PMID: 6175341 DOI: 10.1021/bi00532a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
43
|
Hathaway WE, Christian J, McGregor R, Borden C. Immunoelectrophoretic studies of prekallikrein in human plasma. Thromb Res 1982; 25:267-75. [PMID: 6917563 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(82)90246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using a rabbit anti-human prekallikrein antibody crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and Laurell rocket antigen determinations were done in plasma of subjects with Fletcher (prekallikrein, PKA), Fitzgerald (high molecular weight kininogen), Hageman (XII), and PTA (XI) deficiencies as well as in patients with activation of coagulation (intravascular coagulation syndromes). Abnormal CIE patterns were seen in the Fletcher and Fitzgerald deficient plasmas and also in some of the patients with intravascular coagulation. In vitro studies of plasma treated with thrombin, plasmin, and contact activating agents indicated that abnormal CIE patterns and increased PKA antigen levels were indicative of activation of the Hageman factor dependent pathway and not the result of plasma clotting by thrombin. In vivo activation of the Hageman factor dependent pathway frequently results in an abnormal CIE and a low PKA antigen level.
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
Schapira M, Scott CF, Colman RW. Protection of human plasma kallikrein from inactivation by C1 inhibitor and other protease inhibitors. The role of high molecular weight kininogen. Biochemistry 1981; 20:2738-43. [PMID: 6910423 DOI: 10.1021/bi00513a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High Mr kininogen increases the activation rate of prekallikrein by activated factor XII on a surface. The resulting serine protease, plasma kallikrein, Mr 88 000, is inhibited in plasma by C1 inhibitor, Mr 105 000. Since prekallikrein circulates in plasma with high Mr kininogen as a complex and a kallikrein-high Mr kininogen complex can be formed in purified systems, we studied whether the inhibition of kallikrein by C1 inhibitor was influenced by high Mr kininogen. With C1 inhibitor in excess, the inactivation of kallikrein followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The second-order rate constant for the reaction was 1.7 X 10(4) M-1 s-1, and a kallikrein-C1 inhibitor complex, Mr 190 000 was identified on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Kallikrein and C1 inhibitor formed an irreversible complex without measurable prior equilibrium. The rate of this reaction was decreased by 50% in the presence of high Mr kininogen (1 unit/mL or 0.73 muM). Kinetic analysis indicated that this protection was the result of the formation of a reversible complex between kallikrein and high Mr kininogen, which had a dissociation constant of 0.75 muM. However, low Mr kininogen did not protect kallikrein from inactivation by C1 inhibitor. High Mr kininogen also protected kallikrein from inactivation by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. These findings suggest that the kallikrein-high Mr kininogen complex was formed by noncovalent interactions between the light chains of both kallikrein and high Mr kininogen.
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Silverberg M, Nicoll JE, Kaplan AP. The mechanism by which the light chain of cleaved HMW-kininogen augments the activation of prekallikrein, factor XI and Hageman factor. Thromb Res 1980; 20:173-89. [PMID: 6908319 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|