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Vandergrift GW, Monaghan J, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Direct Analysis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Aqueous Samples Using Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Low-Energy Liquid Electron Ionization. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1587-1594. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental
Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental
Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, V9R 5S5
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied Environmental
Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied Environmental
Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8P 5C2
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5A 1S6
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Asfaw AA, Aspromonte J, Wolfs K, Van Schepdael A, Adams E. Overview of sample introduction techniques prior to GC for the analysis of volatiles in solid materials. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:214-225. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adissu Alemayehu Asfaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- College of Health Sciences; Department of Pharmacy; Mekelle University; Mekelle Ethiopia
| | - Juan Aspromonte
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Kris Wolfs
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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A sediment extraction and cleanup method for wide-scope multitarget screening by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:177-188. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miniaturised sample preparation method for the multiresidual determination of regulated organohalogenated pollutants and related compounds in wild bird eggs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4905-4913. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bigus P, Tsakovski S, Simeonov V, Namieśnik J, Tobiszewski M. Hasse diagram as a green analytical metrics tool: ranking of methods for benzo[a]pyrene determination in sediments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3833-41. [PMID: 27038058 PMCID: PMC4848339 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an application of the Hasse diagram technique (HDT) as the assessment tool to select the most appropriate analytical procedures according to their greenness or the best analytical performance. The dataset consists of analytical procedures for benzo[a]pyrene determination in sediment samples, which were described by 11 variables concerning their greenness and analytical performance. Two analyses with the HDT were performed—the first one with metrological variables and the second one with “green” variables as input data. Both HDT analyses ranked different analytical procedures as the most valuable, suggesting that green analytical chemistry is not in accordance with metrology when benzo[a]pyrene in sediment samples is determined. The HDT can be used as a good decision support tool to choose the proper analytical procedure concerning green analytical chemistry principles and analytical performance merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bigus
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stefan Tsakovski
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Simeonov
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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HAO L, WU DP, GUAN YF. Determination of Dicarboxylic Acids in Fine Atmospheric Particles by Micro-Pressurized Liquid Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Escobar-Arnanz J, Ramos L. The latest trends in the miniaturized treatment of solid samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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A Novel Micro Pressurized Liquid Extraction Method for Rapid Sample Preparation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Various Solids. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Huertas-Pérez JF, Bordajandi LR, Sejerøe-Olsen B, Emteborg H, Baù A, Schimmel H, Dabrio M. PAHs in baby food: assessment of three different processing techniques for the preparation of reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3069-81. [PMID: 25644522 PMCID: PMC4383830 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A feasibility study for producing a matrix reference material for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in baby food is reported. A commercially available baby food, containing carrots, potatoes, tomato, white beans and meat, was spiked with the so-called 15 + 1 PAHs included in the PAHs priority list for food of the EU, at a mass fraction level of 1 μg/kg. The contaminated baby food was further processed by autoclaving, freezing or freeze drying. The homogeneity of the three materials (bottle-to-bottle variation) and their short-term (4 weeks) and long-term (18 months) stability at different temperatures were assessed. To this end, an analytical method based on a solid–liquid extraction followed by cleaning up with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and solid phase extraction (SPE) and GC-IDMS determination, was validated in-house. It could be demonstrated that the procedure fulfilled the demands for application to the homogeneity and isochronous stability studies for the candidate reference materials targeted here. All three materials proved to be sufficiently homogeneous for the intended use. Measurements on the autoclaved material provided the most promising results in terms of envisaged shelf life, although freeze drying was also found to be a suitable processing technique for most of the investigated PAHs. These results are an important step towards the development of a matrix reference material for PAHs in a processed food matrix in a presentation very similar to routine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fernando Huertas-Pérez
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440, Geel, Belgium,
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Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction of inositols from pine nuts (Pinus pinea L.). Food Chem 2014; 153:450-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Costa R. Newly Introduced Sample Preparation Techniques: Towards Miniaturization. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014; 44:299-310. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.860874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Buczyńska AJ, Geypens B, Van Grieken R, De Wael K. Large-volume injection combined with gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:200-208. [PMID: 24338968 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compound-specific stable isotope analyses of carbon require relatively large amounts of sample for reliable analyses. Commonly applied injections of 1 μL may thus be insufficient for samples with low concentrations of pollutants (e.g. air particulate matter) or when the amount of a sample is limited. METHODS A Large-Volume Injection (LVI) method for carbon stable isotope ratio analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) was optimized in this study. Gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCCIRMS) and ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) were used for the determination of stable carbon isotope ratios and quantification of compounds, respectively. RESULTS The optimized method resulted in very good reproducibility, even for the most volatile PAH, naphthalene, when a small amount of higher boiling co-solvent was used. No significant fractionation of isotope ratios could be seen and the recoveries of analytes were similar to or better than that of a splitless cold injection. CONCLUSIONS Injection of 100 μL, instead of the commonly used 1 μL, increases the detection limit for PAHs significantly and/or simplifies the sample preparation step. Using our optimized method, stable carbon isotope ratios can be reliably measured in samples with concentrations of PAHs down to 0.05-0.1 ng μL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Buczyńska
- Joint Research Centre - European Commission, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retiesewg 111, B-2440, Geel, Belgium
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Pan D, Wang J, Chen C, Huang C, Cai Q, Yao S. Ultrasonic assisted extraction combined with titanium-plate based solid phase extraction for the analysis of PAHs in soil samples by HPLC-FLD. Talanta 2013; 108:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pena-Abaurrea M, Ramos J, Gonzalez M, Ramos L. Miniaturized selective pressurized liquid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from feedstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1273:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Christopoulou OD, Sakkas VA, Albanis TA. Evaluation of matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household dust with the aid of experimental design and response surface methodology. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3554-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ourania D. Christopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - Vasilios A. Sakkas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - Triantafyllos A. Albanis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
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Pena-Abaurrea M, Ye F, Blasco J, Ramos L. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1256:222-31. [PMID: 22883158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the feasibility of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ToF MS) for the determination of the 15+1 EU PAHs in sediments. Experimental variables affecting the injection, chromatographic separation and analytical detection of the analytes have systematically been optimised. Under finally proposed conditions, a satisfactory resolution among critical pairs/groups of PAHs, including benz[a]anthracene, cyclopenta[cd]pyrene and chrysene, the three benzofluoranthene isomers, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene from dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA), and DahA from dibenz[a,c]anthracene, has been achieved using DB-5 × BPX-50 as column combination with a run time of 1 h. The feasibility of the method for the analysis of real-life samples has been demonstrated by accurate determination of relevant target PAHs in the certified harbour sediment BCR-535 (deviations among certified concentration values and those calculated using the proposed method lower than 3%); and by successful application to sediments sampled from a relevant protected area located in the South of Spain. The low methodological limits of detection (LODs) obtained for most of the targeted PAHs (in the 5.7-60 μg/kg range, as calculated for real samples) guarantied accurate quantification of the target compounds at the low levels expected in these types of pristine matrices. The strong retention experienced by the heaviest dibenzopyrene isomers included in the study resulted in relatively high LODs for these analytes; nevertheless, these compounds were detected at concentration levels above the corresponding LOD in some of the analysed sediments. In addition, the enhanced identification power provided by GC × GC-ToF MS for the identification of non-target analytes allowed the tentative identification of a group of polynuclear aromatic thiophenes in some of the test samples. Finally, the potential of the use of normalised bubble plots for the fast screening of the potential PAH sources has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pena-Abaurrea
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Pena-Abaurrea M, Ramos L. Miniaturization of Analytical Methods. CHALLENGES IN GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849732963-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter highlights miniaturization in sample preparation as a valuable alternative for green analytical chemistry. The current state of the art is discussed on the basis of examples selected from representative application areas, including biomedical, environmental and food analysis, and involving conventional instrumental techniques for final determination of the target compounds. The emphasis is on those techniques and approaches that have already demonstrated their practicality by the analysis of real-life samples, and in particular on those dealing with the accurate determination of minor organic components. The potential of recent developments in this field for sample treatment simplification and complete hyphenation of analytical processes are discussed and the most pressing remaining limitations evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Lourdes Ramos
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid Spain
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Liu YS, Ying GG, Shareef A, Kookana RS. Simultaneous determination of benzotriazoles and ultraviolet filters in ground water, effluent and biosolid samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5328-35. [PMID: 21704319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new method using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of four benzotriazoles, i.e. benzotriazole (BT), 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-TTri), 5-chlorobenzotriazole (CBT), 5,6-dimethylbenzotriazole (XTri), and six UV filters, i.e. benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor (4-MBC), octyl 4-methoxycinnamate (OMC), 2-(3-t-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-chloro benzotriazole (UV-326), 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-octylphenyl)-benzotriazole (UV-329), and octocrylene (OC) in ground water, effluent and biosolid samples. Solid phase extraction (SPE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were applied as the preconcentration method for water samples (ground water and effluent) and biosolid samples, respectively. The optimized method allowed us to quantify all target compounds with the method detection limits ranging from 0.29 to 11.02 ng/L, 0.5 to 14.1 ng/L and 0.33 to 8.23 ng/g in tap water, effluent and biosolid samples, respectively. The recoveries of the target analytes in tap water, effluent and biosolid samples were 70-150%, 82-127% and 81-133%, respectively. The developed analytical method was applied in the determination of these target compounds in ground water, effluent and biosolid samples collected from Bolivar sewage treatment plants in South Australia. In effluent samples, the target compounds BT, 5-TTri, CBT, XTri and BP-3 tested were detected with the maximum concentration up to 2.2 μg/L for BT. In biosolid samples, eight out of ten compounds tested were found to be present at the concentrations ranging between 18.7 ng/g (5-TTri) and 250 ng/g (4-MBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Malavia J, Santos F, Galceran M. Simultaneous pressurized liquid extraction and clean-up for the analysis of polybrominated biphenyls by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 84:1155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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García Pinto C, Herrero Martín S, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. A simplified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe approach for the determination of trihalomethanes and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in soil matrices by fast gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 689:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang Z, Ohiozebau E, Rhind SM. Simultaneous extraction and clean-up of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls from sheep liver tissue by selective pressurized liquid extraction and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Z, Rhind SM, Kerr C, Osprey M, Kyle CE. Selective pressurized liquid extraction of estrogenic compounds in soil and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 685:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang Z, Shanmugam M, Rhind SM. PLE and GC–MS Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soils. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shamsipur M, Hassan J. A novel miniaturized homogenous liquid–liquid solvent extraction-high performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence method for determination of ultra traces of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4877-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Extraction techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. Int J Anal Chem 2010; 2010:398381. [PMID: 20396670 PMCID: PMC2853853 DOI: 10.1155/2010/398381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to provide a review of the analytical extraction techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. The extraction technologies described here include Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic and mechanical agitation, accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, solid phase extraction and microextraction, thermal desorption and flash pyrolysis, as well as fluidised-bed extraction. The influencing factors in the extraction of PAHs from soil such as temperature, type of solvent, soil moisture, and other soil characteristics are also discussed. The paper concludes with a review of the models used to describe the kinetics of PAH desorption from soils during solvent extraction.
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Alañón ME, Ramos L, Díaz-Maroto MC, Pérez-Coello MS, Sanz J. Extraction of volatile and semi-volatile components from oak wood used for aging wine by miniaturised pressurised liquid technique. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mikolajczuk A, Geypens B, Berglund M, Taylor P. Use of a temperature-programmable injector coupled to gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry for compound-specific carbon isotopic analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2421-2427. [PMID: 19603473 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) can provide information about the origin of analysed compounds; for instance, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosols. This could be a valuable tool in source apportionment of particulate matter (PM) air pollution. Because gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) analysis requires an amount of at least 10 ng of an individual PAH, a high concentration of PAHs in the injected extract is needed. When the concentration is low a large volume injector creates the possibility of introducing a satisfactory amount of individual PAHs. In this study a temperature-programmable injector was coupled to GC-C-IRMS and injection parameters (solvent level, transfer column flow, transfers time) were optimised using six solid aromatic compounds (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene) dissolved in n-pentane and EPA 610 reference mixture. CSIA results for solid PAHs were compared with results obtained for the single components analysed by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The injection method was validated for two sample injection volumes, 50 and 100 microL. This method was also compared with commonly used splitless injection. To be included in the study, measurements had to have an uncertainty lower than 0.5 per thousand for delta(VPDB)13C and a minimum peak height of 200 mV. The lower concentration limits at which these criteria were fulfilled for PAHs were 30 mg/L for 1 microL in splitless injection and 0.3 and 0.2 mg/L for 50 and 100 microL, respectively, in large volume injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mikolajczuk
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Joint Research Centre-European Commission, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
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Pavón JLP, Martín SH, Pinto CG, Cordero BM. Programmed temperature vaporizer based method for the sensitive determination of trihalomethanes and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in soils. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6063-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li Y, Whitaker JS, McCarty CL. New Advances in Large-Volume Injection Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- a Underwriters Laboratories Inc. , South Bend, Indiana, USA
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31
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Hyötyläinen T. Critical evaluation of sample pretreatment techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:743-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Ozcan S, Tor A, Aydin ME. Application of miniaturised ultrasonic extraction to the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 640:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Koning S, Janssen HG, Brinkman UAT. Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Duedahl-Olesen L, Ghorbani F. OPTIMIZATION OF LARGE VOLUME INJECTION FOR IMPROVED DETECTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) IN MUSSELS. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630802378284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Hoh E, Mastovska K. Large volume injection techniques in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Hyötyläinen T, Riekkola ML. Potential of effective extraction techniques and new analytical systems for profiling the marine environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Ramos JJ, Dietz C, González MJ, Ramos L. Miniaturised selective pressurised liquid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls from foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:254-61. [PMID: 17174963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of miniaturised pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) with in-cell purification and subsequent gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detection (GC-micro-ECD) for the determination of prioritary and toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a variety of foodstuffs (fat contents in the range 22-49%, w/w, on a freeze-dried basis) has been investigated. After optimisation of the several experimental parameters affecting the efficiency of the selective PLE process, the developed method provided quantitative recoveries of the endogenous PCBs studied and complete fat elimination in a single step using n-hexane as extraction solvent. A total solvent volume of 3.5 mL was used for the two consecutive 7 min static PLEs of 100-mg samples. Detection limits using GC-micro-ECD were below 0.2 ng/g freeze dried sample for all 22 PCBs investigated in real-life foodstuffs, and the repeatability of the complete PLE plus GC-micro-ECD method as calculated for the analysis of the endogenous PCBs in general was better than 14%. Comparison of the miniaturised PLE method developed with either conventional Soxhlet extraction or matrix solid phase dispersion with subsequent (off-line) clean-up for the analysis of non-spiked samples showed that the efficiency of PLE was similar to or better (recoveries in the range 83-133%, as calculated for the endogenous analytes) than for the other two extraction methods assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ramos
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Mendiola JA, Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibañez E. Use of compressed fluids for sample preparation: Food applications. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:234-46. [PMID: 17353022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated overview (including works published till June 2006) on the latest applications of compressed fluids as sample preparation techniques for food analysis. After a general review of the principles of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE; also called accelerated solvent extraction, ASE or subcritical water extraction, SWE, when water is employed as extraction solvent), the principal applications of such techniques in the mentioned fields of food and natural products are described, discussing their main advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Mendiola
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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39
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Veyrand B, Brosseaud A, Sarcher L, Varlet V, Monteau F, Marchand P, Andre F, Le Bizec B. Innovative method for determination of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and oil samples using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry based on an isotope dilution approach. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:333-44. [PMID: 17395191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and selective analytical method for the determination and the quantification of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and oil has been developed. This method includes the monitoring of 15 PAHs stated as a priority by the EU in their 2005/108 recommendation. The samples were extracted according to a selective extraction step using pressurized liquid extraction followed by a purification with polystyrene-divinylbenzene SPE. Identification and quantification were performed using GC-MS/MS, with an isotope dilution approach using (13)C-labelled PAHs. The novel combination of selective extraction followed by purification provides highly purified analytes combined to a fast and automated method. The advantages of GC-MS/MS as compared to other detection methods are tremendous in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and interpretation facilities. Limits of detection varied between 0.008 and 0.15 microg kg(-1), limits of quantification between 0.025 and 0.915 microg kg(-1) for PAHs in food. The calibration curves showed a good linearity for all PAHs (R(2)>0.99) and precision and recovery were fit for purpose. Trueness of the method was carried out using the US National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 2977 reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Veyrand
- LABERCA-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, BP50707, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
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40
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Poster DL, Schantz MM, Sander LC, Wise SA. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples: a critical review of gas chromatographic (GC) methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:859-81. [PMID: 17019586 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are frequently measured in the atmosphere for air quality assessment, in biological tissues for health-effects monitoring, in sediments and mollusks for environmental monitoring, and in foodstuffs for safety reasons. In contemporary analysis of these complex matrices, gas chromatography (GC), rather than liquid chromatography (LC), is often the preferred approach for separation, identification, and quantification of PAHs, largely because GC generally affords greater selectivity, resolution, and sensitivity than LC. This article reviews modern-day GC and state-of-the-art GC techniques used for the determination of PAHs in environmental samples. Standard test methods are discussed. GC separations of PAHs on a variety of capillary columns are examined, and the properties and uses of selected mass spectrometric (MS) techniques are presented. PAH literature on GC with MS techniques, including chemical ionization, ion-trap MS, time-of-flight MS (TOF-MS), and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), is reviewed. Enhancements to GC, for example large-volume injection, thermal desorption, fast GC, and coupling of GC to LC, are also discussed with regard to the determination of PAHs in an effort to demonstrate the vigor and robustness GC continues to achieve in the analytical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne L Poster
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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41
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Aydin ME, Tor A, Ozcan S. Determination of selected polychlorinated biphenyls in soil by miniaturised ultrasonic solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass-selective detection. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 577:232-7. [PMID: 17723677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturised ultrasonic solvent extraction procedure was developed for the determination of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil samples by gas chromatography-mass-selective detection by using 2(3) factorial experimental design. Recoveries of PCBs from fortified soil samples are over 90% for three different fortification levels between 40 and 120 microg kg(-1), and relative standard deviations of the recoveries are below 7%. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.003 to 0.006 microg kg(-1). The performance of the proposed method was compared to traditional shake flask extraction method on the spiked real soil sample and extraction methods showed comparable efficiencies. Proposed miniaturised ultrasonic solvent extraction offers several advantages, i.e., reducing sample requirement for measurement of target compound, less solvent consumption and reducing the costs associated with solvent purchase and waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Aydin
- Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Campus, 42031 Konya, Turkey.
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42
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Goryacheva IY, Fedorenko EV, Pankin KE. Phosphorimetric determination of pyrene in gasoline and gasoline-contaminated soil samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193480608017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Alonso-Rodríguez E, Moreda-Piñeiro J, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Fernández-Fernández E, Prada-Rodríguez D, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Bermejo-Barrera A, Bermejo-Barrera P. Pressurized liquid extraction of organometals and its feasibility for total metal extraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Tor A, Aydin ME, Özcan S. Ultrasonic solvent extraction of organochlorine pesticides from soil. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Rynö M, Rantanen L, Papaioannou E, Konstandopoulos AG, Koskentalo T, Savela K. Comparison of pressurized fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction and sonication for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air and diesel exhaust particulate matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:488-93. [PMID: 16604239 DOI: 10.1039/b515882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize and compare the chemical composition of diesel particulate matter and ambient air samples collected on filters, different extraction procedures were tested and their extraction efficiencies and recoveries determined. This study is an evaluation of extraction methods using the standard 16 EPA PAHs with HPLC fluorescence analysis. Including LC analysis also GC and MS methods for the determination of PAHs can be used. Soxhlet extraction was compared with ultrasonic agitation and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) using three solvents to extract PAHs from diesel exhaust and urban air particulates. The selected PAH compounds of soluble organic fractions were analyzed by HPLC with a multiple wavelength shift fluorescence detector. The EPA standard mixture of 16 PAH compounds was used as a standard to identify and quantify diesel exhaust-derived PAHs. The most effective extraction method of those tested was pressurized fluid extraction using dichloromethane as a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rynö
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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46
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Roose P, Brinkman UA. Monitoring organic microcontaminants in the marine environment: principles, programmes and progress. Trends Analyt Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Perraudin E, Budzinski H, Villenave E. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on particles of atmospheric interest using pressurised fluid extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:122-31. [PMID: 16079976 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 06/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) was used for the measurement of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on different types of particles: two model particles (PAH-coated silica, PAH-coated graphite) and two natural atmospheric particles (urban dust and diesel exhaust, from NIST reference materials). Samples were analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Extraction efficiency was evaluated with internal standard recovery yields and was shown to depend on the nature of the particle, on the structure of the analytes and on the PAH concentration. Extraction conditions (toluene, 130 degrees C, 130 bar, 2 x 8-min static cycles) were optimised to extract PAHs when strongly interacting with solid matrices and were validated by the analysis of two PAH-certified materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Perraudin
- Laboratoire de Physico et Toxico-Chimie des Systèmes Naturels, UMR 5472 CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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48
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Kristenson EM, Neidig HC, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UAT. Fast miniaturised sample preparation for the screening and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1121-8. [PMID: 16116987 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sludge are usually extracted by a technique such as Soxhlet with subsequent fractionation prior to long GC runs using GC-ECD or GC-HRMS. In this study, the extraction of selected chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) from a spiked sludge sample by three rapid techniques, i.e. ultrasonic (USE), pressurised-liquid (PLE), and microwave-assisted (MAE) extraction using a domestic microwave, was studied, with subsequent direct GC-ECD, GC-MS, or GC x GC-microECD analysis of the extracts. The main goal was to select an appropriate, and miniaturised, extraction method after only a brief optimisation and demonstrate the power of GC x GC analysis of dirty extracts. For PLE similar CB recoveries were found when extracting with either n-hexane or n-hexane/acetone (1/1). For USE and MAE, n-hexane/acetone (1/1) was the preferred extraction solvent. USE gave the best recoveries (80-95%; except 130% for CB 105). The only clean-up needed prior to GC-MS or GC x GC-gECD analysis was the removal of sulphur-containing compounds. GC-ECD was not suitable for these dirty extracts. The lowest LODs for the CBs (20 fg or 0.1 ng/g sludge) were found when combining USE and GC x GC-microECD, because of the powerful extraction, high separation power and excellent detectability provided by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maria Kristenson
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, de Boelelaan 1083,1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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49
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Banjoo DR, Nelson PK. Improved ultrasonic extraction procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1066:9-18. [PMID: 15794549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to optimize an ultrasonic extraction procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and to compare it with the reflux procedure using methanolic potassium hydroxide. Sample extracts were purified with a miniaturized silica gel chromatographic column and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ultrasonication using n-hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) solvent mixture on dried homogenized marine sediment gave better precision (smaller relative standard deviation (RSD) values) and comparable quantities of individual PAH's compared to the reflux procedure. Ultrasonication with the n-hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) mixture, utilizing four 15 min extraction cycles, was found to be sufficient for extracting PAHs from wet sediments. The optimized ultrasonic extraction procedure extracted aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons from the National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 1941a with recoveries greater than 90%. The major advantages of ultrasonication compared to the reflux method are the lower extraction times, simplicity of the apparatus and extraction procedure. The optimized ultrasonication procedure has been used in our laboratory to extract hydrocarbons from naturally wet sediments from rivers, and coastal and marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Ricardo Banjoo
- Department of Marine Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Marine Affairs, Hill Top Lane, Chaguaramas, P.O. Box 3160, Carenage Post Office Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
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50
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Fuoco R, Giannarelli S, Onor M, Ceccarini A, Carli V. Optimized cleanup methods of organic extracts for the determination of organic pollutants in biological samples. Microchem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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