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Šegulja D, Šparakl T, Rogić D. Applied capillary electrophoresis system affects screening for monoclonal gammopathy in serum: verification study of two eight-capillary systems. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2022; 82:85-89. [PMID: 35112636 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2022.2034035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is a method with a long history of developments which enables monitoring of several pathological processes and has an irreplaceable role in screening for presence of M-protein. The aim of this study was to assess analytical performance of Sebia and Helena systems, as well as their screening efficiency for M-protein by identifying characteristic electrophoretic pattern abnormalities. The controls were analyzed in triplicate over a five-day period. Comparability testing was performed on 46 (Capillarys3Octa) and 49 (V8Nexus) serum samples with routinely used Capillarys2. Electropherograms (EPGs) were reviewed by two specialists independently to select samples for further processing by immunofixation. All precision test results met the eligibility criteria by Ricos et al. The correlation coefficients higher than 0.8 indicated excellent comparability although the results were slightly more comparable among the same manufacturer systems. There were no variations in observed abnormalities in EPGs when Capillarys systems were compared, but a disparity was detected in 11/49 EPGs on comparing Capillarys2 and V8Nexus. The cause of the detected difference could be in a different graphical presentation of the findings and in a lesser resolution of the applied buffer. The impression is that the V8Nexus system combined with the utilized buffer provides greater resolution in the alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulin fractions, but that it declines in the gamma globulin fraction. The precision and estimated accuracy criteria were met by both systems. Comparison results implied that capillary systems are not equally effective in M-protein screening, highlighting the necessity to include system screening efficiency in analytical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Šegulja
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tajana Šparakl
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogić
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Latosinska A, Siwy J, Mischak H, Frantzi M. Peptidomics and proteomics based on CE‐MS as a robust tool in clinical application: The past, the present, and the future. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2294-2308. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Liu J, Hu X, Cao F, Zhang Y, Lu J, Zeng L. A lateral flow strip based on gold nanoparticles to detect 6-monoacetylmorphine in oral fluid. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180288. [PMID: 30110425 PMCID: PMC6030262 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We used lateral flow strips based on gold nanoparticles to detect 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM; heroin's unique metabolite) in oral fluid samples. In this competitive lateral chromatographic immunoassay, the 6-MAM was chemically synthesized and conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The results were qualitatively detected via the colour change of the test line. By using a proper sample pad, a suitable nitrocellulose membrane and a customized sponge device adsorbed the oral fluid directly from the mouth; the total test time was 3 min. The sensitivity of the assay was 4.0 ng ml-1 without any cross-reactivity with 10 normal drugs, which are widely subject to abuse, including morphine and codeine. This test could be easily used on site to detect heroin in oral fluid, and it could be a promising product in the future including for driving under the influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
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Alahyari E, Setareh M, Shekari A, Roozbehani G, Soltaninejad K. Analysis of opioids in postmortem urine samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detection. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-018-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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5
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Kokulnathan T, Joseph Anthuvan A, Chen SM, Chinnuswamy V, Kadirvelu K. Trace level electrochemical determination of the neurotransmitter dopamine in biological samples based on iron oxide nanoparticle decorated graphene sheets. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trace level electrochemical determination of dopamine in biological samples based on an iron oxide nanoparticle-capped graphene sheet modified electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavelu Kokulnathan
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Republic of China
| | - Allen Joseph Anthuvan
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore-641 046
- India
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Republic of China
| | | | - Krishna Kadirvelu
- DRDO-Bharathiar University Campus-Centre for Life Sciences
- Coimbatore
- India
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Babaei A, Afrasiabi M, Shabanian M. Application of multivariate optimization method in nanomolar simultaneous determination of morphine and codeine in the presence of uric acid using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a hydroxyapatite-Fe3O4 nanoparticle/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Palanisamy S, Thangavelu K, Chen SM, Gnanaprakasam P, Velusamy V, Liu XH. Preparation of chitosan grafted graphite composite for sensitive detection of dopamine in biological samples. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:401-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Brown H, Oktem B, Windom A, Doroshenko V, Evans-Nguyen K. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Akramipour R, Fattahi N, Pirsaheb M, Gheini S. Combination of counter current salting-out homogenous liquid-liquid extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a novel microextraction of drugs in urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:162-8. [PMID: 26828152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The counter current salting-out homogenous liquid-liquid extraction (CCSHLLE) joined with the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) has been developed as a high preconcentration technique for the determination of different drugs in urine samples. Amphetamines were employed as model compounds to assess the extraction procedure and were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). In this method, initially, NaCl as a separation reagent is filled into a small column and a mixture of urine and acetonitrile is passed through the column. By passing the mixture, NaCl is dissolved and the fine droplets of acetonitrile are formed due to salting-out effect. The produced droplets go up through the remained mixture and collect as a separated layer. Then, the collected acetonitrile is removed with a syringe and mixed with 30.0μL 1-undecanol (extraction solvent). In the second step, the 5.00mLK2CO3 solution (2% w/v) is rapidly injected into the above mixture placed in a test tube for further DLLME-SFO. Under the optimum conditions, calibration curves are linear in the range of 1-3000μgL(-1) and limit of detections (LODs) are in the range of 0.5-2μgL(-1). The extraction recoveries and enrichment factors ranged from 78 to 84% and 157 to 168, respectively. Repeatability (intra-day) and reproducibility (inter-day) of method based on seven replicate measurements of 100μgL(-1) of amphetamines were in the range of 3.5-4.5% and 4-5%, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of amphetamines in the actual urine samples. The relative recoveries of urine samples spiked with amphetamine and methamphetamine are 90-108%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Akramipour
- School of Medical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Meghdad Pirsaheb
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Simin Gheini
- School of Medical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Determination of Morphine and Its Metabolites in Human Urine by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection Employing On-Column Labeling with a New Boronic Acid Functionalized Squarylium Cyanine Dye. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Aqueous Biphasic Systems Based on Ionic Liquids for Extraction, Concentration and Purification Approaches. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-48520-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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12
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Taghvimi A, Hamishehkar H, Ebrahimi M. Magnetic nano graphene oxide as solid phase extraction adsorbent coupled with liquid chromatography to determine pseudoephedrine in urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1009-1010:66-72. [PMID: 26708626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on a method based on magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) for the determination of pseudoephedrine. Magnetic nanographene oxide (MNGO) was applied as a new adsorbent for the extraction of pseudoephedrine from urine samples. Synthesis of MNGO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The main factors influencing extraction efficiency, including the amounts of sample volume, amount of adsorbent, type and amount of extraction organic solvent, time of extraction and desorption, pH, ionic strength of extraction medium, and agitation rate, were investigated and optimized. Under optimized extraction conditions, a good linearity was observed in the range of 100-2000ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9908 (r(2)). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 25 and 82.7ng/mL, respectively. Inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy were 6.01 and 0.34 (%), and 8.70 and 0.29 (%), respectively. The method was applied for the determination of pseudoephedrine in urine samples of volunteers receiving pseudoephedrine with the recovery of 96.42. It was concluded that the proposed method can be applied in diagnostic clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Taghvimi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Of Mashhad branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical science, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Of Mashhad branch, Mashhad, Iran.
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Posch TN, Pütz M, Martin N, Huhn C. Electromigrative separation techniques in forensic science: combining selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:23-58. [PMID: 25381613 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review we introduce the advantages and limitations of electromigrative separation techniques in forensic toxicology. We thus present a summary of illustrative studies and our own experience in the field together with established methods from the German Federal Criminal Police Office rather than a complete survey. We focus on the analytical aspects of analytes' physicochemical characteristics (e.g. polarity, stereoisomers) and analytical challenges including matrix tolerance, separation from compounds present in large excess, sample volumes, and orthogonality. For these aspects we want to reveal the specific advantages over more traditional methods. Both detailed studies and profiling and screening studies are taken into account. Care was taken to nearly exclusively document well-validated methods outstanding for the analytical challenge discussed. Special attention was paid to aspects exclusive to electromigrative separation techniques, including the use of the mobility axis, the potential for on-site instrumentation, and the capillary format for immunoassays. The review concludes with an introductory guide to method development for different separation modes, presenting typical buffer systems as starting points for different analyte classes. The objective of this review is to provide an orientation for users in separation science considering using capillary electrophoresis in their laboratory in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics ZEA-3, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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14
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Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection to determination of opium alkaloids in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Kohler I, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Highly sensitive capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for rapid screening and accurate quantitation of drugs of abuse in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 780:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Fernández P, Seoane S, Vázquez C, Tabernero MJ, Carro AM, Lorenzo RA. Chromatographic determination of drugs of abuse in vitreous humor using solid-phase extraction. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:740-5. [PMID: 22337121 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is presented for the simultaneous determination of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in vitreous humor by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector after solid-phase extraction with Oasis® HLB cartridges and dichloromethane as eluent. The chromatographic process was carried out using an XTerra® RP8 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and pH 6.5 phosphate buffer in gradient mode. A linear response from the detector was obtained within the concentration range of 0.1-4 µg ml(-1) , with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. The limits of detection were lower than 30 ng ml(-1) for all the drugs studied, the coefficients of variation fluctuated between 0.1 and 12.4%, and the average recoveries were higher than 78% for all the drugs except for EDDP, with a value of 66.4%. Finally, the proposed method was applied to 15 vitreous humor samples coming from individuals who had died from opiate and/or cocaine overdose, showing consumption of cocaine in 14 cases, methadone in five cases and heroin in three cases. Average concentrations of 0.30 µg ml(-1) for morphine, 0.24 µg ml(-1) for 6-acetylmorphine, 0.10 µg ml(-1) for codeine, 0.81 µg ml(-1) for cocaine, 1.26 µg ml(-1) for benzoylecgonine, 0.15 µg ml(-1) for cocaethylene, 0.11 µg ml(-1) for methadone and 0.68 µg ml(-1) for EDDP were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Fernández
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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17
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Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse in biological specimens of forensic interest. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Ahmed H, Elbarbry F, Clark B. Mixed Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic Analysis of Colistin, Polypeptide Antibiotic, Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.33031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Freire MG, Cláudio AFM, Araújo JMM, Coutinho JAP, Marrucho IM, Lopes JNC, Rebelo LPN. Aqueous biphasic systems: a boost brought about by using ionic liquids. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4966-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35151j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Ye H, Xia S, Yu L, Xu X, Zheng C, Xu H, Wang L, Liu X, Cai Z, Chen G. Solid-phase extraction-field-amplified sample injection coupled with CE-ESI-MS for online pre-concentration and quantitative analysis of brain-gut peptides. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2823-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Shamsipur M, Fattahi N. Extraction and determination of opium alkaloids in urine samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2978-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Aturki Z, D'Orazio G, Rocco A, Bortolotti F, Gottardo R, Tagliaro F, Fanali S. CEC-ESI ion trap MS of multiple drugs of abuse. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1256-1263. [PMID: 20209571 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a method for the separation and determination of nine drugs of abuse in human urine, including amphetamines, cocaine, codeine, heroin and morphine. This method was based on SPE on a strong cation exchange cartridge followed by CEC-MS. The CEC experiments were performed in fused silica capillaries (100 microm x 30 cm) packed with a 3 mum cyano derivatized silica stationary phase. A laboratory-made liquid junction interface was used for CEC-MS coupling. The outlet capillary column was connected with an emitter tip that was positioned in front of the MS orifice. A stable electrospray was produced at nanoliter per minute flow rates applying a hydrostatic pressure (few kPa) to the interface. The coupling of packed CEC columns with mass spectrometer as detector, using a liquid junction interface, provided several advantages such as better sensitivity, low dead volume and independent control of the conditions used for CEC separation and ESI analysis. For this purpose, preliminary experiments were carried out in CEC-UV to optimize the proper mobile phase for CEC analysis. Good separation efficiency was achieved for almost all compounds, using a mixture containing ACN and 25 mM ammonium formate buffer at pH 3 (30:70, v/v), as mobile phase and applying a voltage of 12 kV. ESI ion-trap MS detection was performed in the positive ionization mode. A spray liquid, composed by methanol-water (80:20, v/v) and 1% formic acid, was delivered at a nano-flow rate of approximately 200 nL/min. Under optimized CEC-ESI-MS conditions, separation of the investigated drugs was performed within 13 min. CEC-MS and CEC-MS(2) spectra were obtained by providing the unambiguous confirmation of these drugs in urine samples. Method precision was determined with RSDs values <or=3.3% for retention times and <or=16.3% for peak areas in both intra-day and day-to-day experiments. LODs were established between 0.78 and 3.12 ng/mL for all compounds. Linearity was satisfactory in the concentration range of interest for all compounds (r(2)>or=0.995). The developed CEC-MS method was then applied to the analysis of drugs of abuse in spiked urine samples, obtaining recovery data in the range 80-95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Aturki
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Kuang C, Yang F, Zhao W, Wang G. Study of the Rise Time in Electroosmotic Flow within a Microcapillary. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6590-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuifang Kuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Guiren Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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da Costa JL, Tonin FG, Zanolli LA, da Matta Chasin AA, Tavares MFM. Simple method for determination of cocaine and main metabolites in urine by CE coupled to MS. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2238-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Zhang Z, Yan B, Liu K, Liao Y, Liu H. CE-MS analysis of heroin and its basic impurities using a charged polymer-protected gold nanoparticle-coated capillary. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:379-87. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Electrolyte systems for on-line CE-MS: Detection requirements and separation possibilities. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:203-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Zhang Z, Yan B, Liu K, Bo T, Liao Y, Liu H. Fragmentation pathways of heroin-related alkaloids revealed by ion trap and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2851-62. [PMID: 18712703 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqToF) mass spectra of heroin and seven related alkaloids, i.e., morphine, codeine, O-6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), thebaine, acetylcodeine, papaverine and narcotine, have been extensively investigated in this work. The ESI mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of protonated 6-MAM, heroin, acetylcodeine, and thebaine were comprehensively elucidated for the first time with the aid of high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was found that cleavage of the piperidine ring was the featured fragmentation route of six of the compounds, although not of papaverine and narcotine. In addition, a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based separation method gave baseline resolution of all eight components. This study could play an important role in the screening for these alkaloids in different matrices by HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Lin YH, Chiang JF, Lee MR, Lee RJ, Ko WK, Wu SM. Cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for analysis of morphine and its four metabolites in human urine. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2340-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Simpson SL, Quirino JP, Terabe S. On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:504-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Lu M, Zhang L, Feng Q, Xia S, Chi Y, Tong P, Chen G. Pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry based on silica-based monolithic column for rapid analysis of narcotics. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:936-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Rodrigues J, Antonio C, Robinson S, Thomas-Oates J. Mass Spectrometry in Glycobiology. METABOLOMICS, METABONOMICS AND METABOLITE PROFILING 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847558107-00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Carla Antonio
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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33
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Lu M, Tong P, Xiao H, Xia S, Zheng X, Liu W, Zhang L, Chen G. A new method for screening and determination of diuretics by on-line CE-ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1461-71. [PMID: 17367107 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, high-resolution and effective new method for analyzing 12 diuretics by CE-ESI-MS was established in this paper. Ten diuretics (except two neutral compounds) could be fast separated by CE with a DAD at 214 nm with a 20 kV voltage within 6 min, using a 50 microm id and 48.5 cm effective length uncoated fused-silica capillary in a 40 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 9.40). CE was coupled to the mass spectrometer applying an orthogonal electrospray interface with a triple-tube sheath liquid arrangement. The sheath liquid was composed of isopropanol-water (1:1 v/v) containing 30 mM acetic acid with a flow rate of 4 microL/min. Mass spectrum was employed in the positive mode and both full scan mode and SIM scan mode were utilized. All 12 diuretics could be detected and confirmed by MS in a single analysis. Under optimized conditions, LODs for the 12 diuretics were in the range of 0.13-2.7 micromol/L at an S/N of 3, and the correlation coefficients R(2 )were between 0.9921 and 0.9978. The RDSs (n = 5) of the method was 0.24-0.94 % for migration times and 1.6-8.8 % for peak areas. The recoveries of spiked samples of 12 diuretics were between 72.4% and 118%. The real urine samples were injected directly for analysis, with only simple filtration through a 0.22 microm membrane filter in order to remove solid particles, which may cause capillary blockage. Based on the migration times and characteristic ions, the diuretics in urine samples were detected successfully. This CE-ESI-MS method for analyzing diuretics will hopefully be applied to doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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Bosch ME, Sánchez AR, Rojas FS, Ojeda CB. Morphine and its metabolites: Analytical methodologies for its determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:799-815. [PMID: 17207954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the methods of determination published for morphine and its metabolites covering the period from 1980 until at the first part of 2006. The overview includes the most relevant analytical determinations classified in the following two types: (1) non-chromatographic methods and (2) chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espinosa Bosch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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35
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Hindson BJ, Francis PS, Purcell SD, Barnett NW. Determination of opiate alkaloids in process liquors using capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1164-8. [PMID: 17097256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the determination of opiate alkaloids (morphine, codeine, oripavine and thebaine) in industrial process liquors using capillary zone electrophoresis with UV-absorption detection at 214 nm. A study of cyclodextrin type and concentration revealed that the addition of 30 mM hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin to the electrolyte solution (100mM Tris adjusted to pH 2.8) was suitable to resolve the four analytes of interest. Typical analysis time was 12 min and the limit of detection for each alkaloid was 2.5 x 10(-6) M. The results for the proposed methodology were in good agreement with those of a conventional HPLC procedure. Under the same conditions, short-end injection was used to reduce the effective separation length from 41.5 to 8.5 cm, which allowed the determination of morphine and thebaine in process liquors within 2.5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Hindson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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36
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Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MA, Cifuentes A. Sample treatments prior to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1153:214-26. [PMID: 17098242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a crucial part of chemical analysis and in most cases can become the bottleneck of the whole analytical process. Its adequacy is a key factor in determining the success of the analysis and, therefore, careful selection and optimization of the parameters controlling sample treatment should be carried out. This work revises the different strategies that have been developed for sample preparation prior to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Namely the present work presents an exhaustive and critical revision of the different samples treatments used together with on-line CE-MS including works published from January 2000 to July 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Borges
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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37
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Baldacci A, Thormann W. Capillary electrophoresis contributions to the hydromorphone metabolism in man. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2444-57. [PMID: 16718649 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CE-ESI multistage IT-MS (CE-MS(n), n < or = 4) and computer simulation of fragmentation are demonstrated to be effective tools to detect and identify phase I and phase II metabolites of hydromorphone (HMOR) in human urine. Using the same CE conditions as previously developed for the analysis of urinary oxycodone and its metabolites, HMOR and its phase I metabolites produced by N-demethylation, 6-keto-reduction and N-oxidation and phase II conjugates of HMOR and its metabolites formed with glucuronic acid, glucose, and sulfuric acid could be detected in urine samples of a patient that were collected during a pharmacotherapy episode with daily ingestion of 48 mg of HMOR chloride. The CE-MS(n) data obtained with the HMOR standard, synthesized hydromorphol and hydromorphone-N-oxide, and CYP3A4 in vitro produced norhydromorphone were employed to identify the metabolites. This approach led to the identification of previously unknown HMOR metabolites, including HMOR-3O-glucide and various N-oxides, structures for which no standard compounds or mass spectra library data were available. Furthermore, the separation of alpha- and beta-hydromorphol, the stereoisomers of 6-keto-reduced HMOR, was achieved by CE in the presence of the single isomer heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD. The obtained data indicate that the urinary excretion of alpha-hydromorphol is larger than that of beta-hydromorphol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baldacci
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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38
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Jabeen R, Payne D, Wiktorowicz J, Mohammad A, Petersen J. Capillary electrophoresis and the clinical laboratory. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2413-38. [PMID: 16718719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, CE as an analytical tool has shown great promise in replacing many conventional clinical laboratory methods, such as electrophoresis and HPLC. CE's appeal was that it was fast, used very small amounts of sample and reagents, was extremely versatile, and was able to separate large and small analytes, whether neutral or charged. Because of this versatility, numerous methods have been developed for analytes that are of clinical interest. Other than molecular diagnostic and forensic laboratories CE has not been able to make a major impact in the United States. In contrast, in Europe and Japan an increasing number of clinical laboratories are using CE. Now that automated multicapillary instruments are commercially available along with cost-effective test kits, CE may yet be accepted as an instrument that will be routinely used in the clinical laboratories. This review will focus on areas where CE has the potential to have the greatest impact on the clinical laboratory. These include analyses of proteins found in serum and urine, hemoglobin (A1c and variants), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, forensic and therapeutic drug screening, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Jabeen
- University of Texas Medical Branch--Pathology, Galveston, TX 77555-0551, USA
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39
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Campa C, Coslovi A, Flamigni A, Rossi M. Overview on advances in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: A tabulated review. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2027-50. [PMID: 16736462 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest for carbohydrates as holder of essential bioinformations has boosted their full characterization through analytical techniques. The intent of this review is to summarize the recent trends regarding on-line and off-line CE-MS coupling for carbohydrate analysis. A statistical survey on the articles that use derivatizing agents as well as on the analyzer and type of instrument coupling (i.e. on- or off-line) is depicted. From a general overview it can be concluded that, whereas derivatization might be useful for the detection of neutral carbohydrates improving separation selectivity with volatile buffers and increasing sensitivity of the MS detection, relatively few works with derivatized carbohydrates were found; this was noticed in particular for glycosides and saccharides carrying ionizable groups, which are normally analyzed without any chemical modification. The most applied coupling is the on-line sheath-liquid interface; for on-line applications, ESI is the sole source used, whilst the most common analyzer is the IT. MS(n) is often exploited, as fragmentation increases the achieved structural information. CE-MS turned out to be mainly used for the analysis of carbohydrates in drug development (i.e. study of oligosaccharides from pathogens, carbohydrate-based drugs and drug metabolites), in nutrition and for characterization of glycans from glycoproteins. The reader will find elucidating tables regarding these recent CE-MS applications, including the main information on the analysis conditions. Comments are meant to help the immediate focus on the usefulness of the analytical technique and predict the difficulties found during analysis and, in case, their overcoming.
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40
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Cristoni S, Cantu M, Bernardi LR, Gerthoux P, Mocarelli P, Brambilla M, Gonella E, Guidugli F. Surface-activated chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry in the analysis of drugs in dilute urine samples. Part II: analysis of morphine and other street drugs. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1609-17. [PMID: 16320295 DOI: 10.1002/jms.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The new ionization method, called surface-activated chemical ionization (SACI), was employed for the analysis of fives drugs (morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), benzoylecgonine and cocaine) by ion trap mass spectrometry. The results so obtained have been compared with those achieved by using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), no-discharge-APCI and electrospray ionization (ESI) clearly showing that SACI is the most sensible one mainly due to the high ionization efficiency and the lower chemical noise. The performance of SACI in terms of sensitivity and linearity was compared with the sensitivity and linearity obtained using APCI, no-discharge-APCI and ESI, showing that the new SACI approach gives rise to the best results. Then, SACI was used to analyze morphine, codeine, 6-MAM, benzoylecgonine and cocaine in urine samples. After the optimization of the instrumental parameters for a mixture of the standard compounds, eight urine samples were analyzed. They were strongly diluted (1 : 20 and 1 : 100) in order to prevent the chromatographic column damage due to the matrix composition. Furthermore, the diluted urine samples were directly analyzed, without pretreatment, through LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, and the obtained results are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristoni
- University of Milan, Centre for bio-molecular Interdisciplinary Studies and Industrial applications CISI, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate Milano, Italy.
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41
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Qi XH, Mi JQ, Zhang XX, Chang WB. Design and preparation of novel antibody system and application for the determination of heroin metabolites in urine by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Smyth WF. Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry in drug analysis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1334-57. [PMID: 15761915 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A critical review of applications for the period 2000-2004, taken from the Web of Knowledge database, of the technique capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) in drug analysis is presented. The review is concerned with molecules of mass less than 500 Da, chosen according to selected structural classes in which they give ESI signals primarily as [M+H](+) ions although other ions, such as [M-H](-), [M+Na](+), and [M+NH(4)](+), are also reported. These structural classes are drugs with amine-containing side chains, drugs with N-containing saturated ring structures, 1,4-benzodiazepines, other heterocyclic hypnotics, carbohydrates, sulphonylureas, anthracyclines, sulphonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, nitrocatechols, steroids, flavonoids/polyphenols, cannabinols, and miscellaneous molecules. Details are given on the fragmentations, where available, that these ionic species exhibit in-source and in ion-trap, triple quadrupole, and time of flight-mass spectrometers. The review gives a critical evaluation of these recent CE-ESI-MS analytical methods in drug analysis. Analytical information on, for example, sample concentration techniques, CE separation conditions, recoveries from biological media and limits of detection (LODs) are provided. Potential applications of CE-MS to particular drugs or drug classes are also briefly discussed in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Franklin Smyth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co Derry, Northern Ireland.
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43
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Salimi A, Hallaj R, Khayatian GR. Amperometric Detection of Morphine at Preheated Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Huck CW, Stecher G, Scherz H, Bonn G. Analysis of drugs, natural and bioactive compounds containing phenolic groups by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1319-33. [PMID: 15776479 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of phenolic compounds and its latest developments. Special attention is paid to the different interfaces. The instrumental setups are discussed and demonstrated in a high number of real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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45
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Zheng J, Jann MW, Hon YY, Shamsi SA. Development of capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for the determination of lamotrigine in human plasma. Electrophoresis 2005; 25:2033-2043. [PMID: 15237404 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A method of coupling capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection has been developed for monitoring an antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine (LTG) in human plasma. The CZE-MS was developed in three stages: (i) CZE separation and ESI-MS detection of LTG and tyramine (TRM, internal standard) were simultaneously optimized by studying the influence of CZE background electrolyte (BGE) pH, BGE ionic strength, and nebulizer pressure of the MS sprayer; (ii) sheath liquid parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, organic modifier content, and flow rate of the sheath liquid, were systematically varied under optimum CZE-MS conditions developed in the first stage; (iii) MS sprayer chamber parameters (drying gas temperature and drying gas flow rate) were varied for the best MS detection of LTG. The developed assay was finally applied for the determination of LTG in plasma samples. The linear range of LTG in plasma sample assay was between 0.1-5.0 microg/mL with a limit of detection as low as 0.05 microg/mL and run time less than 6 min. Finally, the concentration-time profile of LTG in human plasma sample was found to correlate well when CZE-ESI-MS was compared to a more established method of high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael W Jann
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Science, Mercer University, Southern School of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuen Yi Hon
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Research Laboratory, Clinical Center Pharmacy Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
This review covers beta-phenylethylamines and isoquinoline alkaloids and compounds derived from them, including further products of oxidation, condensation with formaldehyde and rearrangement, some of which do not contain an isoquinoline system, together with naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, which have a different biogenetic origin. The occurrence of the alkaloids, with the structures of new bases, together with their reactions, syntheses and biological activities are reported. The literature from July 2001 to June 2002 is reviewed, with 581 references cited.
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47
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Petersen JR, Okorodudu AO, Mohammad A, Payne DA. Capillary electrophoresis and its application in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 330:1-30. [PMID: 12636924 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical tool that has shown great promise in replacing many conventional clinical laboratory methods, especially electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The main attraction of CE was that it was fast, used small amounts of sample and reagents, and was extremely versatile, being able to separate large and small analytes, both neutral and charged. Because of this versatility, numerous methods for clinically relevant analytes have been developed. However, with the exception of the molecular diagnostic and forensic laboratories CE has not had a major impact. A possible reason is that CE is still perceived as requiring above-average technical expertise, precluding its use in a laboratory workforce that is less technically adept. With the introduction of multicapillary instruments that are more automated, less technique-dependent, in addition to the availability of commercial and cost effective test kit methods, CE may yet be accepted as a instrument routinely used in the clinical laboratories. Thus, this review will focus on the areas where CE shows the most potential to have the greatest impact on the clinical laboratory. These include analysis of proteins found in serum, urine, CSF and body fluids, immunosubstraction electrophoresis, hemoglobin variants, lipoproteins, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), forensic and therapeutic drug screening, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Petersen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
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48
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Baldacci A, Theurillat R, Caslavska J, Pardubská H, Brenneisen R, Thormann W. Determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection and confirmation with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 990:99-110. [PMID: 12685588 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a minor metabolite or precursor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator via binding to GABA receptors and to specific presynaptic GHB receptors. Based upon the stimulatory effects, GHB is widely abused. Thus, there is great interest in monitoring GHB in body fluids and tissues. We have developed an assay for urinary GHB that is based upon liquid-liquid extraction and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with indirect UV absorption detection. The background electrolyte is composed of 4 mM nicotinic acid (compound for indirect detection), 3 mM spermine (reversal of electroosmosis) and histidine (added to reach a pH of 6.2). Having a 50 microm I.D. capillary of 40 cm effective length, 1-octanesulfonic acid as internal standard, solute detection at 214 nm and a diluted urine with a conductivity of 2.4 mS/cm, GHB concentrations > or = 2 microg/ml can be detected. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were determined to be dependent on urine concentration and varied between 2-24 and 5-60 microg/ml, respectively. Data obtained suggest that LOD and LOQ (both in microg/ml) can be estimated with the relationships 0.83 kappa and 2.1 kappa, respectively, where kappa is the conductivity of the urine in mS/cm. The assay was successfully applied to urines collected after administration of 25 mg sodium GHB/kg body mass. Negative electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of GHB in the urinary extract via selected reaction monitoring of the m/z 103.1-->m/z 85.1 precursor-product ion transition. Independent of urine concentration, this approach meets the urinary cut-off level of 10 microg/ml that is required for recognition of the presence of exogenous GHB. Furthermore, data obtained with injection of plain or diluted urine indicate that CZE could be used to rapidly recognize GHB amounts (in microg/ml) that are > or = 4 kappa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baldacci
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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49
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Rapid analysis of furosemide in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence and electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 770:207-16. [PMID: 12013228 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Furosemide, a drug that promotes urine excretion, is used in the pharmacotherapy of various diseases and is considered as a doping agent in sports. Using alkaline electrolytes, analysis of furosemide by dodecyl sulfate based micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF, analyte excitation with the 325 nm line of a HeCd laser) is described. Data produced by injection of plain or diluted patient urines are confirmed with those obtained via analysis of urinary solid-phase extracts. CZE-LIF and MECC-LIF are thereby shown to permit unambiguous recognition of furosemide in urines collected after ingestion of therapeutic doses of this drug. This is in contrast to solute detection via UV absorbance for which the extraction of furosemide is required. MECC based electropherograms are somewhat more complex compared to those obtained by CZE-LIF, this suggesting that the latter approach is more suitable for rapid screening of urines with direct sample injection and LIF detection. Alternatively, capillary electrophoresis with negative electrospray ionization-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS2) is shown to permit the direct confirmation of furosemide in human urine. This approach is based upon the monitoring of the m/z 329.3-->4m/z 285.2 precursor-product ion transition. CZE-LIF and CE-MS2 with injection of plain or diluted urine represent simple, rapid and attractive urinary screening and confirmation assays for furosemide in patient urines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caslavska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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50
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Reijeng JC, Martens JHPA, Giuliani A, Chiari M. Pherogram normalization in capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography analyses in cases of sample matrix-induced migration time shifts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 770:45-51. [PMID: 12013243 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
When analyzing bio-matrix samples using capillary electrophoresis (CE) or micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), unwanted shifts in the time axis are often observed, both between samples and standards and between samples, thus hampering identification. These shifts are caused by either or both of two sample matrix-induced effects: variations in stacking conditions (effective field strength or migration length) and variations in electroosmotic flow. Based on elementary CE principles and provided that any two peaks in the pherograms can be linked, these variations can be separately accounted and quantitatively corrected for, so that perfectly overlapping pherograms of standards and samples can be obtained after normalization. The method was validated using samples of a DNA ladder, separated in a sieving polymer. In addition, a number of data files from CE and MEKC analyses (steroids, opioids, beta-blockers, amines, and inorganic anions) previously published by other authors were successfully normalized. A freeware computer programme, CEqualizer, for normalizing ASCII files of detector signals using the method described, is available to the CE community from http: //www.ceyork.f2s.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetse C Reijeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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