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Abstract
Chemical spot tests are one of the oldest and simplest presumptive methods of analytical chemistry. They are an integral part of the schematic analysis of different types of substances in various pure and applied scientific disciplines including forensic science. The role of spot tests has remained eternal utility in different branches of forensic science to analyze various types of physical or trace evidences. Forensic experts need to have an absolute understanding of the foundation and technicality behind complex reactions of customary spot tests. Forensic science literature dwells in the diversity of spot tests but an informative and comprehensive compendium of such prose remains occasional and limited in general. Keeping in view the ample history and legacy of spot test, the current review was constructed from a core of historical literature to recapitulate trending applications, chemistry, and limitations of notable "Griess test", "Luminol test", "Kastle-Meyer test", "Phenolphthalein test", "Ninhydrin test", and "Spy dust" in forensic science. The aim of this review article was to describe the outlook and likely impact of these tests on the expansion of scientific investigation. The anticipated output of this review is supposed to impart compatible knowledge in the attentive readers interested in understanding legacy and technical details of selected spot tests used in solving crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajvinder Singh
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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Irlam RC, Parkin MC, Brabazon DP, Beardah MS, O'Donnell M, Barron LP. Improved determination of femtogram-level organic explosives in multiple matrices using dual-sorbent solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 203:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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3
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Statistical optimization for determination of trace amounts of RDX in matrix of HMX using GC-ECD. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Yu HA, Lewis SW, Beardah MS, NicDaeid N. Assessing a novel contact heater as a new method of recovering explosives traces from porous surfaces. Talanta 2016; 148:721-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Glenn R, Dantus M. Single Broadband Phase-Shaped Pulse Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy for Standoff Trace Explosive Detection. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:117-125. [PMID: 26654188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent success with trace explosives detection based on the single ultrafast pulse excitation for remote stimulated Raman scattering (SUPER-SRS) prompts us to provide new results and a Perspective that describes the theoretical foundation of the strategy used for achieving the desired sensitivity and selectivity. SUPER-SRS provides fast and selective imaging while being blind to optical properties of the substrate such as color, texture, or laser speckle. We describe the strategy of combining coherent vibrational excitation with a reference pulse in order to detect stimulated Raman gain or loss. A theoretical model is used to reproduce experimental spectra and to determine the ideal pulse parameters for best sensitivity, selectivity, and resolution when detecting one or more compounds simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Glenn
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Pesenti A, Taudte RV, McCord B, Doble P, Roux C, Blanes L. Coupling paper-based microfluidics and lab on a chip technologies for confirmatory analysis of trinitro aromatic explosives. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4707-14. [PMID: 24766256 DOI: 10.1021/ac403062y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) in conjunction with confirmation by a lab on chip analysis was developed for detection of three trinitro aromatic explosives. Potassium hydroxide was deposited on the μPADs (0.5 μL, 1.5 M), creating a color change reaction when explosives are present, with detection limits of approximately 7.5 ± 1.0 ng for TNB, 12.5 ± 2.0 ng for TNT and 15.0 ± 2.0 ng for tetryl. For confirmatory analysis, positive μPADs were sampled using a 5 mm hole-punch, followed by extraction of explosives from the punched chad in 30 s using 20 μL borate/SDS buffer. The extractions had efficiencies of 96.5 ± 1.7%. The extracted explosives were then analyzed with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer lab on a chip device with minimum detectable amounts of 3.8 ± 0.1 ng for TNB, 7.0 ± 0.9 ng for TNT, and 4.7 ± 0.2 ng for tetryl. A simulated in-field scenario demonstrated the feasibility of coupling the μPAD technique with the lab on a chip device to detect and identify 1 μg of explosives distributed on a surface of 100 cm(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pesenti
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology , Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Taudte RV, Beavis A, Wilson-Wilde L, Roux C, Doble P, Blanes L. A portable explosive detector based on fluorescence quenching of pyrene deposited on coloured wax-printed μPADs. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4164-72. [PMID: 23959203 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new technique for the detection of explosives has been developed based on fluorescence quenching of pyrene on paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Wax barriers were generated (150 °C, 5 min) using ten different colours. Magenta was found as the most suitable wax colour for the generation of the hydrophobic barriers with a nominal width of 120 μm resulting in fully functioning hydrophobic barriers. One microliter of 0.5 mg mL(-1) pyrene dissolved in an 80:20 methanol-water solution was deposited on the hydrophobic circle (5 mm diameter) to produce the active microchip device. Under ultra-violet (UV) illumination, ten different organic explosives were detected using the μPAD, with limits of detection ranging from 100-600 ppm. A prototype of a portable battery operated instrument using a 3 W power UV light-emitting-diode (LED) (365 nm) and a photodiode sensor was also built and evaluated for the successful automatic detection of explosives and potential application for field-based screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Verena Taudte
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia.
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DeTata DA, Collins PA, McKinley AJ. A comparison of common swabbing materials for the recovery of organic and inorganic explosive residues. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:757-63. [PMID: 23458187 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of solvent based extraction methods used to remove explosive residues from four different swab types was investigated. Known amounts of organic and inorganic residues were spiked onto a swab surface with acetonitrile or ethanol:water combined with ultrasonication or physical manipulation used to extract the residues from each swab. The efficiency of each procedure was then calculated using liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection for organic residues and ion chromatography for inorganic residues. Results indicated that acetonitrile combined with physical agitation proved to be the most efficient method; returning analyte recoveries c. 95% for both alcohol based swabs and cotton balls. Inorganic residues were efficiently extracted using ethanol:water, while the use of acetonitrile followed by water significantly reduced the recovery of inorganic residues. Swab storage conditions were then investigated with results indicating decreased storage temperatures are required to retain the more volatile explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A DeTata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, ChemCentre, Building 500, Manning Rd., Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
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DeTata DA, Collins PA, McKinley AJ. A Comparison of Solvent Extract Cleanup Procedures in the Analysis of Organic Explosives. J Forensic Sci 2012; 58:500-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter A. Collins
- Forensic Science Laboratory; ChemCentre; Building 500, Manning Rd., Bentley 6102; Perth; Western Australia; Australia
| | - Allan J. McKinley
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences; University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Hwy; Crawley; Western Australia; Australia
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Establishing a universal swabbing and clean-up protocol for the combined recovery of organic and inorganic explosive residues. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 223:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Song-im N, Benson S, Lennard C. Evaluation of different sampling media for their potential use as a combined swab for the collection of both organic and inorganic explosive residues. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Characterization of thermal desorption instrumentation with a direct liquid deposition calibration method for trace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene quantitation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1227:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kumar Kuila D, Chandra Lahiri S. Determination of the Association Constants of Charge-Transfer Complexes Between N,N-Diethylaniline and Nitro Explosives Using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography with Scanning Video Densitometry and Spectrophotometry. J SOLUTION CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-011-9779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Sharma K, Lahiri SC. Spectrophotometric studies on the thermodynamic properties of charge-transfer complexes between m-DNB (1,3-dinitrobenzene) with aliphatic amines in DMSO and determination of the vertical electron affinity of m-DNB. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:1063-1070. [PMID: 21640639 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Dinitrobenzene formed colored 1:1 complexes with aliphatic amines (chromogenic agents) like isopropylamine,ethylenediamine, tetraethylenepentamine and bis(3-aminopropyl)amine in DMSO having absorption maxima at 563 nm, 584 nm, 580.5 nm and 555 nm respectively. The complexes were stable for more than 24 h. The accurate association constants KAD and other thermodynamic parameters were determined with D and A usually in stoichiometric ratios. But in case of m-DNB and bis(3-aminopropyl)amine, the association constants KAD and the thermodynamic parameters were also determined using Benesi-Hildebrand equation to show the variations of KAD under different conditions. ΔG° values were found to be negative in all cases resulting from exothermic enthalpy changes and favourable entropy changes. The energies of transition for the CT complexes hνCT found experimentally were considerably different from the energies of transition (from HOMO of donor to LUMO of acceptor) calculated using AM1 but the differences were considerably reduced using DFT calculations. The vertical electron affinity of m-DNB was calculated using the method suggested by Mulliken. However, no FTIR measurements of the complexes could be made due to experimental limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sharma
- Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Haripal, Hooghly, West Bengal, India.
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Sharma SP, Lahiri SC. Absorption spectroscopic and FTIR studies on EDA complexes between TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) with amines in DMSO and determination of the vertical electron affinity of TNT. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 70:144-53. [PMID: 17765603 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) formed deep red 1:1 CT complexes with chromogenic agents like isopropylamine, ethylenediamine, bis(3-aminopropyl)amine and tetraethylenepentamine in DMSO. The complexes were also observed in solvents like methanol, acetone, etc. when the amines were present in large excess. The isopropylamine, complex showed three absorption peaks (at 378, 532 and 629 nm) whereas higher amines showed four peaks (at 370, 463, 532 and 629 nm). The peak at 463 nm vanished rapidly. The peak of the complexes near 530 nm required about 8-10 min to develop and the complexes were stable for about an hour but the peak slowly shifted towards 500 nm and the complexes were found to be stable for more than 24 h. The evidence of complex formation was obtained from distinct spots in HPTLC plates and from the shifts in frequencies and formation of new peaks in FTIR spectra. The peaks near 460 nm (transient) and 530 nm may be due to Janovsky reaction but could not be established. The extinction coefficients of the complexes were determined directly which enabled the accurate determination of the association constants KDA with TNT and amines in stoichiometric ratios. The results were verified using iterative method. The quantification of TNT was made using epsilon value of the complex with ethylenediamine. The vertical electron affinity (EA) of TNT was calculated using the method suggested by Mulliken.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sharma
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India
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Comparison of solid-phase extraction sorbents for sample clean-up in the analysis of organic explosives. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Selective spectrophotometric determination of TNT in soil and water with dicyclohexylamine extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gauger PR, Holt DB, Patterson CH, Charles PT, Shriver-Lake L, Kusterbeck AW. Explosives detection in soil using a field-portable continuous flow immunosensor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2001; 83:51-63. [PMID: 11267745 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3894(00)00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A field method for quantitative analysis of explosives in contaminated soil samples is described. The method is based on a displacement immunoassay performed in a commercial instrument, the FAST 2000, engineered by Research International Inc. The method can be used on-site to measure 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) within 5min. For this study, replicate analyses were performed on soil extracts prepared from each field sample as well as appropriate controls, blanks, and laboratory standards. Statistical analyses were done to assess accuracy, bias, and predictability of the method. The results demonstrated that the immunosensor could be used effectively to screen environmental samples for the presence or absence of explosives. In most samples, the method also provided quantitative values that were in good agreement with standard laboratory analyses using HPLC. A limited number of sample matrices interfered with the immunoassay and produced results that varied significantly from the laboratory data. In each case, the compounds causing the problem have been identified and efforts are being made to minimize these matrix interferences in future field evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Gauger
- GEO-Centers Inc., 1801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis with Fluorescence Detection of Ethyl Centralite and 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in Gunshot Residues After Derivatization with 9-Fluorenylmethylchloroformate. J Forensic Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs15416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Levsen K, Mußmann P, Berger-Preiß E, Preiß A, Volmer D, Wünsch G. Analysis of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines in Ammunition Waste Water and in Aqueous Samples from Former Ammunition Plants and Other Military Sites Analyse von Nitroaromaten und Nitraminen in Munitionsabwasser und wäßrigen Proben ehemaliger Munitionsfabriken und anderen Rüstungsaltlasten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/aheh.19930210304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Trace Analysis of Explosives from Complex Mixtures with Sample Pretreatment and Selective Detection. J Forensic Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs13156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lloyd J. Adsorption and exclusion characteristics of nitrocellulose with reference to a microcolumn clean-up technique for the detectionof propellants traces in firearms discharge residues. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)83502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bagnato L, Grasso G. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography for the separation and identification of nitro derivatives in explosives. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Douse JM. Silica capillary gas chromatography of prostaglandins with electron-capture detection and its application to the forensic investigation of sexual offences. J Chromatogr A 1985; 348:111-22. [PMID: 3003141 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)92444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Low picogram levels of the E series prostaglandins, PGE1, PGE2, 19-hydroxy PGE1 and 19-hydroxy PGE2, in human semen were analysed by silica capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection after conversion to the methyl ester O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of the corresponding B series prostaglandins. The method was used to detect traces of semen on post-coital vaginal swabs, and on rectal, oral and skin swabs after simulated sexual acts. Semen was detectable on a vaginal swab taken 58 h after intercourse, and was readily detectable for at least 6 h on rectal and skin swabs. Preliminary results suggest that the ratios of prostaglandins on vaginal swabs may indicate how recently intercourse occurred.
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Lloyd J. Adsorption characteristics of organic explosives compounds on adsorbents typically used in clean-up and related trace analysis techniques. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Lloyd J. Microcolumn clean-up and recovery techniques for organic explosives compounds and for propellants traces in firearms discharge residues. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Douse J. Trace analysis of explosives at the low nanogram level in handswab extracts using columns of amberlite xad-7 porous polymmer beads and silica capillary column gas chromatography with thermal energy analysis and electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Douse JM. Trace analysis of benzodiazepine drugs in blood using deactivated amberlite XAD-7 porous polymer beads and silica capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 1984; 301:137-54. [PMID: 6150046 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A general method for the trace analysis of benzodiazepine drugs and their major metabolites at single dose therapeutic levels in 0.2 ml blood samples is described. The method involves solvent extraction of blood with toluene, isolation of the analytes using deactivated Amberlite XAD-7 porous polymer beads, and analysis of the cleaned-up extracts by capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The clean-up technique eliminates lipids and other interfering material, enabling routine analysis of blood extracts to be carried out with no significant deterioration in column or detector performance over a period of many months. The use of fused-silica capillary columns coated with SE-52 and the correct choice of chromatographic conditions permits underivatised benzodiazepines of widely differing volatilities and polarites to be analysed. Data for 26 benzodiazepines and metabolites are presented.
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The Efficient Extraction of Some Common Organic Explosives from Hand Swabs for Analysis by Gas Liquid and Thin-Layer Chromatography. J Forensic Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs11660j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lloyd JB. Transfer of nitroglycerin from cardiovascular tablets to hands. JOURNAL - FORENSIC SCIENCE SOCIETY 1983; 23:307-11. [PMID: 6417266 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-7368(83)72268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Douse J. Trace analysis of explosives at the low picogram level using silica capillary column gas chromatography with thermal energy analyser detection. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clean-up procedures for the examination of swabs for explosives traces by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection at a pendent mercury drop electrode. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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High-performance liquid chromatography of organic explosives components with electrochemical detection at a pendant mercury drop electrode. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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