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Kalhorn TF, Kiavand A, Cohen IE, Nelson AK, Ernst RK. A sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based assay for quantitation of amino-containing moieties in lipid A. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:433-42. [PMID: 19130491 PMCID: PMC2716696 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based assay was developed for the quantitation of aminosugars, including 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose (glucosamine, GlcN), 2-amino-2-deoxygalactose (galactosamine, GalN), and 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose (aminoarabinose, AraN), and for ethanolamine (EtN), present in lipid A. This assay enables the identification and quantitation of all amino-containing moieties present in lipopolysaccharide or lipid A from a single sample. The method was applied to the analysis of lipid A (endotoxin) isolated from a variety of biosynthetic and regulatory mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Francisella tularensis subspecies novicida. Lipid A is treated with trifluoroacetic acid to liberate and deacetylate individual aminosugars and mass tagged with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate, which reacts with primary and secondary amines. The derivatives are separated using reversed-phase chromatography and analyzed using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer to detect quantities as small as 20 fmol. GalN was detected only in Francisella and AraN only in Salmonella, while GlcN was detected in lipid A samples from both species of bacteria. Additionally, we found an approximately 10-fold increase in the level of AraN in lipid A isolated from Salmonella grown in magnesium-limited versus magnesium-replete conditions. Salmonella with defined mutations in lipid A synthesis and regulatory genes were used to further validate the assay. Salmonella with null mutations in the phoP, pmrE, and prmF genes were unable to add AraN to their lipid A, while Salmonella with constitutively active phoP and pmrA exhibited AraN modification of lipid A even in the normally repressive magnesium-replete growth condition. The described assay produces excellent repeatability and reproducibility for the detection of amino-containing moieties in lipid A from a variety of bacterial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Kalhorn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anahita Kiavand
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ilana E. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amanda K. Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Makatsori E, Karamanos NK, Anastassiou ED, Hjerpe A, Tsegenidis T. A Method to Quantitate Total Sialic Acid, Glucosamine, and Galactosamine in Blood Serum and Glycoconjugates by HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808006884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Makatsori
- a Section of Organic Chemistry Biochemistry and Natural Products University of Patras , Greece
| | - N. K. Karamanos
- a Section of Organic Chemistry Biochemistry and Natural Products University of Patras , Greece
| | - E. D. Anastassiou
- b Department of Microbiology , School of Medicine University of Patras , 261 10, Patras, Greece
| | - A. Hjerpe
- c Division of Pathology Karolinska Institute , F-42 Huddinge University Hospital , S-141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T. Tsegenidis
- a Section of Organic Chemistry Biochemistry and Natural Products University of Patras , Greece
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3
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Stylianou M, Triantaphyllidou IE, Vynios DH. Advances in the analysis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2006; 53:141-66. [PMID: 17239765 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Stylianou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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4
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Hase S. Chapter 28 Pre- and post-column detection-oriented derivatization techniques in HPLC of carbohydrates. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Chapter 2 Reversed-phase and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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Chapter 22 Capillary electrophoresis of intact and depolymerized glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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7
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Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK, Tsegenidis T. Isolation and analysis of a novel acidic polysaccharide from the case of squid pen. Int J Biol Macromol 1999; 26:83-8. [PMID: 10520960 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new non-sulphated acidic polysaccharide with an average molecular mass of 55 kDa was isolated from squid pen case after papain digestion and beta-elimination. This polysaccharide contains mainly L-iduronic acid, D-glucuronic acid, D-galactosamine, D-glucosamine and significant amounts of neutral sugars as glucose, galactose and fucose. The polysaccharide was not degraded to the relative disaccharides by chondroitinases ABC, AC and B, hyaluronidase and keratanase or by treatment with heparinases, suggesting a structure different from those of known glycosaminoglycans. The polysaccharide cannot form self aggregates.
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8
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Isolation and characterisation of a small dermatan sulphate proteoglycan from ray skin (Raja clavata). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Chatziioannidis CC, Karamanos NK, Anagnostides ST, Tsegenidis T. Purification and characterisation of a minor low-sulphated dermatan sulphate-proteoglycan from ray skin. Biochimie 1999; 81:187-96. [PMID: 10384999 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A minor low-sulphated dermatan sulphate proteoglycan was isolated from ray skin by extraction with 2% sodium dodecyl sulphate, followed with ion-exchange chromatography, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. The proteoglycan with a relative molecular mass (Mr) ranging from 70 to 120 kDa is composed of about two dermatan sulphate chains (Mr 33 kDa) bound on a protein core of Mr 27 kDa, and oligosaccharides consisting of uronic acids, hexosamines and neutral sugars. The major amino acids of the protein core were glycine (corresponding to about one-fourth of the total amino acids), serine, threonine, glutamic acid/glutamine, leucine and cysteine, together amounting to 56% of the total. The isolated proteoglycan does not interact with hyaluronic acid and does not form self-aggregates. Dermatan sulphate was rich in iduronic acid (62% of total uronic acid) and composed of non-sulphated (44%), and mono-sulphated disaccharides bearing esterified sulphate groups at positions C-4 (53%) or C-6 (3%) of the N-acetyl galactosamine. HPLC analysis of a pure preparation of dermatan sulphate, showed the presence of galactose and glucose possibly as branches on the dermatan sulphate chain.
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10
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Karamanos NK, Hjerpe A. A survey of methodological challenges for glycosaminoglycan/proteoglycan analysis and structural characterization by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2561-71. [PMID: 9848664 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans participate and regulate several physiological processes via their glycosaminoglycan constituents. For a deeper understanding of how they interact with extracellular ligands as well as with cell bound effector molecules, the fine chemical structures of their glycosaminoglycan chains must be elucidated. Lately developed capillary electrophoretic techniques is a powerful analytical tool for the analysis of glycosaminoglycans, combining a high resolving power with sensitive detection. In this review we describe how depolymerized and intact glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans can be characterized by capillary electrophoresis, relating these analyses to their possible biological significance. Conditions for running these separations and the detection systems for particular applications are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Karamanos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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11
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Calabrò L, Musolino C, Spatari G, Vinci R, Calatroni A. Increased concentration of circulating acid glycosaminoglycans in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and essential thrombocythaemia. Clin Chim Acta 1998; 269:185-99. [PMID: 9526677 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(97)00200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To verify whether the increase in the number of circulating blood cells that synthesize glycosaminoglycans, B-lymphocytes or platelets, in proliferative disorders, may be associated with changes in the circulation of acid glycosaminoglycans, the serum and plasma concentrations of these polysaccharides have been measured in terms of their sugar components, following isolation and purification by chromatographic methods, in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or with essential thrombocythaemia and in healthy controls. In the patients, the concentrations of total circulating glycosaminoglycans and of both glucosamine-containing and galactosamine-containing serum glycosaminoglycans were significantly higher than in controls. These concentrations did not significantly correlate with the number of lymphocytes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and of platelets in patients with essential thrombocythaemia. Analytical data suggest that excess glycosaminoglycans are mainly composed of chondroitin sulphate molecules and contain heparan sulphate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Calabrò
- Istituto Pluridisciplinare di Fisiologia Umana, University of Messina, Italy
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12
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Concentration and Composition of Serum and Plasma Glycosaminoglycans in Domestic Animal Species. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(97)00287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Karamanos NK, Manouras A, Anagnostides S, Makatsori E, Tsegenidis T, Antonopoulos CA. Isolation, biochemical and immunological characterisation of two sea urchin glycoproteins bearing sulphated poly(sialic acid) polysaccharides rich in N-glycolyl neuraminic acid. Biochimie 1996; 78:171-82. [PMID: 8831948 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(96)89502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two different sialoproteins were isolated from the sea urchin shell by guanidine hydrochloride extraction in the presence of Triton X-100. The sialoproteins (SP I and SP II) were purified on DEAE-Sephacel and Sepharose CL-6B and separated from each other by density gradient centrifugation. The ratio between recovered SP I and SP II was 1:4.5 and their M(r)s 650 and 600 kDa, respectively. They were degraded by neuraminidase, endoglycosidase F and peptide N-glycosidase F resulting in fragments of similar relative molecular mass (M(r)s). Although their protein cores have approximately the same relative molecular mass of 500 kDa, they differ markedly in their contents of aspartic acid/asparagine, glycine, leucine and phenylalanine, as well as in the primary amino acid sequence of their N-terminal peptides. Carbohydrate analyses showed that the sialic acid content was higher in SP I (11.4% of dry tissue weight) than in the more prominent SP II (5.3%). Two types of carbohydrates, O-glycosidically-linked polysaccharides and N-glycosidically-linked oligosaccharides are present in both sialoproteins. SP I contains 10-11 polysaccharide chains whereas SP II contains 5-6. The polysaccharides are linked to protein cores via galactosamine, have approximately the same M(r) of 12 kDa and contain 32-33 N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, 10-11 glucosamine, 6-7 sulphate and 6-8 neutral monosaccharide residues. Sialic acid residues are organized in a poly(sialic acid) unit which is present in the non-reducing terminal of the polysaccharides and degraded by neuraminidase. Hexosamines, sulphates and neutral monosaccharides are all constituents of the sialic acid free region of the chain near the reducing end. Two oligosaccharide populations were isolated from SP I, one major (70% of the total oligosaccharides) with M(r) of approximately 3 kDa and the other with M(r) of 1.5 kDa. In SP II, however, only a 3-kDa oligosaccharide population was present. The oligosaccharides from both sialoproteins are N-glycosidically linked to asparagine via the glucosamine and contain mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acids. Antibodies against SP II were raised in rabbits and it was shown that the antigenicity of SP II was lost on either neuraminidase or trypsin digestion, indicating that both the poly(sialic acid) units of the polysaccharide and the protein core are antigenically active. As expected, SP II showed considerable cross-reactivity with SP I due to the common poly(sialic acid) structure. There were no significant reactivities of SP II and SP I with antibodies to bovine bone sialoprotein and osteopontin. The biological role of the two sea urchin sialoproteins as developmentally regulated products of the tissue remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Karamanos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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14
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El Rassi Z. Recent progress in reversed-phase and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of carbohydrate species. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Chapter 2 Reversed-Phase and Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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16
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Karamanos NK, Panagiotopoulou HS, Syrokou A, Frangides C, Hjerpe A, Dimitracopoulos G, Anastassiou ED. Identity of macromolecules present in the extracellular slime layer of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Biochimie 1995; 77:217-24. [PMID: 7647114 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(96)88127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular slime layer of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35983 contains: a) two non-anionic carbohydrate containing proteins degradable with papain of molecular masses 250 and 125 kDa; b) a polydisperse but homogeneously-charged acidic population with M(r) ranging from 120,000 to 35,000 (average M(r) (80,000) containing a polysaccharide covalently bound to a small peptide; c) a papain degradable macromolecule (molecular mass 60 kDa) bearing acidic carbohydrates covalently bound to protein; and c) two acidic polysaccharides strongly retained by the anion-exchange column; one polysaccharide is sulphated and has a molecular mass of 20 kDa; the other has a higher charge density and a molecular mass of 12.5 kDa. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the presence of discrete macromolecules in the extracellular material of slime-producing S epidermidis, the majority of which contain acidic carbohydrates, whose biological role remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Karamanos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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17
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Chapter 15 Pre- and Post-Column Detection-Oriented Derivatization Techniques in HPLC of Carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Spies HS, Steenkamp DJ. Thiols of intracellular pathogens. Identification of ovothiol A in Leishmania donovani and structural analysis of a novel thiol from Mycobacterium bovis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 224:203-13. [PMID: 8076641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb20013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniases, is an intracellular pathogen which proliferates within the host macrophages. Analysis of the thiol composition of L. donovani by means of the thiol-specific reagent, 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin, indicated that this organism produces substantial amounts of ovothiol A. This observation was further substantiated by HPLC of extracts of L. donovani after derivatization with bromobimane. L. donovani extracts contained a thiol, the bimane derivative of which had identical retention time and fluorescence quenching to a thiol from Crithidia fasciculata, which had previously been identified as ovothiol A. By comparison, the intracellular bacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium bovis, contained only one major low-molecular-mass thiol, which was assigned the trivial name mycothiol. The structure of the bimane derivative of mycothiol was solved by a combination of one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Spatial relationships in the molecule were further refined by NOE experiments and allowed identification of mycothiol as 1-D-myo-inositol-2-(N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyra noside. This assignment was confirmed by positive-ion fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry which gave m/z = 677.6 Da and a sodiated species at 699.6 Da. Analysis of the dansylated hydrolysis products of performic-acid-oxidized mycothiol indicated the presence of 0.85 mol glucosamine and 1.02 mol cysteic acid/mol sulfhydryl groups. Crude extracts of M. bovis contained an enzyme which catalysed the NAD(P)H2-dependent reduction of mycothiol disulfide to the free thiol. Analysis of perchloric acid extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV indicated the presence of a thiol which comigrated with mycothiol, both as the free thiol and as the 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin and bimane derivatives, on reverse-phase HPLC. The significance of these findings in terms of the evasion of the host defense mechanisms by leishmania parasites and mycobacteria is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Spies
- NMR Laboratory, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Oho T, Rahemtulla F, Månsson-Rahemtulla B, Hjerpe A. Purification and characterization of a glycosylated proline-rich protein from human parotid saliva. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:1159-68. [PMID: 1397508 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90387-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. A glycosylated proline-rich protein (GPRP) was purified to homogeneity by subjecting parotid saliva to immunoaffinity, cation exchange, affinity and hydrophobic chromatography. 2. The purified GPRP had a molecular weight of 78 kDa as analyzed by SDS-PAGE. 3. The amino acid analysis revealed a preponderance of proline, glycine and glutamic acid/glutamine, which accounted for 77% of the total amino acids. 4. Cysteine, tyrosine or phenylalanine residues were not detected. 5. The glycoprotein contained 34% neutral sugars and the oligosaccharides were rich in mannose and N-acetylglucosamine, indicating that N-linked oligosaccharides were the predominant type of oligosaccharides in the molecule. 6. These observations were confirmed by treatment of the purified glycoprotein with specific N-glycosidase which removed the N-linked oligosaccharides leaving a core protein with an apparent molecular weight of 51 kDa. 7. The isoelectric point of GPRP was approx 7.0 and the molecule was not affected by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, indicating that no disulfide linkages were present. 8. The GPRP bound to hydroxyapatite and this binding could be partially inhibited by preincubation of the hydroxyapatite with parotid or submandibular saliva. 9. The purified GPRP also bound to a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 95 kDa present in submandibular saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Axelsson S, Holmlund A, Hjerpe A. Glycosaminoglycans in normal and osteoarthrotic human temporomandibular joint disks. Acta Odontol Scand 1992; 50:113-9. [PMID: 1604965 DOI: 10.3109/00016359209012753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans in normal and osteoarthrotic temporomandibular joint disks were studied by means of high-performance liquid chromatography methods. Normal disk tissue contains galactosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate) as the main polysaccharides and with smaller amounts of hyaluronate and heparan sulfate. The galactosaminoglycans are mainly sulfated in 6-position, and some of the disaccharides contain iduronic acid. There was a slight general variation in glycosaminoglycan concentration with increasing age. In the severely arthrotic disks the content of glycosaminoglycans was considerably lower than in normal disk tissue. This decrease was far more extensive than that observed in relation to age in normal tissue. The 4/6-sulfate ratio of the galactosaminoglycans was increased, whereas the proportion of iduronic acid was markedly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Oral Physiology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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21
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Karamanos NK, Aletras AJ, Tsegenidis T, Tsiganos CP, Antonopoulos CA. Isolation, characterization and properties of the oversulphated chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan from squid skin with peculiar glycosaminoglycan sulphation pattern. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 204:553-60. [PMID: 1541270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oversulphated chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan from squid skin was isolated from 4 M guanidine hydrochloride extract by ion-exchange chromatography, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. The proteoglycan had Mr 3.5 x 10(5), contained on average six oversulphated chondroitin sulphate chains (Mr 4 x 10(4)) bound on a polypeptide of Mr 2.8 x 10(4), and oligosaccharides consisting of both hexosamines, glucuronic acid, sulphates and fucose as the only neutral monosaccharide. The major amino acids of the proteoglycan protein core are glycine (corresponding to about one third of the total amino acids), aspartic acid/asparagine and serine, together amounting to 50% of the total. The proteoglycan was resistant to the proteolytic enzymes V8 protease, trypsin (treated with diphenylcarbamoyl chloride), alpha-chymotrypsin and pronase, while it was completely degraded by papain and to a large extent by collagenase. Pretreated proteoglycan with chondroitinase AC was degraded by pronase to a large extent and slightly by V8 protease and trypsin. The proteoglycan did not interact with hyaluronic acid and did not form self-aggregates. Oversulphated chondroitin sulphate chains were composed of unusual sulphated disaccharide units which were isolated and characterized by HPLC. In particular, it contained 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose 4-sulphate (delta di-4S) and disulphated disaccharides (delta di-diS) [90% 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid 2/3-sulphate)-D-galactose 6-sulphate (delta di-diSD) and 10% 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid 2/3-sulphate)-D-galactose 4-sulphate (delta di-diSK)] as the major disaccharides, significant amounts of trisulphated disaccharides (delta di-triS) and small amounts of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose 6-sulphate (delta di-6S) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose (delta di-OS). Trisulphated disaccharides contained sulphate groups at C-4 and C-6 of the galactosamine and at C-2 or C-3 of the glucuronic acid. By HPLC analysis of a pure preparation of oversulphated chondroitin sulphate, it was found that it contains glucose, galactose, mannose and fucose most likely as branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Karamanos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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Anumula KR, Taylor PB. Quantitative determination of phenyl isothiocyanate-derivatized amino sugars and amino sugar alcohols by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1991; 197:113-20. [PMID: 1952052 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple and rapid methods for the preparation of phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) derivatives of amino sugars and amino sugar alcohols and their quantitative determination with high sensitivity (less than 10 pmol) by C18 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography are described. Rapid sample preparation of the phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC)-derivatized amino sugars and amino sugar alcohols was achieved by a simple extraction of the reaction mixture with chloroform to remove the excess PITC and its adducts. Baseline separation of the PTC derivatives of amino sugars and amino sugar alcohols was obtained within 30 min, using a simple solvent system consisting of 0.2% each of n-butylamine, phosphoric acid, and tetrahydrofuran. The mobile phase containing n-butylamine, in conjunction with a C18 stationary phase, mimics the conditions for the separation of carbohydrates on an amino-bonded column. GlcNH2 and GalNH2 derived from the initial protein-sugar linkages were also separated from the amino acids for quantitative estimation of sugar chains in glycoproteins. Amino sugar alcohols gave single reaction products with PITC while the reaction with amino sugars was accompanied by the formation of secondary products. Apparently the secondary products were formed in an acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of the PTC-hexosamines involving the aldehyde functional group. Conditions were developed to stop the transformations and maintain the stability of PTC derivatives for their convenient determination by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Anumula
- Macromolecular Sciences Department, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
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Jonákova V, Sanz L, Calvete JJ, Henschen A, Cechová D, Töpfer-Petersen E. Isolation and biochemical characterization of a zona pellucida-binding glycoprotein of boar spermatozoa. FEBS Lett 1991; 280:183-6. [PMID: 1849093 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80233-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like molecules on the sperm surface are implicated in the process of gamete recognition and adhesion. We have isolated and biochemically characterized a 15 kDa glycoprotein from ejaculated boar sperm which possess zona pellucida-binding- and haemagglutinating-activity. The zona/15 kDa protein interaction is inhibited by fucoidan, suggesting that the glycoprotein is one of the sperm components which participate in the initial gamete interaction. N-Terminal sequence analysis of the isolated 15 kDa glycoprotein showed that it may belong to the same sperm/egg recognition-mediating protein family as the sea urchin sperm protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jonákova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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24
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Isolation and chemical characterization of two acid carbohydrates from the sea urchin shell, extraction and fractionation of their protein complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Karamanos NK, Manouras A, Tsegenidis T, Antonopoulos CA. Isolation and chemical study of the glycosaminoglycans from squid cornea. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 23:67-72. [PMID: 1902424 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(91)90010-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Oversulphated chondroitin sulphate (ca 93% of tissue glycosaminoglycans) with average molecular weight 72,500, chondroitin sulphate (5%) and small amounts of lowsulphated chondroitin sulphate were isolated from squid cornea. 2. The sulphation pattern of oversulphated chondroitin sulphate was delta di-4S (52%), delta di-diSD (28%), delta di-6S (9%) and delta di-OSCS (11%) and that of chondroitin sulphate 49, 1, 20 and 30% respectively. 3. All glycosaminoglycans contained neutral monosaccharides, glucose being the predominant neutral monosaccharide in oversulphated chondroitin sulphate and chondroitin sulphate and fucose in low-sulphated chondroitin sulphate. 4. Although L-iduronic acid was not detected, the digestion of oversulphated chondroitin sulphate with chondroitinases ABC and AC gave unexpected results.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Karamanos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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26
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Anagnostides ST, Aletras AJ, Lymberi P, Tsiganos CP. Isolation and characterization of two glycoproteins from hyaline cartilage. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 193:905-12. [PMID: 2249701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two acidic glycoproteins of molecular mass 92 kDa and 56 kDa were purified from 4 M guanidine hydrochloride extracts of chick sternal cartilage, by density gradient centrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography, gel chromatography and SDS/PAGE. The glycoproteins differed in their amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. They were identified by the immunoblotting technique in extracts of chick articular cartilage from various sites and in extracts of cartilage from other species. The proteins are synthesized by the chondrocytes and show a partial cross-reactivity between their antisera.
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27
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Leoni S, Marino M, Devirgiliis LC, Spagnuolo S, Beninati S, Mangiantini MT. Age-related changes of glycosylation pattern in isolated rat hepatocytes. Mech Ageing Dev 1990; 56:169-78. [PMID: 2290355 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(90)90007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation pattern in isolated rat hepatocytes during pre- and post-natal development and senescence has been studied by following: the [14C]glucosamine and [3H]galactose incorporation into cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids and the activity of two microsomal enzymes, N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-1-P transferase and galactosyl transferase. The data show a lowered precursor incorporation into lipids and proteins in the fetus, newborn and old rats versus the adult. Only the galactosyl transferase activity is enhanced on the 19th and 22nd day of fetal life. The glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine content in both soluble and protein bound fractions was increased, while the galactose content in lipids and proteins decreased in the fetal stage. The different sugar composition of the proteins, and the decreased glucosamine and galactose incorporation into the proteins, observed in the fetus, newborn and old rat, suggest a post-translational modification which may cause alterations in functions usually mediated by glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leoni
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy
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28
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Karamanos KK, Aletras AJ, Antonopoulos CA, Hjerpe A, Tsiganos CP. Chondroitin proteoglycans from squid skin. Isolation, characterization and immunological studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 192:33-8. [PMID: 2401297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two populations of proteochondroitins were isolated from 4 M guanidine hydrochloride extracts of squid skin by a combination of ion exchange, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. The proteoglycans, Mr 4.8 x 10(5) and 2.8 x 10(5), contained four and two chondroitin chains respectively and unusual oligosaccharides with uronic acid and sulphate groups, and had different amino acid and neutral sugar composition. The chondroitin chains isolated after alkaline borohydride treatment contained varying amounts of glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose and xylose, most likely as branches. Both proteoglycans were antigenic to the rabbit and showed considerable cross-reactivity as assessed by competition experiments using the ELISA technique. The proteoglycans reacted neither with exogenous hyaluronic acid nor with each other to form aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Karamanos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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29
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Escribano J, Lopex-Otin C, Hjerpe A, Grubb A, Mendez E. Location and characterization of the three carbohydrate prosthetic groups of human protein HC. FEBS Lett 1990; 266:167-70. [PMID: 1694784 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81531-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Three different carbohydrate prosthetic groups associated to three chymotryptic peptides, Q1, Q2 and Q3, were isolated from the reduced and carboxymethylated human protein HC. The first oligosaccharide forms an O-glycosidic linkage with a threonine residue at position 5 in the polypeptide chain of protein HC. The second and third carbohydrate prosthetic groups form N-linkages with asparagine residues at positions 17 and 96. Oligosaccharides present in Q1 contain 1 residue of NANA, 2 of GalNAc and 1 of Gal corresponding to the following structure: -O-GalNAc-GalNAc-Gal-NANA. Q2 contains 3 NANA, 9 GlcNAc, 2 Gal and 3 Man, and Q3 contains 2 NANA, 5 GlcNAc, 1 Gal and 2 Man. The sugar compositions of Q2 and Q3 oligosaccharides are compatible with that of the complex kind. The amount of oligosaccharides present in Q1, Q2 and Q3 corresponded respectively to 3.0%, 12.2% and 7.3% of the weight of protein HC. No difference was found between the carbohydrate composition of urinary and plasma protein HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Escribano
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Superficial and deeper layers of dog normal articular cartilage. Role of hyaluronate and link protein in determining the sedimentation coefficients distribution of the nondissociatively extracted proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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32
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Dahllöf G, Modèer T, Reinholt FP, Wikström B, Hjerpe A. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. J Periodontal Res 1986; 21:13-21. [PMID: 2937892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1986.tb01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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34
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Eggert FM, Jones M. Measurement of neutral sugars in glycoproteins as dansyl derivatives by automated high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1985; 333:123-31. [PMID: 4066837 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Automated high-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse dansylhydrazine derivatives of neutral sugars in unfractionated acid hydrolysates of four well-characterized glycoproteins: fetuin, ovalbumin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and bovine submaxillary mucin. After a simple single-step derivatization at 65 degrees C the sugar derivatives in protein hydrolysates chromatographed as single peaks on reversed-phase C18 columns. The isocratic solvent consisted of 20% (v/v) aqueous acetonitrile containing 0.01 M formic acid, 0.04 M acetic acid and 0.001 M triethylamine. The triethylamine significantly increases the sugar peak height at 254 nm. Repeated automatic sample injection without deterioration of column performance or interference from dansyl hydrazine is not possible with published methods, but was achieved by cleaning the column between each analysis with a solvent of 20% (v/v) acetonitrile and 80% (v/v) methanol. Hydrolysis with 2 M trifluoroacetic acid is superior to 2 M hydrochloric acid for both sugar recovery and convenience but must continue for 6-8 h at 105 degrees C to ensure complete sugar release. We confirmed that mannose is present in most preparations of human high-molecular-weight salivary glycoproteins, and also examined purified bovine skin proteodermatan sulphate. p-Nitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of neutral sugars are readily produced, but do not chromatograph as successfully as the dansyl derivatives while phenylhydrazine derivatives are not easily produced at 65 degrees C. Further development of the method should be possible by producing other hydrazine derivatives of neutral sugars.
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35
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Rosenfelder G, Mörgelin M, Chang JY, Schönenberger CA, Braun DG, Towbin H. Chromogenic labeling of monosaccharides using 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-4-aminoazobenzene. Anal Biochem 1985; 147:156-65. [PMID: 3927775 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-three monosaccharides, e.g., D- or L-pentoses, D- or L-hexoses, heptose, 2- or 6-deoxyhexoses, 2-deoxy-2-aminohexoses, hexuronic acids, and N-acetylmuramic acid, were coupled to the azo dye 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-4-aminoazobenzene by reductive amination using sodium cyanoborohydride as reducing agent and in the presence of pentaerythritol. The structure of the colored glycamines was established by mass spectrometry. The average yield of the reaction was more than 80%. The sugar derivatives were separated either by silica-gel thin-layer chromatography or by high-performance liquid chromatography. Spectrophotometric quantitation was performed in the visible range at the picomole level. The method was applied to the determination of the sugar composition of the glycosphingolipid globotetraosyl ceramide and the human milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-fucopentaose I.
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36
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37
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Whenham R. Sensitive assay for amino sugars using capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Hjerpe A, Antonopoulos CA, Engfeldt B, Wikström B. Analysis of dentine glycosaminoglycans using high-performance liquid chromatography. Calcif Tissue Int 1983; 35:496-501. [PMID: 6413042 DOI: 10.1007/bf02405083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Puppy dentine was prepared using ultracentrifugation of tooth powder in organic density gradients. The glycosaminoglycans of the obtained tissue fraction were prepared after papain digestion and beta-elimination, using preparative chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CPC-cellulose. These polysaccharide fractions were analyzed using highly sensitive HPLC procedures. One such HPLC procedure allowed hyaluronic acid to be determined in less than microgram amounts. The glycosaminoglycans thus prepared consisted only of chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, and small amounts of highly hybridized dermatan sulfate, while the experiments failed to demonstrate even trace amounts of keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid or heparan sulfate.
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39
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Engfeldt B, Bui TH, Eklöf O, Hjerpe A, Reinholt FP, Ritzen EM, Wikström B. Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen dysplasia. Morphological and biochemical findings in cartilage growth zones. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1983; 72:269-74. [PMID: 6404126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The results of light and electron microscopic examination and of biochemical proteoglycan studies of costochondral and iliac crest biopsies from a recently diagnosed case of Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen dysplasia are reported. At light microscopy of resting cartilage large lacunae containing clusters of five or more chondrocytes were seen in some areas. In the hyaline cartilage there were scattered fibrous foci but no mineralized areas. Electron microscopy revealed chondrocytes containing widened cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles coated with a smooth single-layered membrane. The content of the cisternae and of the vesicles was amorphous. Throughout the cartilage a considerable proportion of the chondrocytes displayed more or less pronounced necrobiotic changes. The biochemical analysis showed an increased amount of glucosaminoglycans in the cartilage and indicated that the ability of proteoglycan monomers to reaggregate to hyaluronic acid chains was decreased. Our findings support the suggestion that Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen dysplasia is due to a disturbance in proteoglycan metabolism.
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40
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Mimura T, Delmas D. Rapid and sensitive method for muramic acid determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn fluorescence derivatization. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Madden D, Alpensfels WF, Mathews RA, Newsom A. Improved method for the determination of hexosamines using the Beckman 121-M amino acid analyzer. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Engfeldt B, Hjerpe A, Mengarelli S, Reinholt FP, Wikström B. Morphological and biochemical analysis of biopsy specimens in disorders of skeletal development. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1982; 71:353-63. [PMID: 6814174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A programme for combined morphological and biochemical analysis of cartilage-bone biopsy material is described. The structural analysis includes light and electron microscopy, and the biochemistry is focused on polysaccharides. A procedure for isolation and characterization of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans from dry cartilage in amounts down to 1 mg is described. The procedure is exemplified by analyses of material from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, mucopolysaccharidosis IV-Morquio and metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type McKusick. In osteogenesis imperfecta characteristic morphological alterations were demonstrated. Apart from increased chondroitin sulphate molecular weights, the biochemical analyses showed values within the assumed normal range. In Morquio's disease extensive intracellular deposits in single membrane vacuoles were observed in both chondrocytes and osteocytes. There were indications that these deposits contained keratan sulphate, which also occurred in increased amounts in the total tissue preparation. Furthermore, the tendency to formation of proteoglycan aggregates was decreased. In the tissue from the patients with the McKusick syndrome insignificant ultrastructural changes, mainly affecting the mitochondria, were found. The biochemical results were within the assumed normal range. The significance of these findings and the possibilities of further methodological development are discussed.
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