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Alonso N, Meinitzer A, Fritz-Petrin E, Enko D, Herrmann M. Role of Vitamin K in Bone and Muscle Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:178-196. [PMID: 35150288 PMCID: PMC9859868 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K, a cofactor for the γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, is required for the post-translational activation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein, which play a key role in bone and muscle homeostasis. In vivo and in vitro models for osteoporosis and sarcopenia suggest the vitamin K could exert a positive effect in both conditions. In bone, it increases osteoblastogenesis, whilst decreases osteoclast formation and function. In muscle, it is associated with increased satellite cell proliferation and migration and might play a role in energy metabolism. Observational trials suggest that high levels of vitamin K are associated with increased bone mineral density and reduced fracture risk. However, interventional studies for vitamin K supplementation yielded conflicting results. Clinical trials in sarcopenia suggest that vitamin K supplementation could improve muscle mass and function. One of the main limitations on the vitamin K studies are the technical challenges to measure its levels in serum. Thus, they are obtained from indirect sources like food questionnaires, or levels of undercarboxylated proteins, which can be affected by other environmental or biological processes. Although current research appoints to a beneficial effect of vitamin K in bone and muscle, further studies overcoming the current limitations are required in order to incorporate this supplementation in the clinical management of patients with osteosarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alonso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - E Fritz-Petrin
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D Enko
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Sokolova OV, Potapova IA. Determination of vitamin K1 in blood serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Atia NN, Ahmed S. A VALIDATED HIGH-THROUGHPUT CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN K HOMOLOGUES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.601499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noha N. Atia
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Sameh Ahmed
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
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Ko J, Kwak BM, Ahn JH, Jeong SH, Shim SL, Kim KS, Yoon T, Dong-gil L, Jeong J. LC-UV Column-Switching for Quantitation of Vitamin K1 in Infant Formula. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Paroni R, Faioni EM, Razzari C, Fontana G, Cattaneo M. Determination of vitamin K1 in plasma by solid phase extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:351-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Ahmed S, Kishikawa N, Nakashima K, Kuroda N. Determination of vitamin K homologues by high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line photoreactor and peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 591:148-54. [PMID: 17481401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and highly selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of vitamin K homologues including phylloquinone (PK), menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) in human plasma using post-column peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO-CL) detection following on-line ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The method was based on ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm, 15 W) of vitamin K to produce hydrogen peroxide and a fluorescent product at the same time, which can be determined with PO-CL detection. The separation of vitamin K by HPLC was accomplished isocratically on an ODS column within 35 min. The method involves the use of 2-methyl-3-pentadecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone as an internal standard. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) were 32, 38 and 85 fmol for PK, MK-4 and MK-7, respectively. The recoveries of PK, MK-4 and MK-7 were greater than 82% and the inter- and intra-assay R.S.D. values were 1.9-5.4%. The sensitivity and selectivity of this method were sufficient for clinical and nutritional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Ahmed
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Pérez-Ruiz T, Martínez-Lozano C, Martín J, García MD. Automatic determination of phylloquinone in vegetables and fruits using on-line photochemical reduction and fluorescence detection via solid phase extraction and flow injection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:280-5. [PMID: 16292548 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A very simple, rapid and highly sensitive flow injection fluorimetric method was developed for the determination of phylloquinone. The assay was based on the on-line reduction of phylloquinone in dodecylsulfate micelles after irradiation with UV light. The micellar medium enhanced the fluorescence and stability of the reduced phylloquinone. Under optimum experimental conditions, the range of application of the technique was between 0.09 and 45.0 microg mL(-1) and the detection limit was 0.05 microg mL(-1). The sample throughput was 90 injections per hour. The reliability of the method for the routine analysis of phylloquinone in vegetables and fruits is demonstrated. Extractions were made with hexane, and an automated solid phase extraction system was used to purify the sample extracts prior to injection into the flow injection manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Pérez-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30071, Murcia, Spain.
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Suhara Y, Kamao M, Tsugawa N, Okano T. Method for the determination of vitamin K homologues in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 77:757-63. [PMID: 15679341 DOI: 10.1021/ac0489667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here the development of a precise and sensitive method for the determination of vitamin K homologues including phylloquinone (PK), menaquinone-4 (MK-4), and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) in human plasma using HPLC-tandem mass-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS/MS). The method involves the use of stable isotope (18)O-labeled internal standard compounds, which were synthesized in our laboratory, and the selection of a precursor and product ion with a MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring method. The average intraassay and interassay variation values for PK, MK-4, and MK-7 were <10%. Average spiked recoveries from authentic compounds added to normal human plasma samples for PK, MK-4, and MK-7 were 98-102%. Mean plasma concentrations of PK, MK-4, and MK-7 from healthy subjects (n = 20) were 1.22 +/-0.57, 0.39 +/- 0.46, and 6.37 +/- 7.45 ng/mL, respectively. We conclude that this novel LC-APCI-MS/MS method should be useful for the evaluation of vitamin K status in postmenopausal women and elderly subjects and provides useful information for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis with vitamin K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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McCarthy PT, Harrington DJ, Shearer MJ. Assay of phylloquinone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Methods Enzymol 1997; 282:421-33. [PMID: 9330306 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)82125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P T McCarthy
- Haemophilia Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Liu Z, Li T, Li J, Wang E. Detection of menadione sodium bisulfite (vitamin K3) by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with series dual-electrode amperometric detector. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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MacCrehan WA, Schönberger E. Determination of vitamin K1 in serum using catalytic-reduction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 670:209-17. [PMID: 8548011 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the liquid chromatographic-fluorescence determination of serum vitamin K1 is described using reduction of the K-quinone to the fluorescent K-hydroquinone. The reduction reaction occurs "on-line" in the LC system using a catalytic reducer column and an alcohol mobile phase as reductant. A procedure for serum determination utilizes a liquid-liquid serum lipid extraction followed by normal-phase fractionation on a solid-phase extraction cartridge. The final measurement uses a reversed-phase (C18) separation with a ethanol-methanol mobile phase and provides a detection limit of approximately 20 pg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A MacCrehan
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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12
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Madden UA, Stahr HM. Reverse Phase Thin Layer Chromatography Assay of Vitamin K in Bovine Liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079308019616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Vi�as P, Campillo N, C�rdoba MH. Direct determination of tocopherols in paprika and paprika oleoresin by liquid chromatography. Mikrochim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01242102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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De Leenheer AP, Nelis HJ, Lambert WE, Bauwens RM. Chromatography of fat-soluble vitamins in clinical chemistry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 429:3-58. [PMID: 3062023 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A review is presented of current gas and liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and the provitamin A beta-carotene in biological samples of human origin. For each vitamin, the discussion successively focuses on procedures for sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatographic systems and principles of detection. The emphasis is on liquid chromatography, which is gradually becoming a standard technique in fat-soluble vitamin assays. New trends in the liquid chromatography of these compounds include the use of smaller particles and shorter columns, to improve speed, and the advance of electrochemical detection as an alternative to absorbance and fluorescence detection. Bonded phases, both normal and reversed phase, tend to be preferred over underivatized silica as column supports. Gas chromatography remains of particular value in combination with mass spectrometry, a technique which may form the basis of reference methods. In general, despite the availability of well established analytical methods for fat-soluble vitamins, the wealth of recent literature in this area indicates that there continues to be a need for new assays with enhanced speed, specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P De Leenheer
- Laboratoria voor Medische Biochemie, Klinische Analyse, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Lucock M, Hartley R, Wild NJ. HPLC Determination of Vitamin K1in Neonatal Plasma Following Oral or Parenteral Supplementation with Konakion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918708074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Sadlej-Sosnowska N, Blitek D, Wilczyńska-Wojtulewicz I. Determination of menadione sodium hydrogen sulphite and nicotinamide in multivitamin formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1986; 357:227-32. [PMID: 2940253 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Sann L, Leclercq M, Troncy J, Guillaumond M, Berland M, Coeur P. Serum vitamin K1 concentration and vitamin K-dependent clotting factor activity in maternal and fetal cord blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153:771-4. [PMID: 4073142 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(85)90343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The serum concentration of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) was measured in 34 healthy mothers and in the arterial cord blood of their newborn infants. In addition, the activities of factor II and of factors VII plus X were determined simultaneously in 16 paired maternal and fetal bloods. The serum vitamin K1 concentration was similar to that of control subjects in 27 mothers: 9.03 +/- 4.9 micrograms/L (mean and SD), with a simultaneous concentration of 10.4 +/- 5.3 micrograms/L in cord blood. Six mothers exhibited high serum vitamin K1 concentrations from 40 to 240 micrograms/L (median, 82) and the concentration in cord blood ranged from 25 to 115 micrograms/L (median, 71). One mother had a normal concentration of vitamin K1: 9 micrograms/L while no vitamin K1 was detectable in the serum of her infant. The activity of factor II and factors VII plus X was 7% and 7%, respectively, in this infant and 100% in the mother. All other mothers showed normal factor II and factors VII plus X activity, while the median activity was 47% (28%-56%) for factor II and 65% (35%-100%) for factors VII plus X in cord blood. These data suggest that vitamin K1 can cross the placental barrier but not in every case. Therefore the systematic administration of vitamin K1 to the newborn infant seems to be required to prevent the occurrence of the hemorrhagic disease.
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Sann L, Leclercq M, Guillaumont M, Trouyez R, Bethenod M, Bourgeay-Causse M. Serum vitamin K1 concentrations after oral administration of vitamin K1 in low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 1985; 107:608-11. [PMID: 4045610 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Akman SA, Kusu F, Takamura K, Chlebowski R, Block J. Differential pulse polarographic determination of plasma menadione. Anal Biochem 1984; 141:488-93. [PMID: 6496951 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A differential pulse polarographic assay for plasma vitamin K3 (menadione) has been developed. Details of the assay are (i) lipid-soluble material is extracted from plasma into ether by the method of Bjornsson et al. [(1978) Thromb. Haemostas. 2, 466-473]; (ii) ether is evaporated under nitrogen and the residue is dissolved in the supporting electrolyte, methanol: 0.2 M borate buffer (9:1), pH 6.8; (iii) current height is measured at -0.32 V vs SCE on the differential pulse polarogram. The lower sensitivity limit of this technique after addition of standard vitamin K3 to plasma is 0.3 microM; the calibration curve is linear from 0.6 through 10 microM. Two patients treated with a single dose of menadiol sodium diphosphate, 20 mg/M2 i.m., achieved measurable plasma vitamin K3 levels at 0.5 to 1.0 h ranging between 0.5 (0.08 micrograms/ml) and 2 microM (0.3 micrograms/ml).
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Langenberg JP, Tjaden UR. Determination of (endogenous) vitamin K1 in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorometric detection after post-column electrochemical reduction. Comparison with ultraviolet, single and dual electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1984; 305:61-72. [PMID: 6707155 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the fluorometric detection of K1 and K2 vitamins using post-column electrochemical reduction is described. Dual electrochemical detection in the reduction/reoxidation mode for coulometric/coulometric as well as coulometric/amperometric detection appears to be more sensitive and selective towards the plasma background than simple reductive electrochemical detection, but fluorometric detection after coulometric reduction offers the best results. Combination of normal-phase chromatography and the described method is only possible if supporting electrolyte is added post-column, but leads to higher detection limits. This highly sensitive method is applied to the determination of vitamin K1 in human plasma samples.
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Wilson AC, Park BK. Quantitative analysis of pharmacological levels of vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1983; 277:292-9. [PMID: 6643613 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ueno T, Suttie JW. High-pressure liquid chromatographic-reductive electrochemical detection analysis of serum trans-phylloquinone. Anal Biochem 1983; 133:62-7. [PMID: 6638487 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the determination of human serum trans-phylloquinone levels has been developed. Serum samples were extracted with hexane and subjected to preliminary separation on a silica semipreparative HPLC column with an 80% recovery as determined by the addition of [3H]phylloquinone. The portion of the eluate containing trans-phylloquinone was dried and injected into a muBondapak C-18 analytical HPLC column, and the concentration of the vitamin was determined by reductive electrochemical detection utilizing a glassy carbon electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The presumed vitamin peak was confirmed as trans-phylloquinone by rechromatography at different HPLC conditions, hydrodynamic voltamography, and photodegradation. As little as 300 pg/ml trans-phylloquinone could be detected, and normal human serum concentrations were found to be in the range of 1 ng/ml.
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Chapter 13 Terpenoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lefevere MF, De Leenheer AP, Claeys AE, Claeys IV, Steyaert H. Multidimensional liquid chromatography: a breakthrough in the assessment of physiological vitamin K levels. J Lipid Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Photochemical reaction detection of phylloquinone and menaquinones. A comparison with chemical post-columns reduction for fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02261609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
In summary, in this review on the function of vitamin K in post-translational modification of precursor proteins by carboxylation of certain glutamyl residues, I have tried to cover in particular the recent work on the reaction, the enzymes involved and the mechanisms being considered. In doing this I have also considered vitamin K, its discovery, its functional form and the possible relation of its metabolism to the carboxylation reaction. Equally the various vitamin K-dependent gla-containing proteins currently known have been described. The carboxylation of synthetic small molecule exogenous substrates and the synthesis and metabolism of the products of carboxylation are of great help in studying the reaction. Structural specificity of vitamin K analogs in vivo and in vitro has been compared and the use of various antagonists in vivo and in vitro considered in attempts to gain an understanding of the overall reaction. The reactions subsequent to carboxylation, e.g., the activation of prothrombin to thrombin via serine proteases and the related activation of the other vitamin K-dependent proteins have not been considered in this review. The review has not covered prothrombin or other vitamin K-dependent protein isolation, nor the determination of these proteins. As the vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation story has developed over the past six years, a number of reviews have been written which help in keeping up with the various aspects of the field as it has expanded. These reviews refer to many of the papers I have had to eliminate due to space limitations. They are referenced as 469-489. The review is in no sense comprehensive and many papers have been missed or only mentioned. I have tried to concentrate on the more recent work and, thus, much of the very fine work of the 1940's on vitamin K chemistry is hardly mentioned. Some redundancy has been built into the organization of the review so that a reader can obtain a reasonable view of any one section without having to search the whole review for all possible relevant information on any particular part of the field.
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Haroon Y, Shearer MJ, Barkhan P. Resolution of phylloquinone (vitamin K1), phylloquinone 2,3-epoxide, 2-chloro-phylloquinone and their geometric isomers by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)84951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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