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Milani NBL, van Gilst E, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography- A discussion on recent innovations. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300304. [PMID: 37654057 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although comprehensive 2-D GC is an established and often applied analytical method, the field is still highly dynamic thanks to a remarkable number of innovations. In this review, we discuss a number of recent developments in comprehensive 2-D GC technology. A variety of modulation methods are still being actively investigated and many exciting improvements are discussed in this review. We also review interesting developments in detection methods, retention modeling, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino B L Milani
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gilst
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Research progress in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its combination with olfactometry systems in the flavor analysis field. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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Cai H, Stearns SD. A fast temperature-programmed second-dimension column for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2435-2446. [PMID: 36449031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The short analysis time and constant temperature environment in the second dimension of two-dimensional comprehensive chromatography frequently causes wraparound problems, especially for complex high boilers. This problem can be solved by temperature programming on the second column, but since this requires heating and cooling the column in a matter of seconds, it is difficult to implement. In this study, we describe a method of accomplishing rapid heating and cooling with a resistively heated column cooled by compressed air. Critical to this method is minimizing the lag time between the actual temperature and the reported temperature by using the column heating element as the temperature sensor, virtually eliminating the danger of overshooting the temperature setpoint. This technique facilitates a ramp rate of up to 100 °C/s with minimal overshooting-well beyond the requirements of gas chromatography. A single-layer column bundle design allows a compressed-air cooling device to cool the column from 200 to 50 °C at an average rate of -21 °C/s. The secondary dimension temperature programming is facilitated by the longer secondary dimension time made possible by the direct flow modulation method. We evaluated the performance of the single-layer column bundle and demonstrated this method by applying it to a gasoline sample. We also compared this method with the traditional isothermal approach and found that use of the secondary temperature program reduced the naphthalene retention time from 12.1 to 6.3 s and its peak width at half height from 846 to 126 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Cai
- Valco Instruments Co. Inc., 8300 Waterbury Dr., Houston, TX, 77055, USA.
| | - Stanley D Stearns
- Valco Instruments Co. Inc., 8300 Waterbury Dr., Houston, TX, 77055, USA
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4
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Janta P, Wongla B, Phayoonhong W, Intarapanich O, Kokpol S, Mahatheeranont S, Kulsing C. Analysis of low-volatility pesticides in cabbage by high temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3180-3187. [PMID: 35929731 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00998f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (HTGC × GC) using a longitudinally modulated cryogenic system (LMCS) was developed for the analysis of low-volatility pesticides in cabbage. The method applied DB-17HT and DB-5HT as the first and second dimensional (1D and 2D) columns, respectively. Twelve pesticides, namely 6 organochlorines (4,4'-DDT, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, heptachlor, and dicofol), 4 carbamates (metolcarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, and carbofuran), 1 organophosphate (chlorpyrifos), and 1 pyrethroid (permethrin), were spiked into cabbage samples and prepared using QuEChERS. The applied oven temperature was up to 340 °C, enabling the elution of all the target pesticides and the matrix. The effects of initial oven temperature program, temperature ramp rate, LMCS trap temperature, and modulation period (PM) on the separation results were investigated, leading to the suitable conditions of 80 °C, 15 °C min-1, 10 °C, and 12 s, respectively. The method detection limits, signal-to-noise ratio, and recoveries of the compounds were within the ranges of 0.01-0.09 mg kg-1, 4.26-32.7, and 78-104%, respectively. Good linearity ranges within the concentration range of 0.1-1 ppm with R2 > 0.9134 were also obtained with the intra and interday precisions of the peak areas of 0.4-9.8% and 1.0-10.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannipa Janta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Bussaba Wongla
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wilai Phayoonhong
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Intarapanich
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Kokpol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Flavor Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayatai Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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5
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Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Djokic MR, Zayoud A, Ragaert K, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:83-115. [PMID: 34871884 PMCID: PMC8769047 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.)and calcium (∼17vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Novaes FJM, Marriott PJ. Cryogenic trapping as a versatile approach for sample handling, enrichment and multidimensional analysis in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1644:462135. [PMID: 33839448 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cryogenic methods - those that employ cryogenic fluids/gases but also other approaches to generate reduced temperature - are versatile, functional and relatively easily implemented as part of a total gas chromatographic method. The general utility of a cold region is almost invariably as a trapping or focussing step, to collect analyte into a sharp zone. The success in effectively trapping analyte depends on analyte volatility and the temperature of the cold region. Analytes collection into a sorbent phase supported by cryotrapping usually provide a greater capacity trapping for the sorption step. Stripping analyte from a sample into a cryogenic trap, with subsequent introduction to GC as in a purge-and-trap method, sample introduction into an injector with incorporation of a cooling zone, manipulation and management of chromatographic bands during chromatography elution such as employed in multidimensional gas chromatography, and focussing analyte just prior to the detector, all have the same goal of concentrating the band, reducing its dispersion, and maximising response. This review summarises various approaches that demonstrate how cryogenic methods have been incorporated into gas chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Junior Moreira Novaes
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Química, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Bloco A, 6° Andar, Sala 626, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil.
| | - Philip John Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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7
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Lelevic A, Souchon V, Geantet C, Lorentz C, Moreaud M. Quantitative performance of forward fill/flush differential flow modulation for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461342. [PMID: 32797823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
GC × GC is an advanced separation technique allowing to achieve quantitative and qualitative characterization of complex samples. In order to perform two-dimensional separation, the system must provide suitable peak modulation which will direct short impulses of first column flow towards the second column. Forward fill/ flush differential flow modulation is a cost effective and no cryogen requiring approach which allows modulation over a wide range of analytes with very different boiling points. However, optimization of the flow modulation process can be difficult to understand and quantification performance might be compromised if the parameters of the modulation process are not properly set. Modulated peak shape can be a good indication of the efficiency of the modulation process, however it is not sufficient to guarantee good quantification. Different average velocities in the beginning and the end of the thermally programmed GC run may cause different efficiency of the modulation process in various parts of the chromatogram. The purpose of this work is to investigate quantitative performance of the forward/fill flush modulation and delineate parameters that determine the effectiveness of the modulation process and its ability to properly reflect the quantitative composition of the investigated sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lelevic
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3 69360 Solaize France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON UMR 5256, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Vincent Souchon
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3 69360 Solaize France
| | - Christophe Geantet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON UMR 5256, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON UMR 5256, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxime Moreaud
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3 69360 Solaize France
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8
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9
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Trinklein TJ, Gough DV, Warren CG, Ochoa GS, Synovec RE. Dynamic pressure gradient modulation for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Column selection approach to achieve a high peak capacity in comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography. Talanta 2019; 195:822-829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Cai H, Stearns SD. A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography valve modulation method using hold-release primary column flow for long secondary separation time with 100% transfer. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:200-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Belinato JR, Dias FFG, Caliman JD, Augusto F, Hantao LW. Opportunities for green microextractions in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography / mass spectrometry-based metabolomics - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1040:1-18. [PMID: 30327098 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microextractions have become an attractive class of techniques for metabolomics. The most popular technique is solid-phase microextraction that revolutionized the field of modern sample preparation in the early nineties. Ever since this milestone, microextractions have taken on many principles and formats comprising droplets, fibers, membranes, needles, and blades. Sampling devices may be customized to impart exhaustive or equilibrium-based characteristics to the extraction method. Equilibrium-based approaches may rely on additional methods for calibration, such as diffusion-based or on-fiber kinetic calibration to improve bioanalysis. In addition, microextraction-based methods may enable minimally invasive sampling protocols and measure the average free concentration of analytes in heterogeneous multiphasic biological systems. On-fiber derivatization has evidenced new opportunities for targeted and untargeted analysis in metabolomics. All these advantages have highlighted the potential of microextraction techniques for in vivo and on-site sampling and sample preparation, while many opportunities are still available for laboratory protocols. In this review, we outline and discuss some of the most recent applications using microextractions techniques for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-based metabolomics, including potential research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R Belinato
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F G Dias
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline D Caliman
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro W Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Pollo BJ, Alexandrino GL, Augusto F, Hantao LW. The impact of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography on oil & gas analysis: Recent advances and applications in petroleum industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Magagna F, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Tao Q, Carretta A, Cobelli L, Giardina M, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Advanced fingerprinting of high-quality cocoa: Challenges in transferring methods from thermal to differential-flow modulated comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:122-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Freye CE, Bahaghighat HD, Synovec RE. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using partial modulation via a pulsed flow valve with a short modulation period. Talanta 2018; 177:142-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Cordero C, Rubiolo P, Reichenbach SE, Carretta A, Cobelli L, Giardina M, Bicchi C. Method translation and full metadata transfer from thermal to differential flow modulated comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography: Profiling of suspected fragrance allergens. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1480:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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17
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Freye CE, Synovec RE. High temperature diaphragm valve-based comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 161:675-680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Method to determine the true modulation ratio for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1476:114-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Freye CE, Fitz BD, Billingsley MC, Synovec RE. Partial least squares analysis of rocket propulsion fuel data using diaphragm valve-based comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection. Talanta 2016; 153:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Mostafa A, Górecki T. Development and Design of a Single-Stage Cryogenic Modulator for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5414-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, 31441, Dammam, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Freye CE, Mu L, Synovec RE. High temperature diaphragm valve-based comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1424:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Potential of the reversed-inject differential flow modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in the quantitative profiling and fingerprinting of essential oils of different complexity. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1417:79-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Pinkerton DK, Parsons BA, Anderson TJ, Synovec RE. Trilinearity deviation ratio: A new metric for chemometric analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 871:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Parsons BA, Marney LC, Siegler WC, Hoggard JC, Wright BW, Synovec RE. Tile-Based Fisher Ratio Analysis of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) Data Using a Null Distribution Approach. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3812-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504472s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon A. Parsons
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - Luke C. Marney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - W. Christopher Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - Jamin C. Hoggard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - Bob W. Wright
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
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25
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Comparison of cryogenic and differential flow (forward and reverse fill/flush) modulators and applications to the analysis of heavy petroleum cuts by high-temperature comprehensive gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1387:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Hengerics Szabó A, Podolec P, Ferenczy V, Kubinec R, Blaško J, Soják L, Górová R, Addová G, Ostrovský I, Višňovský J, Bierhanzl V, Čabala R, Amann A. The analysis of linear and monomethylalkanes in exhaled breath samples by GC×GC-FID and GC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 978-979:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Marney LC, Christopher Siegler W, Parsons BA, Hoggard JC, Wright BW, Synovec RE. Tile-based Fisher-ratio software for improved feature selection analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. Talanta 2013; 115:887-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Lissitsyna K, Huertas S, Quintero LC, Polo LM. Quantitation method of N
,N
′-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1768-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lissitsyna
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Departamento de Química Analítica; Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Luis Maria Polo
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Departamento de Química Analítica; Madrid Spain
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30
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Wilson RB, Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. High throughput analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds by thermal injection – isothermal gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. Die umfassende zweidimensionale Gaschromatographie - eine neue Dimension für analytische Trennwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10460-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to bidimensional gas chromatography in comprehensive and heart-cutting mode: Design of the instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:153-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Mostafa A, Edwards M, Górecki T. Optimization aspects of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:38-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Wilson RB, Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. Fast, High Peak Capacity Separations in Gas Chromatography–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4167-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300481k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington—Seattle, Washington 98195-1700,
United States
| | - Jamin C. Hoggard
- Department
of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington—Seattle, Washington 98195-1700,
United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department
of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington—Seattle, Washington 98195-1700,
United States
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36
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Metabotyping of human colorectal cancer using two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:483-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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38
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van Stee LL, Brinkman UA. Peak clustering in two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection based on theoretical calculation of two-dimensional peak shapes: The 2DAid approach. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7878-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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39
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Verstraeten M, Pursch M, Eckerle P, Luong J, Desmet G. Thermal Modulation for Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography Separations Using Low-Thermal-Mass Liquid Chromatography (LC). Anal Chem 2011; 83:7053-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201207t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Verstraeten
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Deutschand Anlagengesellschaft mbH, Analytical Technology Center, 77836 Rheinmunster, Germany
| | - Patric Eckerle
- Dow Deutschand Anlagengesellschaft mbH, Analytical Technology Center, 77836 Rheinmunster, Germany
| | - Jim Luong
- Dow Canada, Analytical Technology Center, Fort Saskatchewan, AB, Canada
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
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40
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Kim SJ, Serrano G, Wise KD, Kurabayashi K, Zellers ET. Evaluation of a Microfabricated Thermal Modulator for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Microscale Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5556-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States
| | - Gustavo Serrano
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, United States
| | - Kensall D. Wise
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States
| | - Edward T. Zellers
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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41
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Modulation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: 20 years of innovation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2335-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Panić O, Górecki T, McNeish C, Goldstein AH, Williams BJ, Worton DR, Hering SV, Kreisberg NM. Development of a new consumable-free thermal modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3070-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Pyl SP, Schietekat CM, Van Geem KM, Reyniers MF, Vercammen J, Beens J, Marin GB. Rapeseed oil methyl ester pyrolysis: On-line product analysis using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Challenge in the speciation of nitrogen-containing compounds in heavy petroleum fractions by high temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Cryogenic zone compression for the measurement of dioxins in human serum by isotope dilution at the attogram level using modulated gas chromatography coupled to high resolution magnetic sector mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Comparative study of differential flow and cryogenic modulators comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography systems for the detailed analysis of light cycle oil. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Beckstrom AC, Humston EM, Snyder LR, Synovec RE, Juul SE. Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry method to identify potential biomarkers of perinatal asphyxia in a non-human primate model. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1899-906. [PMID: 21353677 PMCID: PMC3064854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia is a leading cause of brain injury in infants, occurring in 2-4 per 1000 live births. The clinical response to asphyxia is variable and difficult to predict with current diagnostic tests. Reliable biomarkers are needed to help predict the timing and severity of asphyxia, as well as response to treatment. Two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was used herein, in conjunction with chemometric data analysis approaches for metabolomic analysis in order to identify significant metabolites affected by birth asphyxia. Blood was drawn before and after 15 or 18 min of cord occlusion in a Macaca nemestrina model of perinatal asphyxia. Postnatal samples were drawn at 5 min of age (n=20 subjects). Metabolomic profiles of asphyxiated animals were compared to four controls delivered at comparable gestational age. Fifty metabolites with the greatest change pre- to post-asphyxia were identified and quantified. The metabolic profile of post-asphyxia samples showed marked variability compared to the pre-asphyxia samples. Fifteen of the 50 metabolites showed significant elevation in response to asphyxia, ten of which remained significant upon comparison to the control animals. This metabolomic analysis confirmed lactate and creatinine as markers of asphyxia and discovered new metabolites including succinic acid and malate (intermediates in the Krebs cycle) and arachidonic acid (a brain fatty acid and inflammatory marker) as potential biomarkers. GC×GC-TOFMS coupled with chemometric data analysis are useful tools to identify acute biomarkers of brain injury. Further study is needed to correlate these metabolites with severity of disease, and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura R. Snyder
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Sandra E. Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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48
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Van Geem KM, Pyl SP, Reyniers MF, Vercammen J, Beens J, Marin GB. On-line analysis of complex hydrocarbon mixtures using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6623-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Wang Y, Chen Q, Norwood DL, McCaffrey J. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE APPLICATIONS OF COMPREHENSIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPH. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Qian Chen
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Daniel L. Norwood
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - John McCaffrey
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
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50
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Kim SJ, Reidy SM, Block BP, Wise KD, Zellers ET, Kurabayashi K. Microfabricated thermal modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional micro gas chromatography: design, thermal modeling, and preliminary testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1647-1654. [PMID: 20556268 DOI: 10.1039/c001390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC), a modulator is placed at the juncture between two separation columns to focus and re-inject eluting mixture components, thereby enhancing the resolution and the selectivity of analytes. As part of an effort to develop a microGC x microGC prototype, in this report we present the design, fabrication, thermal operation, and initial testing of a two-stage microscale thermal modulator (microTM). The microTM contains two sequential serpentine Pyrex-on-Si microchannels (stages) that cryogenically trap analytes eluting from the first-dimension column and thermally inject them into the second-dimension column in a rapid, programmable manner. For each modulation cycle (typically 5 s for cooling with refrigeration work of 200 J and 100 ms for heating at 10 W), the microTM is kept approximately at -50 degrees C by a solid-state thermoelectric cooling unit placed within a few tens of micrometres of the device, and heated to 250 degrees C at 2800 degrees C s(-1) by integrated resistive microheaters and then cooled back to -50 degrees C at 250 degrees C s(-1). Thermal crosstalk between the two stages is less than 9%. A lumped heat transfer model is used to analyze the device design with respect to the rates of heating and cooling, power dissipation, and inter-stage thermal crosstalk as a function of Pyrex-membrane thickness, air-gap depth, and stage separation distance. Experimental results are in agreement with trends predicted by the model. Preliminary tests using a conventional capillary column interfaced to the microTM demonstrate the capability for enhanced sensitivity and resolution as well as the modulation of a mixture of alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- The Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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