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Dauer K, Pfeiffer-Marek S, Kamm W, Wagner KG. Microwell Plate-Based Dynamic Light Scattering as a High-Throughput Characterization Tool in Biopharmaceutical Development. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020172. [PMID: 33514069 PMCID: PMC7911513 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput light scattering instruments are widely used in screening of biopharmaceutical formulations and can be easily incorporated into processes by utilizing multi-well plate formats. High-throughput plate readers are helpful tools to assess the aggregation tendency and colloidal stability of biological drug candidates based on the diffusion self-interaction parameter (kD). However, plate readers evoke issues about the precision and variability of determined data. In this article, we report about the statistical evaluation of intra- and inter-plate variability (384-well plates) for the kD analysis of protein and peptide solutions. ANOVA revealed no significant differences between the runs. In conclusion, the reliability and precision of kD was dependent on the plate position of the sample replicates and kD value. Positive kD values (57.0 mL/g, coefficients of variation (CV) 8.9%) showed a lower variability compared to negative kD values (−14.8 mL/g, CV 13.4%). The variability of kD was not reduced using more data points (120 vs. 30). A kD analysis exclusively based on center wells showed a lower CV (<2%) compared to edge wells (5–12%) or a combination of edge and center wells (2–5%). We present plate designs for kD analysis within the early formulation development, screening up to 20 formulations consuming less than 50 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industrial Park Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.P.-M.); (W.K.)
| | - Stefania Pfeiffer-Marek
- Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industrial Park Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.P.-M.); (W.K.)
| | - Walter Kamm
- Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industrial Park Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.P.-M.); (W.K.)
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Chen K, Wang J, Li S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Shen Q. High‐throughput 96‐well solid‐phase extraction for preparation of tetracycline followed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:555-562. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- The Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of SeafoodZhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of SeafoodZhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yiqi Zhang
- The Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of SeafoodZhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Qing Shen
- The Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of SeafoodZhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province P. R. China
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3
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Starek M. Review of the applications of different analytical techniques for coxibs research. Talanta 2011; 85:8-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A new approach to the application of solid phase extraction disks with LC–MS/MS for the analysis of drugs on a 96-well plate format. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:556-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hsieh JY, Lin L, Matuszewski BK. A Semi‐Automated 96‐Well Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of a Selective GABA‐A Receptor Agonist in Human and Rat Plasma Using Fluorescence Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200028133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Y.‐K. Hsieh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point , Pennsylvania , 19486 , USA
| | - L. Lin
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point , Pennsylvania , 19486 , USA
| | - B. K. Matuszewski
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point , Pennsylvania , 19486 , USA
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Xue L, Lin L, Hsieh JY, Matuszewski BK. Determination of a Selective GABA‐A α5 Receptor Inverse Agonist in Human Plasma by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120028257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xue
- a Department of Drug Metabolism, WP26‐372 , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, West Point , Pennsylvania , 19486 , USA
| | - Li Lin
- a Department of Drug Metabolism, WP26‐372 , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, West Point , Pennsylvania , 19486 , USA
| | - John Y.‐K. Hsieh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism, WP26‐372 , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, West Point , Pennsylvania , 19486 , USA
| | - Bogdan K. Matuszewski
- a Department of Drug Metabolism, WP26‐372 , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, West Point , Pennsylvania , 19486 , USA
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7
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Asuero AG, González G. Fitting Straight Lines with Replicated Observations by Linear Regression. III. Weighting Data. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701244615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agustin G. Asuero
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Seville , 41012 , Seville , Spain
| | - Gustavo González
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Seville , 41012 , Seville , Spain
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Schwartz JI, Larson PJ, Porras AG, Viswanathan-Aiyer KJ, Agrawal NGB, Lasseter KC, Mazenko RS, Merschman SA, Gertz BJ. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of rofecoxib : comparison of tablet and suspension formulations. Clin Drug Investig 2007; 23:503-9. [PMID: 17535062 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200323080-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rofecoxib suspension is a formulation developed to increase the convenience of rofecoxib therapy for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets. This open-label, two-part study compared the single-dose pharmacokinetics of rofecoxib tablets and rofecoxib suspension in healthy subjects. DESIGN AND STUDY PARTICIPANTS Part I was a two-period crossover study that assessed the bioequivalence of the 12.5mg/5mL rofecoxib suspension and the 12.5mg rofecoxib tablet in 24 healthy subjects (12 men and 12 women). Part II was a crossover study in 24 additional healthy subjects (12 men and 12 women) that determined the bioequivalence of the rofecoxib 25mg/5mL suspension and the 25mg rofecoxib tablet. RESULTS No clinically meaningful differences between rofecoxib tablet and suspension were apparent with respect to the rofecoxib area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)) and maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), the primary measures of bioequivalence. At the 12.5mg and 25mg doses, the 90% CI for the geometric mean ratio (suspension/tablet) of both AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) fell within the prespecified interval for bioequivalence (0.80-1.25). CONCLUSIONS The rofecoxib suspension is bioequivalent to the rofecoxib tablet at single oral doses of 12.5mg and 25mg in healthy volunteers. The convenience and ease of administration of rofecoxib suspension may translate into increased compliance with therapy compared with a conventional solid tablet formulation, particularly for elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules I Schwartz
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey and West Point, Pennslyvania, USA
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9
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Fang W, Xie W, Hsieh JY, Matuszewski BK. Development and Application of HPLC Methods with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection for the Determination of Hydrochlorothiazide in Human Plasma and Urine Using 96‐Well Liquid‐Liquid Extraction. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500224666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Fang
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W. Xie
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J. Y.‐K. Hsieh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - B. K. Matuszewski
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Simpson RC, Patti AL, Matuszewski BK. Determination of a Selective Neuropeptide Y5 Receptor Antagonist in Human Plasma and Urine by HPLC with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500416668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Simpson
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adrienne L. Patti
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bogdan K. Matuszewski
- a Department of Drug Metabolism , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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El-Henawee MM, Ibraheim M, Osman S, Ayad MM. Stability-Indicating Methods for the Determination of Rofecoxib. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nageswara Rao R, Meena S, Raghuram Rao A. An overview of the recent developments in analytical methodologies for determination of COX-2 inhibitors in bulk drugs, pharmaceuticals and biological matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:349-63. [PMID: 16009523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry related journals has been conducted and the instrumental analytical methods which were developed and used for determination of COX-2 inhibitors in bulk drugs, formulations and biological fluids have been reviewed. This review covers the time period from 1995 to 2004 during which 138 analytical methods including all types of spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques were reported. HPLC with UV detection was found to be the technique of choice for many workers and more than 100 methods were based on LC and UV. A critical analysis of the reported data has been carried out and the present state-of-art of the analytical techniques for determination of celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, etodolac, nimesulide and meloxicam has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Division, Discovery Lab, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Amini M, Hamedani MP, Vosooghi M, Nabavi M, Shafiee A. Pre-column derivatization of rofecoxib for determination in serum by HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:1265-8. [PMID: 15906007 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method for determination of rofecoxib in human serum is presented. The method is based on pre-column derivatization of analyte to a phenanthrene derivative of the drug. Rofecoxib and the internal standard were extracted from serum using liquid-liquid extraction. Upon exposure to UV light, the drug was found to undergo a photocyclization reaction, giving a species with high absorbance. Validation of the method has been studied in the concentration range 10-500 ng ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Gandhimathi M, Ravi TK, Varghese SJ. Simultaneous LC determination of tizanidine and rofecoxib in tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:183-5. [PMID: 15664760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method to determine tizanidine (TZ) and rofecoxib (RF) in combination is proposed and applied to the pharmaceuticals. This method allows the determination of 0.1-0.5 microg/ml of TZ and 1.2-6.0 microg/ml of RF along with 10 microg/ml of nimesulide (internal standard), in a mobile phase consisting of 1% (v/v) triethylamine (pH adjusted to 2.5 using dilute orthophosphoric acid):acetonitrile in the ratio 55:45% (v/v). Detection wavelength of 303 nm and flow rate of 0.8 ml/min were fixed for the study. The limit of detection (LOD) for TZ and RF were found to be 10 and 1 ng/ml, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for TZ and RF were found to be 80 and 12 ng/ml, respectively. The amount of drug present in the tablet and the recovery studies were also carried out. The % R.S.D. of recovery studies for TZ and RF were found to be 0.0673 and 0.0146, respectively. The method is validated for accuracy, precision, ruggedness and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gandhimathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore 641044, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Kaul N, Dhaneshwar SR, Agrawal H, Kakad A, Patil B. Application of HPLC and HPTLC for the simultaneous determination of tizanidine and rofecoxib in pharmaceutical dosage form. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:27-38. [PMID: 15664740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two methods are described for the simultaneous determination of tizanidine and rofecoxib in binary mixture. The first method was based on HPTLC separation of the two drugs followed by densitometric measurements of their spots at 311 nm. The separation was carried out on Merck HPTLC aluminium sheets of silica gel 60 F254 using toluene:methanol:acetone (7.5:2.5:1.0, v/v/v) as mobile phase. The linear regression analysis data was used for the regression line in the range of 10-100 and 100-1500 ng/spot for tizanidine and rofecoxib, respectively. The second method was based on HPLC separation of the two drugs on the reversed phase kromasil column [C18 (5 microm, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, i.d.)] at ambient temperature using a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer pH 5.5 and methanol (45:55, v/v). Flow rate was 1.0 ml/min with an average operating pressure of 180 kg/cm2. Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 235 nm based on peak area with linear calibration curves at concentration ranges 10-200 and 100-2000 microg/ml for tizanidine and rofecoxib, respectively. Both methods have been successively applied to pharmaceutical formulation. No chromatographic interference from the tablet excipients was found. Both methods were validated in terms of precision, robustness, recovery and limits of detection and quantitation. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test were applied to correlate the results of tizanidine and rofecoxib determination in dosage form by means of HPTLC and HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kaul
- Department of Quality Assurance Techniques, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
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Zhang M, Moore GA, Gardiner SJ, Begg EJ. Determination of rofecoxib in human plasma and breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 807:217-21. [PMID: 15203032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple HPLC assay was developed for the determination of rofecoxib in human plasma and breast milk. After solid-phase extraction, rofecoxib was resolved on a C18 column and detected by UV detection at 272 nm. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range 10-2000 microg/L (r2 >0.99). Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation for both matrices were <10% and the limit of quantification was around 10 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Shehata MA, Ashour A, Hassan NY, Fayed AS, El-Zeany BA. Liquid chromatography and chemometric methods for determination of rofecoxib in presence of its photodegradate and alkaline degradation products. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Davies NM, Teng XW, Skjodt NM. Pharmacokinetics of rofecoxib: a specific cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 42:545-56. [PMID: 12793839 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200342060-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rofecoxib is a commonly used specific cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. Rofecoxib has high bioavailability, poor aqueous solubility, an elimination half-life suitable for daily administration and a volume of distribution approximating body mass. Species-specific, predominantly hepatic, metabolism occurs, with novel enterohepatic circulation in rats and O-glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 2B7 and 2B15 in human liver microsomes. Discrepancies in studies of postoperative analgesia can be putatively explained by known pharmacokinetics. Changes in rofecoxib disposition and pharmacokinetics are evident between races, in elderly patients, in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Despite the selective action of COX-2 inhibitors, there remains the potential for significant drug interactions. Rofecoxib has been shown to have interactions with rifampicin (rifampin), warfarin, lithium and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and theophylline. COX-2 inhibitors represent a major therapeutic advance in terms of gastrointestinal safety; however, long-term safety in other organ systems and with concomitant drug administration still remain to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal M Davies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
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Dru JDY, Chavez-Eng CM, Constanzer ML, Matuszewski BK. Determination of a cyclooxygenase II inhibitor in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 805:21-5. [PMID: 15113535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Revised: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive methods based on capillary gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometric (MS) detection in a selected-ion monitoring mode (SIM) for the determination of a cyclooxygenase II (COX-II) inhibitor (3-isopropoxy-4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-5,5'-dimethyl-5H-furan-2-one, I) in human plasma, in two concentration ranges of 0.1-20 and 5-1000 ng/ml, are described. Following liquid-liquid extraction, the residue, after evaporation of the organic phase to dryness, was reconstituted in acetonitrile (20 l) and part of the extract (1 l) was analyzed by GC/MS/SIM. The drug (I) and internal standard (II) were separated on a 25 mx0.2 mm capillary column with HP Ultra 1 (100% dimethylpolysiloxane, 0.33 m) phase and analyzed by MS/SIM monitoring ions at m/z 237 and 282 for I and II, respectively. The standard curve was linear within the lower concentration range of 0.1-20 ng/ml and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) in plasma was 0.1 ng/ml. Intraday coefficients of variation (CV, n=5) were 8.9, 4.2, 5.7, 3.1, 1.9, 1.9, and 4.4% at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10, and 20 ng/ml, respectively. The standard curve was also linear within the higher concentration range of 5-1000 ng/ml and the LLOQ in plasma was 5 ng/ml. Intraday coefficients of variation (CV, n=5) were all below 9% at all concentrations within the standard curve range. The accuracy for I in human plasma was 91-112% and the recovery of I and II was greater than 70% at all concentrations within both standard curve ranges. The details of the assay methodology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D-Y Dru
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Shehata MA, Hassan NY, Fayed AS, El-Zeany BA. Derivative spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods for determination of rofecoxib in tablets and in human plasma in presence of its photo-degradation product. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:139-45. [PMID: 14871506 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rofecoxib (I) has been determined in the presence of its photo-degradation product (II) using first derivative spectrophotometry ((1)D) and first derivative of the ratio spectra ((1)DD) by measuring the amplitude at 316.3 and 284 nm for (1)D and (1)DD, respectively. (I) can be determined in the presence of up to 70% and 80% of (II) by the (1)D and (1)DD, respectively. The linearity range of both the methods was the same (5.8-26.2 microg ml(-1)) with mean percentage recovery of 100.08 +/- 0.84 and 100.06 +/- 1.06 for (1)D and (1)DD, respectively. (1)D method was used to study kinetics of (I) photo-degradation that was found to follow a first-order reaction. The t(1/2) was 20.2 min while K (reaction rate constant) was 0.0336 mol min(-1). Both methods were applied to the analysis of (I) in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical formulations. Also a spectrofluorimetric method is described to determine (I) at very low concentrations (25-540 ng ml(-1)) where (I) is converted to its photo-degradate (II), which possesses a native fluorescence that could be measured. The proposed method was applied for the analysis of tablets containing rofecoxib as well as to rofecoxib-spiked human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Shehata
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasrel Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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21
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Savaşer A, Özkan Y, Özkan CK, Taş Ç, Özkan SA. RP‐HPLC Assay of Rofecoxib from Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Human Plasma and Its Drug Dissolution Studies. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120027775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ahuja N, Singh A, Singh B. Rofecoxib: an update on physicochemical, pharmaceutical, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:859-94. [PMID: 12906745 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rofecoxib (MK-966) is a new generation non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that exhibits promising anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. It selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 isoenzyme in a dose-dependent manner in man. No significant inhibition of COX-1 is observed with rofecoxib up to doses of 1000 mg. The pharmacokinetics of rofecoxib has been found to be complex and variable. Mean oral bioavailability after single dose of rofecoxib (12.5, 25 or 50 mg) is 93% with t(max) varying widely between 2 and 9 h. It is highly plasma-protein bound and is metabolized primarily by cytosolic reductases to inactive metabolites. Rofecoxib is eliminated predominantly by hepatic metabolism with a terminal half-life of approximately 17 h during steady state. Various experimental models and clinical studies have demonstrated rofecoxib to be superior, or at least equivalent, in anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic efficacy to comparator nonselective NSAIDs in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other pain models. Emerging evidence suggests that rofecoxib may also find potential use as supportive therapy in various pathophysiologic conditions like Alzheimer's disease, and in various malignant tumours and polyps, where COX-2 is overly expressed. Rofecoxib is generally well-tolerated. Analysis of data pooled from several trials suggests that rofecoxib is associated with fewer incidences of clinically symptomatic gastrointestinal ulcers and ulcer complications vis-à-vis conventional NSAIDs. However, this gastropreserving effect may be negated by concurrent use of low-dose aspirin for cardiovascular risk reduction. Rofecoxib tends to show similar tolerability for renal and cardiothrombotic events as compared with nonnaproxen nonselective NSAIDs. No clinically significant drug interaction has been reported for rofecoxib except with diuretics, where it reverses their salt-wasting effect and thus can be clinically exploited in electrolyte-wasting disorders. There is only modest information about the physicochemical and pharmaceutical aspects of rofecoxib. Being poorly water soluble, its drug delivery has been improved using varied formulation approaches. Although it is stable in solid state, rofecoxib is photosensitive and base-sensitive in solution form with its degradation mechanistics elucidated. Analytical determinations of rofecoxib and its metabolites in biological fluids employing HPLC with varied types of detectors have been reported. Isolated studies have also been published on the chromatographic and spectrophotometric assay of rofecoxib and its degradants in bulk samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The current article provides an updated overview on the physicochemical, pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic vistas of rofecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Ahuja
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
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Chapter 5 Automation tools and strategies for bioanalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(03)80007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chapter 12 Solid-phase extraction: Strategies for method development and optimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(03)80014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Vallano PT, Mazenko RS, Woolf EJ, Matuszewski BK. Monolithic silica liquid chromatography columns for the determination of cyclooxygenase II inhibitors in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 779:249-57. [PMID: 12361739 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods employing monolithic HPLC columns for the determination of the cyclooxygenase II inhibitors rofecoxib (I) and 3-isopropoxy-4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-5,5'-dimethyl-5H-furan-2-one (DFP, III) in human plasma are described. Each analyte, together with an internal standard was extracted from the plasma matrix using solid-phase extraction in the 96-well format. The analytes were chromatographed on a Chromolith Speed Rod monolithic HPLC column (4.6 x 50 mm). Analyte detection for rofecoxib was via fluorescence following post-column photochemical derivatization. Detection for III was based on the native fluorescence of the compound. The precision, accuracy, and linearity of the methods were found to be comparable to those obtained using methods employing conventional packed HPLC columns. Use of the monolithic column permitted mobile phase flow-rates of up to 6.5 ml/min to be employed in the assays. The use of elevated flow-rates enabled the per sample analysis time to be reduced by up to a factor of 5 compared with assays based on packed HPLC columns. The results of experiments aimed at evaluating the ruggedness and reproducibility of monolithic columns employed in bioanalytical methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Vallano
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Drug Metabolism, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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