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Mahrous E, Chen R, Zhao C, Farag MA. Lipidomics in food quality and authentication: A comprehensive review of novel trends and applications using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:9058-9081. [PMID: 37165484 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2207659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid analysis is an integral part of food authentication and quality control which provides consumers with the necessary information to make an informed decision about their lipid intake. Recent advancement in lipid analysis and lipidome scope represents great opportunities for food science. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of available tools for extraction, analysis and interpretation of data related to dietary fats analyses. Different analytical platforms are discussed including GC, MS, NMR, IR and UV with emphasis on their merits and limitations alongside complementary tools such as chemometric models and lipid-targeted online databases. Applications presented here include quality control, authentication of organic and delicacy food, tracing dietary fat source and investigating the effect of heat/storage on lipids. A multitude of analytical methods with different sensitivity, affordability, reproducibility and ease of operation are now available to comprehensively analyze dietary fats. Application of these methods range from studies which favor the use of large data generating platforms such as MS-based methods, to routine quality control which demands easy to use affordable equipment as TLC and IR. Hence, this review provides a navigation tool for food scientists to help develop an optimal protocol for their future lipid analysis quest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Mahrous
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ruoxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Jahurul M, Patricia M, Shihabul A, Norazlina M, Ramlah George M, Noorakmar A, Lee J, Jumardi R, Jinap S, Zaidul I. A review on functional and nutritional properties of noni fruit seed (Morinda citrifolia L.) and its oil. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Application of the bespoke solid-phase extraction protocol for extraction of physiologically-active compounds from vegetable oils. Talanta 2018; 189:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Poinsot V, Ta HY, Meang VO, Perquis L, Gavard P, Pipy B, Couderc F. A digest of capillary electrophoretic methods applied to lipid analyzes. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:190-211. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Hai Yen Ta
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong Meang
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Lucie Perquis
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Gavard
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - Bernard Pipy
- Laboratoire Pharma DEV; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
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Pornputtapitak W, Pantakitcharoenkul J, Panpakdee R, Teeranachaideekul V, Sinchaipanid N. Development of γ-Oryzanol Rich Extract from Leum Pua Glutinous Rice Bran Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Delivery. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:125-133. [PMID: 29367479 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leum Pua is native Thai glutinous rice that contains antioxidants higher than white rice and other colored rice. One of the major antioxidants in rice brans is γ-oryzanol (GO). In this study, Leum Pua glutinous rice bran was extracted by different solvents. Oleic acid (~40 g/100 g extract), linoleic acid (~30 g/100 g extract), and palmitic acid (~20 g/100 g extract) were found to be major lipid components in the extracts. Methanol extract showed less variety of lipid components compared to the others. However, hexane extract showed the highest percent of γ-oryzanol compared to other solvents. Therefore, the hexane extract was selected to prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). The prepared NLC had small particles in the size range of 142.9 ± 0.4 nm for extract-loaded NLC and 137.1 ± 0.5 nm for GO-loaded NLC with narrow size distribution (PI < 0.1) in both formulations. The release profile of extract-loaded NLC formulation was slightly higher than GO-loaded NLC formulation. However, they did not follow the Higuchi model because of small amounts of γ-oryzanol loaded in NLC particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ratchada Panpakdee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University
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Jurowski K, Kochan K, Walczak J, Barańska M, Piekoszewski W, Buszewski B. Analytical Techniques in Lipidomics: State of the Art. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:418-437. [PMID: 28340309 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1310613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current studies related to lipid identification and determination, or lipidomics in biological samples, are one of the most important issues in modern bioanalytical chemistry. There are many articles dedicated to specific analytical strategies used in lipidomics in various kinds of biological samples. However, in such literature, there is a lack of articles dedicated to a comprehensive review of the actual analytical methodologies used in lipidomics. The aim of this article is to characterize the lipidomics methods used in modern bioanalysis according to the methodological point of view: (1) chromatography/separation methods, (2) spectroscopic methods and (3) mass spectrometry and also hyphenated methods. In the first part, we discussed thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The second part includes spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy (RS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The third part is a synthetic review of mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), hyphenated methods, which include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and also multidimensional techniques. Other aspects are the possibilities of the application of the described methods in lipidomics studies. Due to the fact that the exploration of new methods of lipidomics analysis and their applications in clinical and medical studies are still challenging for researchers working in life science, we hope that this review article will be very useful for readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- a Kraków Higher School of Health Promotion , Krakow , Poland
| | - Kamila Kochan
- b Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) , Jagiellonian University in Cracow , Cracow , Poland.,c Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia
| | - Justyna Walczak
- d Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics , Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Barańska
- b Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) , Jagiellonian University in Cracow , Cracow , Poland.,e Department of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University in Cracow , Cracow , Poland
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- f Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University in Cracow , Cracow , Poland.,g School of Biomedicine , Far Eastern Federal University , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- d Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics , Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
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Fanali C, D'Orazio G, Fanali S, Gentili A. Advanced analytical techniques for fat-soluble vitamin analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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D'Orazio G, Asensio-Ramos M, Fanali C, Hernández-Borges J, Fanali S. Capillary electrochromatography in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ahsan H, Ahad A, Siddiqui WA. A review of characterization of tocotrienols from plant oils and foods. J Chem Biol 2015; 8:45-59. [PMID: 25870713 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-014-0127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols, members of the vitamin E family, are natural compounds found in a number of vegetable oils, wheat germ, barley and certain types of nuts and grains. Vegetable oils provide the best sources of these vitamin E forms, particularly palm oil and rice bran oil contain higher amounts of tocotrienols. Other sources of tocotrienols include grape fruit seed oil, oats, hazelnuts, maize, olive oil, buckthorn berry, rye, flax seed oil, poppy seed oil and sunflower oil. Tocotrienols are of four types, viz. alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and delta (δ). Unlike tocopherols, tocotrienols are unsaturated and possess an isoprenoid side chain. A number of researchers have developed methods for the extraction, analysis, identification and quantification of different types of vitamin E compounds. This article constitutes an in-depth review of the chemistry and extraction of the unsaturated vitamin E derivatives, tocotrienols, from various sources using different methods. This review article lists the different techniques that are used in the characterization and purification of tocotrienols such as soxhlet and solid-liquid extractions, saponification method, chromatography (thin layer, column chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical fluid, high performance), capillary electrochromatography and mass spectrometry. Some of the methods described were able to identify one form or type while others could analyse all the analogues of tocotrienol molecules. Hence, this article will be helpful in understanding the various methods used in the characterization of this lesser known vitamin E variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Amjid Ahad
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Waseem A Siddiqui
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India ; Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062 India
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11
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Preparation and evaluation of a novel monolithic column containing double octadecyl chains for reverse-phase micro high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1345:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Mallik AK, Qiu H, Takafuji M, Ihara H. Selectivity enhancement for the separation of tocopherols and steroids by integration of highly ordered weak interaction sites along the polymer main chain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:229-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Determination of tocopherols in vegetable oil samples by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) with fluorimetric detection. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Oliveira R, Oliveira V, Aracava KK, Rodrigues CEDC. Effects of the extraction conditions on the yield and composition of rice bran oil extracted with ethanol—A response surface approach. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Dinh TTN, Thompson LD, Galyean ML, Brooks JC, Patterson KY, Boylan LM. Cholesterol Content and Methods for Cholesterol Determination in Meat and Poultry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Kositarat S, Smith NW, Nacapricha D, Wilairat P, Chaisuwan P. Repeatability in column preparation of a reversed-phase C18 monolith and its application to separation of tocopherol homologues. Talanta 2011; 84:1374-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Bohnsack C, Ternes W, Büsing A, Drotleff AM. Tocotrienol levels in sieving fraction extracts of brewer’s spent grain. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Lerma-García MJ, Cerretani L, Herrero-Martínez JM, Bendini A, Simó-Alfonso EF. Methacrylate ester-based monolithic columns for nano-LC separation of tocopherols in vegetable oils. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2681-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Lerma-García MJ, Simó-Alfonso EF, Ramis-Ramos G, Herrero-Martínez JM. Rapid determination of sterols in vegetable oils by CEC using methacrylate ester-based monolithic columns. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4603-11. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Otieno AC, Mwongela SM. Capillary electrophoresis-based methods for the determination of lipids--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:163-74. [PMID: 18706322 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a high-resolution technique for the separation of complex biological and chemical mixtures. CE continues to emerge as a powerful tool in the determination of lipids. Here we review the analytical potential of CE for the determination of a wide range of lipids. The different classes of lipids are introduced, and the different modes of CE and optimization methods for the separation of lipids are described. The advantages and disadvantages of the different modes of CE compared to traditional methods like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) in the determination of lipids are discussed. Finally, the potential of CE in the determination of lipids in the future is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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21
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Chaisuwan P, Nacapricha D, Wilairat P, Jiang Z, Smith NW. Separation of α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherols and α-tocopherol acetate on a pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate-ethylene dimethacrylate monolith by capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2301-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Lerma-García MJ, Simó-Alfonso EF, Ramis-Ramos G, Herrero-Martínez JM. Determination of tocopherols in vegetable oils by CEC using methacrylate ester-based monolithic columns. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4128-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Smith NW, Ruano-Miguel L. Use of a polar-embedded stationary phase for the separation of tocopherols by CEC. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4423-30. [PMID: 17058307 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A polar-embedded stationary phase (ULTIMA C18) has been investigated for the separation of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols by CEC in comparison with commercially available C(18) and C(30) n-alkyl RPs. The behavior of this stationary phase was tested for different mobile phases based on methanol, ACN, or mixtures thereof and different separation parameters such as retention factors and resolution were evaluated. The main feature of this stationary phase is the improved selectivity for the separation of beta- and gamma-tocopherols (positional isomers) when compared with the pure n-alkyl C(18) material, which was unable to resolve these compounds. Additionally, it is possible to observe a reversal in the elution order of the beta- and gamma-tocopherol isomers with respect to that obtained on the C(30) column. The resulting data indicate that the enhanced selectivity obtained with the polar-embedded stationary phase, with respect to the conventional C(18) material, is due to the participation of both hydrophobic and polar interactions: these latter are of the hydrogen bridge type with the amide group of the polar-embedded stationary phase, which increases the retention of the tocopherols and facilitates the discrimination between the beta- and gamma-isomers. Adequate separation of the four tocopherols was obtained by CEC using the polar-embedded stationary phase and 95:5 v/v methanol/water (5 mM Tris, final concentration) as the mobile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Stöggl WM, Huck CW, Stecher G, Bonn GK. Capillary electrochromatography of biologically relevant flavonoids. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:787-92. [PMID: 16411273 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids were separated utilizing CEC technique. Baseline separation of biologically relevant flavonoids was obtained using a 100 microm ID fused-silica capillary filled with 3 microm Silica-C18 material and an optimized mobile phase comprising of 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.5), ACN and water at a ratio of 10/40/50 v/v/v. Separations were carried out at 25 kV and a column temperature of 25 degrees C. The influence of relevant parameters for the CEC separation, such as buffer concentration, pH, separation voltage, and ACN concentration, was investigated and optimized. Dependencies of the electroendoosmotic flow (EOF) on these parameters and effects on the resolution of the analytes were studied. During analyses the solvents used for dissolving the samples turned out to have significant effects on the separation of flavonoids. The optimized system was then successfully used for the separation of the flavonoids epicatechin, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin, and hesperetin. CEC turned out to be a useful complementary tool for the economic analysis of flavonoids in addition to common HPLC, muHPLC, and CE methodologies. This method can be used for real applications in phytomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Stöggl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Domeño C, Ruiz B, Nerín C. Determination of sterols in biological samples by SPME with on-fiber derivatization and GC/FID. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1576-83. [PMID: 15827725 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure for the determination of sterols in serum samples is proposed. The system consists of coating a Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) microfiber in headspace mode with the derivatizing agent N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoracetamide (BSTFA) and then applying this coated fiber to the simultaneous extraction and derivatization of three precursors in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway (desmosterol, lathosterol and lanosterol) and two phytosterols (sitosterol and sitostanol) in serum samples. Optimization of the analytical procedure via the application of an experimental design, a study of matrix effects, and an analysis of serum pool samples are all described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Domeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Centro Politécnico Superior (CPS), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Aturki Z, D'Orazio G, Fanali S. Rapid assay of vitamin E in vegetable oils by reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:798-803. [PMID: 15669010 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rapid capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) method for the analysis of vitamin E in vegetable oils is reported. Vitamin E consists of a group of eight isomers, tocopherols (TOHs) and tocotrienols. The separation of four TOHs (alpha-, gamma-, delta-TOH), alpha-tocopherol acetate (alpha-TOH-Ac), and an antioxidant compound, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) used to prevent TOH autoxidation, was optimized. The CEC experiments were carried out in a 75 microm inner diameter (ID) fused-silica capillary, partially packed with 3 microm C(18 )stationary phase (33 cm total length, 8.4 cm and 7 cm effective and packed lengths, respectively). The optimum mobile phase was a polar organic phase composed of a mixture of methanol-acetonitrile in the ratio 50/50 v/v containing 0.01% ammonium acetate, applying a voltage and temperature set at -25 kV and 20 degrees C, respectively. The tocopherols and the BHT were successfully separated within 2.5 min using the short-end injection method. Under these experimental conditions, repeatability of retention time and peak area, analyte detection and quantitation limits, linearity, precision, and accuracy were studied. The CEC method was applied to determine the content of TOHs in different commercially available oils of virgin olive, hazelnut, sunflower, and soybean. The extraction of vitamin E isomers from oil samples was achieved using methanol and a methanol-isopropanol mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Aturki
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
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Abidi SL. Capillary electrochromatography of sterols and related steryl esters derived from vegetable oils. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1059:199-208. [PMID: 15628142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) separations of plant sterols and related esters were evaluated under various conditions. Stationary phases included octadecylsilica (C18) and triacontylsilica (C30). Mobile phases comprised acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffers in aqueous or non-aqueous systems. Apart from notable differences in component resolution, both C18 and C30 phases had dramatic influence on the elution behavior of the title compounds. Generally, C18 had greater selectivity for most components with elution patterns in consistence with the hydrophobicity of side chain structures, while no predictable trend of analyte elution was observed in CEC with C30. In the latter column systems, analyte separations appeared to be improved by conversion to benzoates or ferulates. Twenty-four-epimers of campesterol acetate and 7-campestenol acetate as well as the campesterol-stigmasterol pair were readily resolved by CEC with either phase. However, the cholesterol-stigmasterol pair was barely resolved and had an elution order opposite to that of their acetates or benzoates. Potential applicability of the CEC technique in the analysis of sterols and sterol ferulates in vegetable oil is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Abidi
- Food and Industrial Oil Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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A small-scale sample preparation method with HPLC analysis for determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals. J Food Compost Anal 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2003.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
A review is presented on the current state of the art and future trends in the development of sol-gel stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The design and synthesis of stationary phases with prescribed chromatographic and surface charge properties represent challenging tasks in contemporary CEC research. Further developments in CEC as a high-efficiency liquid-phase separation technique will greatly depend on new breakthroughs in the area of stationary phase development. The requirements imposed on CEC stationary phase performance are significantly more demanding compared with those for HPLC. The design of CEC stationary phase must take into consideration the structural characteristics that will provide not only the selective solute/stationary phase interactions leading to chromatographic separations but also the surface charge properties that determine the magnitude and direction of the electroosmotic flow responsible for the mobile phase movement through the CEC column. Therefore, the stationary phase technology in CEC presents a more complex problem than in conventional chromatographic techniques. Different approaches to stationary phase development have been reported in contemporary CEC literature. The sol-gel approach represents a promising direction in this important research. It is applicable to the preparation of CEC stationary phases in different formats: surface coatings, micro/submicro particles, and monolithic beds. Besides, in the sol-gel approach, appropriate sol-gel precursors and other building blocks can be selected to create a stationary phase with desired structural and surface properties. One remarkable advantage of the sol-gel approach is the mild thermal conditions under which the stationary phase synthesis can be carried out (typically at room temperature). It also provides an effective pathway to integrating the advantageous properties of organic and inorganic material systems, and thereby enhancing and fine-tuning chromatographic selectivity of the created hybrid organic-inorganic stationary phases. This review focuses on recent developments in the design, synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of sol-gel stationary phases in CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wes W C Quigley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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