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Owczarzy A, Kulig K, Piordas K, Piśla P, Sarkowicz P, Rogóż W, Maciążek-Jurczyk M. Solid-phase microextraction - a future technique in pharmacology and coating trends. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3164-3178. [PMID: 38717233 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Traditional sample preparation techniques based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) often suffer from a major error due to the matrix effects caused by significant co-extraction of matrix components. The implementation of a modern extraction technique such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was aimed at reducing analysis time and the use of organic solvents, as well as eliminating pre-analytical and analytical errors. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an innovative technique for extracting low molecular weight compounds (less than 1500 Da) from highly complex matrices, including biological matrices. It has a wide range of applications in various types of analysis including pharmaceutical, clinical, metabolomics and proteomics. SPME has a number of advantages over other extraction techniques. Among the most important are low environmental impact, the ability to sample and preconcentrate analytes in one step, simple automation, and the ability to extract multiple analytes simultaneously. It is expected to become, in the future, another method for cell cycle research. Numerous available literature sources prove that solid-phase microextraction can be a future technique in many scientific fields, including pharmaceutical sciences. This paper provides a literature review of trends in SPME coatings and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Owczarzy
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Kulig
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Piordas
- Student Research Group at the Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Piśla
- Student Research Group at the Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Sarkowicz
- Student Research Group at the Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rogóż
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Maciążek-Jurczyk
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
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Chen S, Yu Z, Zhang W, Chen H, Ding Q, Xu J, Yu Q, Zhang L. Carboxylated mesoporous carbon hollow spheres for the efficient solid-phase microextraction of aromatic amines. Analyst 2023; 148:2527-2535. [PMID: 37140019 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00376k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and stable fiber coating is of great importance for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In this study, carboxylated mesoporous carbon hollow spheres (MCHS-COOH) were developed as an efficient SPME coating of polar aromatic amines (AAs) for the first time. The MCHS-COOH coating material with high specific surface area (1182.32 m2 g-1), large pore size (10.14 nm), and rich oxygen-containing groups was fabricated via a facile H2O2 post-treatment. The as-prepared MCHS-COOH-coated fiber exhibited fast adsorption rate and excellent extraction properties, mainly due to its π-π interactions, hollow structure, and abundant affinity sites (carboxyl groups). Subsequently, coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), a sensitive method with low limits of detection (0.08-2.0 ng L-1), a wide linear range (0.3-500.0 ng L-1), and good repeatability (2.0-8.8%, n = 6) was developed for the analysis of AAs. The developed method was validated against three river water samples, with satisfactory relative recoveries being obtained. The above results demonstrated that the prepared MCHS-COOH-coated fiber exhibited good adsorption capacity, suggesting a promising application to monitor trace polar compounds in real environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
| | - Zejun Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
| | - Wenmin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Technology, Minjiang Teachers College, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
| | - Qidong Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
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Urinary bio-monitoring of aromatic amine derivatives by new needle trap device packed with the multi-component adsorbent. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4243. [PMID: 36918633 PMCID: PMC10014860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic amines are a large group of chemical compounds that have attracted the attention of researchers due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. This study aimed to develop an efficient method for sampling and analysis of aromatic amines (Aniline, N, N-dimethylaniline, 2-chloroaniline, and 3-chloroaniline) from the vapour phase (headspace) of urine samples. For the implementation of this plan, a needle trap device packed with the three-component adsorbent consisting of nano-Hydroxy Apatite (nHA), Zeolite (Ze), and Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) equipped with GC-FID was employed for the first phase. Examination of the prepared adsorbents was performed by FT-IR, PXRD, and FE-SEM techniques. The optimal value of considerable parameters such as time and temperature of extraction, salt content, and pH were established using the Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RMS-CCD) method. In this way, the optimal extraction of targeted analytes was accomplished in 41 min at 41 °C with NaCl content of 33.0% (w/v) and pH: 13.0, respectively. Also, the repeatability and reproducibility of the method were calculated to be in the range of 2.2-7.1% and 3.9-8.1%, respectively, which indicates the acceptable precision of the method. Also, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined in the range of 0.3-32.0 ng.L-1 and 0.8-350.0 ng.L-1, respectively, which proves the high sensitivity of the proposed method. Furthermore, the recovery percent of the extracted analytes was concluded in the range of 97.0-99.0% after 6 and 30 days of the sampling and storage at 25 °C and 4 °C, respectively. Finally, the designed procedure was employed in the analysis of the above-mentioned aromatic amines in the real urine samples. The achieved results illustrate that the three-component absorbent system (nHA;Ze;MOF@NTD) can be introduced as an efficient, fast-response, sensitive, and versatile procedure for trace analysis of the different aromatic amine compounds in public and occupational health.
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Hou S, Wang X, Lian L, Zhu B, Yue B, Lou D. Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water Samples Using a Needle Trap Device Combined with Gas Chromatography. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.pb8772h2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a fiber-packed needle trap device (NTD) was developed by packing heat-resistant fibers with a polyethylene glycol sol-gel coating into a 21-gauge, stainless steel needle. The polyethylene glycol sol-gel coating has numerous advantages, including uniform roughness and a large specific surface area. The prepared NTD was used for headspace extraction of five polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water samples, determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The main experimental parameters, including the extraction and desorption conditions, ionic strength, and fiber bundles, were investigated to improve the extraction efficiency. After optimization, satisfactory linearity (r > 0.99) in the concentration range of 0.02–500 μg/L was obtained, and the enrichment factor of NTD for the five PCBs was between 1150 and 9537 times. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) of five PCBs were measured in ranges of 0.0021–0.01 μg/L. Furthermore, the fiber-packed NTD has excellent durability, and can be reused for 60 cycles. After being stored at room temperature for three days, the storage ability of the NTD had a loss of PCBs less than 10%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 10%. When analyzing the PCBs in real water samples, good accuracies (spiked recoveries were in the range of 92.19–98.56%) and precision (the RSD was lower than 12.8%) was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lili Lian
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
| | - Bo Zhu
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
| | | | - Dawei Lou
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
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Alinaghi Langari AA, Firoozichahak A, Alizadeh S, Nematollahi D, Farhadian M. Efficient extraction of aromatic amines in the air by the needle trap device packed with the zirconium based metal-organic framework sorbent. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13562-13572. [PMID: 35492999 PMCID: PMC9051570 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00687d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, development of a needle trap device (NTD) packed with UiO-66 adsorbent was used for the sampling of the aromatic amine compounds (including aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline and o-toluidine) followed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detector (FID) analysis. The UiO-66 sorbent was synthesized and then packed inside a spinal needle (Gauge 22). The synthesized sorbent was characterized with the XRD, FE-SEM, EDS and FT-IR techniques. This study was conducted both in the laboratory and in the real samples. In the laboratory, the sampling parameters (such as temperature and humidity) and desorption parameters (including desorption temperature and desorption time) were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by Central Composite Design (CCD). The results indicated that the performance of the sampling device decreased with increasing the sampling humidity and temperature. Moreover, the highest peak area responses of the studied analytes were observed at a desorption time of 3 minutes and desorption temperature of 270 °C. The values of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were in the range 0.01-0.02 and 0.03-0.05 ng mL-1, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that NTD packed with synthesized UiO-66 has good repeatability (RSD = 1.3-6.8%) and acceptable reproducibility (with three NTDs) (RSD = 1.3-9.7%). Comparison of the results between NTD-UiO-66 and NIOSH2002 showed a sufficient correlation (0.98-0.99) between two methods. Therefore, the results indicated that the NTD packed with the UiO-66 adsorbent can be used as a powerful technique for occupational and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Firoozichahak
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science Gonabad Iran
| | - Saber Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan Iran
| | | | - Maryam Farhadian
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
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Jillani SMS, Alhooshani K. Yttria‐based sol–gel coating for capillary microextraction online coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2435-2443. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid Alhooshani
- Department of ChemistryKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia
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Novel Ceramic Carbon-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction Coating for Simultaneous Extraction of Amphetamines from Urine Samples. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-03810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jillani SMS, Alhooshani K. Urea functionalized surface-bonded sol-gel coating for on-line hyphenation of capillary microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1543:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kesani S, Malik A. Sol-gel niobia sorbent with a positively charged octadecyl ligand providing enhanced enrichment of nucleotides and organophosphorus pesticides in capillary microextraction for online HPLC analysis. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1663-1673. [PMID: 29280569 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A niobia-based sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid sorbent carrying a positively charged C18 ligand (Nb2 O5 -C18 (+ve)) was synthesized to achieve enhanced enrichment capability in capillary microextraction of organophosphorus compounds (which include organophosphorus pesticides and nucleotides) before their online analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. The sorbent was designed to simultaneously provide three different types of molecular level interactions: electrostatic, Lewis acid-base, and van der Waals interactions. To understand relative contributions of various molecular level analyte-sorbent interactions in the extraction process, two other sol-gel niobia sorbents were also created: (a) a purely inorganic sol-gel niobia sorbent (Nb2 O5 ) and (b) an organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel niobia sorbent carrying an electrically neutral-bonded octadecyl ligand (Nb2 O5 -C18 ). The extraction efficiency of the created sol-gel niobia sorbent (Nb2 O5 -C18 (+ve)) was compared with that of analogously designed and synthesized titania-based sol-gel sorbent (TiO2 -C18 (+ve)), taking into consideration that titania-based sorbents present state-of-the-art extraction media for organophosphorus compounds. In capillary microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, Nb2 O5 -C18 (+ve) had shown 40-50% higher specific extraction values (a measure of extraction efficiency) over that of TiO2 -C18 (+ve). Compared to TiO2 -C18 (+ve), Nb2 O5 -C18 (+ve) also provided superior analyte desorption efficiency (96 vs. 90%) during the online release of the extracted organophosphorus pesticides from the sorbent coating in the capillary microextraction capillary to the chromatographic column using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography mobile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheshanka Kesani
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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A nanocomposite consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate), graphene oxide and Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of aromatic amines. Mikrochim Acta 2017; 185:14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Piri-Moghadam H, Alam MN, Pawliszyn J. Review of geometries and coating materials in solid phase microextraction: Opportunities, limitations, and future perspectives. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:42-65. [PMID: 28843569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of new support and geometries of solid phase microextraction (SPME), including metal fiber assemblies, coated-tip, and thin film microextraction (TFME) (i.e. self-supported, fabric and blade supported), as well as their effects on diffusion and extraction rate of analytes were discussed in the current review. Application of main techniques widely used for preparation of a variety of coating materials of SPME, including sol-gel technique, electrochemical and electrospinning methods as well as the available commercial coatings, were presented. Advantages and limitations of each technique from several aspects, such as range of application, biocompatibility, availability in different geometrical configurations, method of preparation, incorporation of various materials to tune the coating properties, and thermal and physical stability, were also investigated. Future perspectives of each technique to improve the efficiency and stability of the coatings were also summarized. Some interesting materials including ionic liquids (ILs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and particle loaded coatings were briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Piri-Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Md Nazmul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Ebrahimpour E, Amiri A, Baghayeri M, Rouhi M, Lakouraj MM. Poly (indole-co-thiophene)@Fe3O4 as novel adsorbents for the extraction of aniline derivatives from water samples. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Amiri A, Saadati-Moshtaghin HR, Zonoz FM, Targhoo A. Preparation and characterization of magnetic Wells–Dawson heteropoly acid nanoparticles for magnetic solid-phase extraction of aromatic amines in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1483:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abbasi V, Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Amiri A, Vatani H. Determination of Aromatic Amines Using Solid-Phase Microextraction Based on an Ionic Liquid-Mediated Sol-Gel Technique. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:677-81. [PMID: 26759488 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method was developed for isolation of monocyclic aromatic amines from water samples followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In this work, the effect of the presence of ionic liquid (namely, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C6MIM][PF6]) was investigated in the sol-gel coating solutions on the morphology and extraction behavior of the resulting hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel sorbents utilized in SPME. Hydroxy-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was used as the sol-gel active organic component for sol-gel hybrid coatings. Two different coated fibers that were prepared are PDMS and PDMS-IL ([C6MIM][PF6]) fibers. Under the optimal conditions, the method detection limits (S/N = 3) with PDMS-IL were in the range of 0.001-0.1 ng/mL and the limits of quantification (S/N = 10) between 0.005 and 0.5 ng/mL. The relative standard deviations for one fiber (n = 5) were obtained from 3.1 up to 8.5% and between fibers or batch to batch (n = 3) in the range of 5.3-10.1%. The developed method was successfully applied to real water and juice fruits samples while the relative recovery percentages obtained for the spiked water samples at 0.1 ng/mL were from 83.3 to 95.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajihe Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Sarafraz-Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hossein Vatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Magnetic solid-phase extraction using poly(para-phenylenediamine) modified with magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbent for analysis of monocyclic aromatic amines in water and urine samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1415:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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A solid-phase microextraction platinized stainless steel fiber coated with a multiwalled carbon nanotube-polyaniline nanocomposite film for the extraction of thymol and carvacrol in medicinal plants and honey. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Yekkebashi A. Development of a poly(ethylene glycol)–graphene oxide sol–gel coating for solid-phase microextraction of aromatic amines in water samples with a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector method. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01689k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The wrinkled structure of a PEG–GO sol–gel coating increases the surface area on the fiber, the speeds of extraction and desorption steps and sample capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sarafraz-Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Iran
| | - Ali Yekkebashi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Iran
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Pereira L, Mondal PK, Alves M. Aromatic Amines Sources, Environmental Impact and Remediation. POLLUTANTS IN BUILDINGS, WATER AND LIVING ORGANISMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19276-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Sun H, Wang Y. Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction with in situ derivatization combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of root exudate phenylamine compounds in hot pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5494-5499. [PMID: 23706116 DOI: 10.1021/jf4003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) with derivatization was developed for the determination of three root exudate phenylamine compounds in hot pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The performance and applicability of the proposed procedure were evaluated through the extraction of 1-naphthylamine (1-NA), diphenylamine (DPA), and N-phenyl-2- naphthaleneamine (N-P-2-NA) in a recirculating hydroponic solution of hot pepper. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated. The calibration curves showed a good linearity in the range of 0.1-10 μg mL(-1). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) for the three compounds were 0.096, 0.074, and 0.057 μg mL(-1), respectively. The enrichment factors reached 174, 196, and 230 at the concentration of 5 μg mL(-1), and relative standard deviations (RSD) of 9.5, 8.6, and 7.8% and 8.4, 7.6, and 6.2% were obtained at concentrations of 2 and 5 μg mL(-1) for 1-NA, DPA, and N-P-2-NA, respectively. Recoveries ranging from 90.2 to 96.1% and RSDs below 9.1% were obtained when HF-LPME with in situ derivatization was applied to determine root exudate 1-NA, DPA, and N-P-2-NA after 15 and 30 days of culture solution, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- Science Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Cork as a new (green) coating for solid-phase microextraction: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 772:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Spietelun A, Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Namieśnik J. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1667-85. [PMID: 23273266 DOI: 10.1021/cr300148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Spietelun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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22
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Mohammadzadeh kakhki R. Recent developments in microextraction techniques based on crown ethers. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-012-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Farajzadeh MA, Nouri N. Simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of anilines in different samples followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. Talanta 2012; 99:1004-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Role of precursors and coating polymers in sol–gel chemistry toward enhanced selectivity and efficiency in solid phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 742:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Es-haghi A, Baghernejad M, Bagheri H. In situ solid-phase microextraction and post on-fiber derivatization combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of phenol in occupational air. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 742:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Heidari H, Razmi H, Jouyban A. Preparation and characterization of ceramic/carbon coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle nanocomposite as a solid-phase microextraction adsorbent. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1245:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Effect of molecular vibrations on the selectivity character of pyridino-18-crown-6 derivatives towards potassium ion. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Towards greater mechanical, thermal and chemical stability in solid-phase microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Polyethylene glycol-coated solid-phase microextraction fibres for the extraction of polar analytes—A review. Talanta 2011; 87:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Mirnaghi FS, Monton MRN, Pawliszyn J. Thin-film octadecyl-silica glass coating for automated 96-blade solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of benzodiazepines. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1246:2-8. [PMID: 22197254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thin-film octadecyl (C18)-silica glass coating was developed as the extraction phase for an automated 96-blade solid-phase microextraction (SPME) system coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Various factors (e.g., sol-gel composition and aging time, coating preparation speed, coating thickness, and drying conditions) affecting the quality of C18-silica glass thin-film coating were studied and optimized. The results showed that the stability and durability of the coating are functions of the coating thickness and drying conditions. Coating thickness is controlled by sol-gel composition, aging time and the withdrawal speed in the dipping method. Automated sample preparation was achieved using a robotic autosampler that enabled simultaneous preparation of 96 samples in a 96-well plate format. Under the optimum SPME conditions the proposed system requires a total of 140 min for preparation of all 96 samples (i.e., 30 min preconditioning, 40 min equilibrium extraction, 40 min desorption and 30 min carry over step). The performance of the C18-silica glass 96-blade SPME system was evaluated for high-throughput analysis of benzodiazepines from phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and human plasma, and the reusability, repeatability, and validity of the system were evaluated. When analysing spiked PBS and human plasma, the inter-blade reproducibility for four benzodiazepines was obtained in the ranges of 4-8% and 9-11% RSD (relative standard deviation), respectively, and intra-blade reproducibility were in the ranges of 3-9% and 8-13% RSD, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation for plasma analysis were in the ranges of 0.4-0.7 ng/mL and 1.5-2.5 ng/mL for all four analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh S Mirnaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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31
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Preparation and characterization of novel crown ether functionalized ionic liquid-based solid-phase microextraction coatings by sol–gel technology. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3571-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Huang KJ, Jin CX, Song SL, Wei CY, Liu YM, Li J. Development of an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method for sensitive determination of biogenic amines: Application to the analysis of octopamine, tyramine and phenethylamine in beer samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:579-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Amini R, Rouhollahi A, Adibi M, Mehdinia A. A novel reusable ionic liquid chemically bonded fused-silica fiber for headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-flame ionization detection of methyl tert-butyl ether in a gasoline sample. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Segro SS, Tran M, Kesani S, Alhendal A, Turner EB, Abdul Malik. Sol-gel microextraction phases for sample preconcentration in chromatographic analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3075-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Kloskowski A, Pilarczyk M, Chrzanowski W, Namieśnik J. Sol-Gel Technique—A Versatile Tool for Adsorbent Preparation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2010.490486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Tseng TK, Lin YS, Chen YJ, Chu H. A review of photocatalysts prepared by sol-gel method for VOCs removal. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2336-61. [PMID: 20640156 PMCID: PMC2904920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11062336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sol-gel process is a wet-chemical technique (chemical solution deposition), which has been widely used in the fields of materials science, ceramic engineering, and especially in the preparation of photocatalysts. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prevalent components of indoor air pollution. Among the approaches to remove VOCs from indoor air, photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is regarded as a promising method. This paper is a review of the status of research on the sol-gel method for photocatalyst preparation and for the PCO purification of VOCs. The review and discussion will focus on the preparation and coating of various photocatalysts, operational parameters, and will provide an overview of general PCO models described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hsin Chu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-6-208-0108; Fax: +886-6-275-2790
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37
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Lin Z, Zhang J, Cui H, Zhang L, Chen G. Determination of aromatic amines in environmental water sample by hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4507-10. [PMID: 20478564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) coupled with hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) was developed for determination of six aromatic amines including 4-methylaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloraniline and 4-aminobiphenyl. Baseline separation of six aromatic amines was achieved within 8 min by using the microemulsion buffer containing a 10 mM borate buffer at pH 9.0, 0.8% (v/v) ethyl acetate as oil droplets, 60 mM sodium cholate as surfactant, 5.0% (v/v) 1-butanol as co-surfactant. The influence factors relevant to the HF-LPME process were systemically investigated. The obtained enrichment factors were ranged between 70 and 157 in a 30 min extraction time, and the limits of detection ranged between 0.0021 and 0.0048 microg/mL. This purposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of aromatic amines in water sample and the recoveries were ranged from 87.2% to 99.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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38
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Augusto F, Carasek E, Silva RGC, Rivellino SR, Batista AD, Martendal E. New sorbents for extraction and microextraction techniques. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2533-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Zeng J, Chen J, Song X, Wang Y, Ha J, Chen X, Wang X. An electrochemically enhanced solid-phase microextraction approach based on a multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Nafion composite coating. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1735-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Spietelun A, Pilarczyk M, Kloskowski A, Namieśnik J. Current trends in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre coatings. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4524-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c003335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Segro SS, Malik A. Sol–gel coatings with covalently attached methyl, octyl, and octadecyl ligands for capillary microextraction. Effects of alkyl chain length and sol–gel precursor concentration on extraction behavior. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7677-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Huang KJ, Wei CY, Liu WL, Xie WZ, Zhang JF, Wang W. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for sensitive determination of biogenic amines in rice wine samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6636-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Cao XL, Zhu J, MacDonald S, Lalonde K, Dabeka B, Cisse M. Aniline in vegetable and fruit samples from the Canadian total diet study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:808-13. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902759046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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Azenha M, Ornelas M, Fernando Silva A. Solid-phase microextraction Ni–Ti fibers coated with functionalised silica particles immobilized in a sol–gel matrix. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2302-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Li Q, Wang X, Yuan D. Preparation of solid-phase microextraction fiber coated with single-walled carbon nanotubes by electrophoretic deposition and its application in extracting phenols from aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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46
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Solvent-resistant sol–gel polydimethyldiphenylsiloxane coating for on-line hyphenation of capillary microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Lee HSN, Sng MT, Basheer C, Lee HK. Determination of basic degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction with in-situ derivatisation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1196-1197:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Segro SS, Malik A. Sol–gel methyl coating in capillary microextraction hyphenated on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Azenha M, Nogueira P, Fernando-Silva A. An improved bonded-polydimethylsiloxane solid-phase microextraction fiber obtained by a sol–gel/silica particle blend. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 610:205-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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A review on development of solid phase microextraction fibers by sol–gel methods and their applications. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 610:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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