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Rybal’chenko IV, Baigil’diev TM, Rodin IA. Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis for the Determination of the Markers and Biomarkers of Chemical Warfare Agents. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stenzel YP, Wiemers-Meyer S, Edel J, Winter M, Nowak S. Analysis of acidic organo(fluoro)phosphates as decomposition product of lithium ion battery electrolytes via derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1592:188-191. [PMID: 30772059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the preferred energy supply for consumer electronics and electric vehicles. But, intrinsic reactions in the LIB system lead to a reduced battery life and impaired safety properties. Organo(fluoro)phosphates (O(F)Ps) as decomposition product of the conducting salt and the organic carbonate solvent molecules of the LIB electrolyte are of high interest due to structural similarities to chemical warfare agents and therefore a supposedly high toxicity. The reaction cascade shows a large variety of O(F)Ps including a wide spread of polarity. In this study, an approach for the investigation of acidic O(F)Ps with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization is conducted. Analysis of a model substance, spike experiments in the electrolyte matrix and investigation of thermally treated electrolyte were performed. As a result, derivatization could be achieved in less than three minutes and screening could successfully be shown without impairing the originality of the sample (matrix). This derivatization approach shows the possibility of analysis for both acidic and non-acidic O(F)Ps using only one method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Philipp Stenzel
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Wiemers-Meyer
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Edel
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany; Helmholtz-Institute Münster (HI MS), IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Picazas-Márquez N, Sierra M, Nova C, Moreno JM, Aboitiz N, de Rivas G, Sierra MA, Martínez-Álvarez R, Gómez-Caballero E. GC-MS Study of Mono- and Bishaloethylphosphonates Related to Schedule 2.B.04 of the Chemical Weapons Convention: The Discovery of a New Intramolecular Halogen Transfer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1510-1519. [PMID: 27300717 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new class of compounds, mono- and bis-haloethylphosphonates (HAPs and bisHAPs, respectively), listed in Schedule 2.B.04 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), has been synthesized and studied by GC-MS with two aims. First, to improve the identification of this type of chemicals by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, (OPCW). Second, to study the synergistic effect of halogen and silicon atoms in molecules undergoing mass spectrometry. Fragmentation patterns of trimethylsilyl derivatives of HAPs were found to depend on the nature of the halogen atom; this was in agreement with DFT-calculations. The data suggest that a novel intramolecular halogen transfer takes place during the fragmentation process. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Picazas-Márquez
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sierra
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Nova
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Moreno
- Laboratorio de Verificación de Armas Químicas (LAVEMA), Área de Defensa Química, Subdirección General de Sistemas Terrestres, INTA, Campus La Marañosa, San Martín de la Vega, E-28330, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Aboitiz
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de Rivas
- Laboratorio de Verificación de Armas Químicas (LAVEMA), Área de Defensa Química, Subdirección General de Sistemas Terrestres, INTA, Campus La Marañosa, San Martín de la Vega, E-28330, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther Gómez-Caballero
- Laboratorio de Verificación de Armas Químicas (LAVEMA), Área de Defensa Química, Subdirección General de Sistemas Terrestres, INTA, Campus La Marañosa, San Martín de la Vega, E-28330, Madrid, Spain
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Palit M, Mallard G. Dispersive derivatization liquid–liquid extraction of degradation products/precursors of mustards and V-agents from aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Kanaujia PK, Pardasani D, Gupta AK, Kumar R, Srivastava RK, Dubey DK. Extraction of acidic degradation products of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:98-104. [PMID: 17570378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of alkyl alkylphosphonic acids (AAPAs) and alkylphosphonic acids (APAs), the hydrolyzed products of nerve agents, constitutes an important aspect for verifying the compliance to the Chemical weapons convention (CWC). This work devotes on the development of solid-phase extraction method using polymeric mixed-mode strong anion-exchange (Oasis MAX) cartridges for extraction of AAPAs and APAs from water. The extracted analytes were analyzed by GC-MS under full scan and selected ion monitoring mode. The extraction efficiencies of MAX and silica-based anion-exchange cartridges were compared, and results revealed that MAX sorbents yielded better recoveries. Extraction parameters, such as loading capacity, extraction solvent, its volume, and washing solvent were optimized. Best recoveries were obtained using 1 mL of acidic methanol (0.1 M), and limits of detection could be achieved up to 5 x 10(-4) microg mL(-1) (in SIM) and 0.05 microg mL(-1) in full scan mode. The method was successfully employed for the detection and identification of alkylphosphonic acids present in soil sample sent by the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in the official proficiency tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K Kanaujia
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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Pardasani D, Kanaujia PK, Gupta AK, Tak V, Shrivastava RK, Dubey DK. In situ derivatization hollow fiber mediated liquid phase microextraction of alkylphosphonic acids from water. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:151-7. [PMID: 17174319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphosphonic acids (APAs), particularly the methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl- and n-propyl-phosphonic acids are important markers of extremely toxic nerve agents. Hence, their detection and identification is of vital importance to verification of chemical weapons convention (CWC). Verification analysis of CWC requires development of fast, reliable, simple and reproducible sample preparation methods of water and soil samples. Present investigation is focused on the optimization of alkylation of APAs in water with subsequent extraction of alkylated acids by hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME). This simple and sensitive sample preparation of APAs from water offered better recoveries in comparison to conventionally used extraction technique. Under optimized conditions, the APAs were detected at the concentration of 0.5-0.75 microg/mL with S/N ratio > or = 5, whereas the LODs for alkyl APAs (monobasic APAs) were achieved up to 0.1 microg/mL. The developed method was finally tested with water samples supplied in 19th official proficiency test conducted by the OPCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pardasani
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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Pardasani D, Mazumder A, Gupta AK, Kanaujia PK, Tak V, Dubey DK. Determination of hydrolytic degradation products of nerve agents by injection port fluorination in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3109-14. [PMID: 17703510 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Retrospective detection and identification of markers of chemical warfare agents are important aspects of verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Alkyl alkylphosphonic acids (AAPAs) and alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) are important markers of nerve agents. We describe the development and optimization of a new gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) injection port fluorination method for the derivatization of AAPAs and APAs. The process involved the injection of acids with trifluoroacetic anhydride in GC/MS, where acids are converted into their corresponding volatile fluorides. Various reaction conditions such as fluorinating agent, injection port temperature and splitless time were optimized. The maximum reaction efficiency of the acids with trifluoroacetic anhydride was observed at 230 degrees C injection port temperature with a splitless time of 2 min. APAs showed best analytical efficiencies at 400 degrees C injection port temperature, while the other conditions were similar to those of AAPAs. The linearities of response for APAs and AAPAs were in the range of 1-25 and 5-100 microg mL(-1), respectively, with limits of detection ranging from 500 pg to 800 ng mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pardasani
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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Pardasani D, Palit M, Gupta AK, Kanaujia PK, Sekhar K, Dubey DK. Microemulsion mediated in situ derivatization–extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of alkylphosphonic acids. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:166-75. [PMID: 16455095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection and identification of environmental signatures of chemical warfare agents is an important aspect of verification program of Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) are ultimate and persistent degradation products of nerve agents. Their identification in a sample submitted for off-site analysis infers possible indication of contamination with nerve agents. This paper describes the development of a new sample preparation method which involves 'in situ derivatization and extraction' (INDEX) of acids from water. Derivatization is performed by alkylation of APAs with alkylbromides in surfactant less microemulsion (SLME). The derivatized analytes were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The developed method involves simultaneous derivatization (alkylation) and extraction of acidic analytes mediated by surfactant less microemulsion. Various derivatization-extraction parameters such as solvent, reaction time and temperature, base and alkyl bromides were optimized. Pentyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate and diisopropylamine at 100 degrees C derivatized the selected acids efficiently. Kinetic data for alkylation of methylphosphonic acids and some carboxylic acids were obtained to assess their relative susceptibility for alkylation in microemulsion. Methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid took 140-150 min to reach completion while carboxylic acids took 100 min to complete the reaction. INDEX could be successfully performed even in the presence of interfering Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pardasani
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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Hooijschuur EWJ, Kientz CE, Brinkman UAT. Analytical separation techniques for the determination of chemical warfare agents. J Chromatogr A 2002; 982:177-200. [PMID: 12489875 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Today, the determination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is an important area of application in analytical chemistry. Chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic and mass spectrometric techniques are primarily used for the identification and quantification of a broad field of classical CWAs in environmental samples and neutralization masses, obtained after destruction of CWAs. This overview is illustrative for the state of the art and mainly focuses on the literature published since 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin W J Hooijschuur
- Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Derivatization Reactions for Analytes with Various Functional Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Sikora D, Gajda T. A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF DIETHYL 1- ISOTHIOCYANO)ALKYLPHOSPHONATES[1]. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500008040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Chapter 11D Analysis of chemicals related to the chemical weapons convention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Nassar AE, Lucas SV, Hoffland LD. Determination of chemical warfare agent degradation products at low-part-per-billion levels in aqueous samples and sub-part-per-million levels in soils using capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 1999; 71:1285-92. [PMID: 10204034 DOI: 10.1021/ac980886d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A significant enhancement in the method detection limits is observed in the analysis of chemical warfare agent (CWA) degradation products in environmental samples by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using electrokinetic injection. The CE method uses indirect UV detection of the nonderivitized acidic analyte and a cationic surfactant, didodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide, for reversal of the electroosmotic flow. Analytes studied include the dibasic acid methylphosphonic acid (MPA) and its monoacid/monoalkyl esters, RMPA, where R = ethyl, isopropyl, and pinacolyl (2-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)). The CE method uses an attractive buffer system which is highly stable and inexpensive, and, in addition to reversing the electroosmotic flow, provides excellent separation efficiencies within a 3-min run. This CE method is also free from interference caused by carbonate, humic acids, and fluoride. Compared to pressure injection, electrokinetic injection with this CE buffer system provided substantially lower detection limits, up to 100-fold lower for samples in reagent water. However, to best realize the benefits of the electrokinetic injection enhancement for environmental samples, a prior cleanup of the sample using standard ion-exchange cartridges is necessary. This cleanup step uses sequential cartridges to remove sulfate (barium cartridge), chloride (silver cartridge), and cations (H+ cartridge). Using this approach, detection limits for these four acids were as low as 1-2 micrograms/L for water samples and 25-50 micrograms/L for aqueous leachates of soil samples (10 mL of leachate/1.5 g of soil). The utility of this method for separation of CWA degradation products by CE is discussed in terms of pressure injection versus electokinetic injection. The effects of voltage and time of injection on the separation were investigated. Results from three types of soils and four types of water (groundwater, artificial seawater, tap water, bay water) indicated that the method has potential for environmental monitoring. Quantitative CE analysis with electrokinetic injection enhancement of detection limits of these types of environmental samples requires the use of an appropriate internal standard approach. The data presented here indicate that an internal standard-based approach could be expected to give analysis results in the sub-part-per-million concentration range of 90-110% of the true value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Nassar
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Bel Air, Maryland 21015, USA
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Sparidans RW, den Hartigh J. Chromatographic analysis of bisphosphonates. PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1999; 21:1-10. [PMID: 10214661 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008646810555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic analysis of bisphosphonates in the past has been based primarily on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and ion-exchange chromatography. Gas chromatography (GC) and recently even capillary electrophoresis have also been employed. For bioanalysis, pre-treatment of the sample is a major part of the analysis; protein precipitation, calcium precipitation, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization have demonstrated to play an important role in bisphosphonate assays. For some of these treatments, for example SPE and derivatization, automation may be possible. Derivatization is a prerequisite for GC analysis of bisphosphonates; a volatile derivative has to be formed. For liquid chromatography, two types of derivatization are known for bisphosphonates. First, the bisphosphonate side chain can be modified by a chemical reaction to yield a derivative with advantageous chromatographic and spectroscopic properties. Secondly, by complexation of both phosphonate groups or of phosphate after decomposition of the analyte, a coloured complex can be formed. The most sensitive bioanalytical methods are based on RPLC and fluorescence detection, if necessary after derivatization. If low detection limits are not required, for example for analysis of pharmaceutical preparations, non-specific detection methods can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Sparidans
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Nassar AEF, Lucas SV, Thomas SA. Determination of O-Isopropyl Methylphosphonic Acid in Living Microorganism-Agar Matrixes using ION Chromatography/Conductivity Detection. ANAL LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719908542874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nassar AE, Lucas SV, Myler CA, Jones WR, Campisano M, Hoffland LD. Quantitative analysis of chemical warfare agent degradation products in reaction masses using capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 1998; 70:3598-604. [PMID: 9737210 DOI: 10.1021/ac9713870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative methods have been developed for the analysis of chemical warfare agent degradation products in reaction masses using capillary electrophoresis (CE). This is the first report of a systematic validation of a CE-based method for the analysis of chemical warfare agent degradation products in agent neutralization matrixes (reaction masses). After neutralization with monoethanolamine/water, the nerve agent GB (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate, Sarin) gives isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA) and O-isopropyl O'-(2-amino)ethyl methylphosphonate (GB-MEA adduct). The nerve agent GD (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate, Soman), [pinacolyl = 2-(3,3-dimethyl)butyl] produces pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA) and O-pinacolyl O'-(2-amino)ethyl methylphosphonate (GD-MEA adduct). The samples were prepared by dilution of the reaction masses with deionized water before analysis by CE/indirect UV detection or CE/conductivity detection. Migration time precision was less than 4.0% RSD for IMPA and 5.0 RSD for PMPA on a day-to-day basis. The detection limit for both IMPA and PMPA is 100 micrograms/L; the quantitation limit for both is 500 micrograms/L. For calibration standards, IMPA and PMPA gave a linear response (R2 = 0.9999) over the range 0.5-100 micrograms/mL. The interday precision RSDs were 1.9, 1.0, and 0.7% for IMPA at 7.5, 37.5 and 75.0 micrograms/mL, respectively. Corresponding values for PMPA (again, RSD) were 2.9, 1.1, and 1.0% at 7.5, 37.5 and 87.5 micrograms/mL, respectively, as before. Analysis accuracy was assessed by spiking actual neutralization samples with IMPA or PMPA. For IMPA, the seven spike levels used ranged from 20 to 220% of the IMPA background level, and the incremental change in the found IMPA level ranged from 86 to 99 % of the true spiking increment (R2 = 0.9987 for the linear regression). For PMPA, the five spike levels ranged from 10 to 150% of the matrix background level, and similarly, the accuracy obtained ranged from 95 to 97% of the true incremental value (R2 = 0.9999 for the linear regression).
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Nassar
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Bel Air, Maryland 21015, USA
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Sega GA, Tomkins BA, Griest WH. Analysis of methylphosphonic acid, ethyl methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid at low microgram per liter levels in groundwater. J Chromatogr A 1997; 790:143-52. [PMID: 9435117 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for determining methylphosphonic acid, ethyl methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, which are hydrolysis products of the nerve agents VX (S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate) and GB (sarin, isopropylmethyl phosphonofluoridate). The analytes are extracted from 50 ml groundwater using a solid-phase extraction column packed with 500 mg of silica with a bonded quaternary amine phase, and are eluted and derivatized with methanolic trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. Separation and quantitation are achieved using a capillary column gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector operated in its phosphorus-selective mode. Two independent statistically-unbiased procedures were employed to determine the detection limits, which ranged between 3 and 9 micrograms/l, for the three analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Sega
- Organic Chemistry Section, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-6120, USA
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Katagi M, Nishikawa M, Tatsuno M, Tsuchihashi H. Determination of the main hydrolysis products of organophosphorus nerve agents, methylphosphonic acids, in human serum by indirect photometric detection ion chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 698:81-8. [PMID: 9367195 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For the verification of the use of chemical warfare agents (CWA), sarin, soman and VX, a simple rapid and accurate method which allows us to simultaneously determine their degradation products, isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IPMPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA), ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA), in human serum, was explored by indirect photometric detection ion chromatography (IPD-IC) which employs an anion-exchange column. IC analysis was performed after sample preparation with an Ag+-form cation-exchange resin cartridge, and the four methylphosphonic acids could be separated well. The proposed conditions are as follows: eluent, 0.5 mM phthalic acid-0.1 mM Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-5% acetonitrile; flow-rate, 1.0 ml/min; temperature, 50 degrees C; UV detector, 266 nm. All four methylphosphonic acids were eluted within 30 min with hardly any disturbance by impurities in the serum. Linear calibration curves were obtained for MPA, EMPA and IPMPA in the concentration range from 50 ng/ml to 1 microg/ml and for PMPA from 100 ng/ml to 1 microg/ml. The relative standard deviation for the methylphosphonic acids ranged from 3.8 to 6.9% at 500 ng/ml and the detection limits were 40 ng/ml for MPA, EMPA and IPMPA and 80 ng/ml for PMPA. The method would be suitable for analysis of human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katagi
- Forensic Science Laboratory of Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q., Japan
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Katagi M, Nishikawa M, Tatsuno M, Tsuchihashi H. Determination of the main hydrolysis product of O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate, ethyl methylphosphonic acid, in human serum. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:327-33. [PMID: 9080318 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For the unequivocal proof of the use of a nerve agent O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX), a rapid, accurate and sensitive method which allows us to identify its main hydrolysis product ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) in human serum was explored by GC-MS. GC-MS analysis was performed after solvent extraction with acetonitrile in acidic conditions from the serum sample, which was previously deproteinized by micro-ultrafiltration, and subsequent tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatization with N-methyl-N-(tert.-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) with 1% tert.-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (t-BDMSC). Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range from 50 to 500 ng/ml for EMPA in the full-scan EI mode and from 5 to 50 ng/ml for EMPA in the SIM EI mode. The relative standard deviation obtained at a sample concentration of 50 ng/ml was 8.4% in the full-scan mode and 7.3% in the SIM mode. Upon applying the full-scan EI and CI mode, 40 ng/ml and 80 ng/ml were the detection limits. Using the SIM-EI mode, in which the ion at m/z 153 was chosen, the limit was 3 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katagi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q., Japan
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Sakiyama N, Kataoka H, Makita M. Gas chromatographic analysis of 3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate and related bisphosphonate as their N-isobutoxycarbonyl methyl ester derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Morovján G, Fekete J, Répási J. Determination of Glyphosate and Some Related Compounds by Ion-Exchange High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Creasy WR, Rodríguez AA, Stuff JR, Warren RW. Atomic emission detection for the quantitation of trimethylsilyl derivatives of chemical-warfare-agent related compounds in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00451-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Kudzin ZH, Sochacki M, Kopycki W. Orthoformates as reagents for derivatization of aminoalkanephosphonic acids for characterization by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83243-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Den Hartigh J, Langebroek R, Vermeij P. Ion-exchange liquid chromatographic analysis of bisphosphonates in pharmaceutical preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:977-83. [PMID: 8305603 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A simple, fast and uniform method has been developed for the quantitative determination of bisphosphonates in the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on ion-exchange liquid chromatography with conductivity detection. Separation is performed on a Waters IC-PAK Anion column using 2 mM nitric acid or 25 mM succinic acid as the mobile phase. Retention of the bisphosphonates can be influenced by pH and the anion concentration of the mobile phase. Sensitivity and selectivity are sufficient for the assay of bisphosphonates in bulk drug and pharmaceutical preparations. Sample preparation comprises dissolution or dilution of the sample in the mobile phase followed, if necessary, by filtration prior to HPLC analysis. Since the method is stability indicating, it is also well suited for shelf-life studies of bisphosphonate pharmaceutical preparations. Validation of the analytical method for the assay of pamidronate injection indicated an intra-day reproducibility of 1.7% (n = 6) and an inter-day reproducibility of 2.7% (n = 6). A linear relationship between response and concentration was found in the concentration range studied from 200 ng to 10 micrograms pamidronate per 20 microliters injected. The lower limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of pamidronate was about 100 ng.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Den Hartigh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Identification of degradation products of some chemical warfare agents by capillary electrophoresis—ionspray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Matsubara T, Morita M, Hayashi A. Determination of the presence of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate and ceramide N-methylaminoethylphosphonate in marine animals by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1042:280-6. [PMID: 2306479 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90154-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonosphingolipids from 15 kinds of shellfish were analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry to determine the contents of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEPn) and ceramide N-methylaminoethylphosphonate (CMAEPn). Two pairs of ions, at m/z 126 and 140 in the positive ion mode and at m/z 124 and 138 in the negative ion mode, were used to distinguish between aminoethylphosphonic acid and N-methylaminoethylphosphonic acid in CAEPn and CMAEPn. Interestingly, mollusca in the early stage of evolution have both CAEPn and CMAEPn, while most in the middle stage have only CMAEPn and those in the highest stage have only CAEPn.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Structure determination of phosphonosphingolipids by fast atom bombardment and tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(90)90007-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Auriola S, Kostiainen R, Ylinen M, Mönkkönen J, Ylitalo P. Analysis of (dichloromethylene) bisphosphonate in urine by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1989; 7:1623-9. [PMID: 2535209 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(89)80174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An anion exchange extraction method of bisphosphonates from urine is described. More than 90% of the (dichloromethylene) bisphosphonate (Cl2MBP, clodronate) was recovered from urine. The extracted bisphosphonates were trimethylsilylated and analysed with capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The mass spectrometric techniques used were electron ionization (EI), ammonia chemical ionization (CI), ammonia CI tandem mass spectrometry and methane negative chemical ionization (NCI). The limit of detection of Cl2MBP was 25 pg/injection in the NCI/selective ion recording (SIR)-mode. At 100 ng ml-1 of Cl2MBP the precision of the whole assay method was 17.9% (N = 6). The NCI/SIR technique offers a sensitive and highly selective method for the quantitation of Cl2MBP in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Auriola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, Finland
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30
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De Marco JD, Biffar SE, Reed DG, Brooks MA. The determination of 4-amino-1-hydroxybutane-1,1-diphosphonic acid monosodium salt trihydrate in pharmaceutical dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1989; 7:1719-27. [PMID: 2490560 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(89)80186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay is reported for the determination of 4-amino-1-hydroxybutane-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (AHBuDP) monosodium salt trihydrate, a new inhibitor of bone resorption. The compound does not demonstrate any intrinsic UV properties and thus pre-column derivatization of the primary amino group of the drug with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) at pH 9 in the presence of sodium citrate is required to facilitate UV detection of the analyte. Excess derivatization reagent is extracted with methylene chloride and an aliquot of the aqueous portion is assayed on a polymeric phase (Hamilton PRP-1) at 35 degrees C by reversed-phase HPLC. A mobile phase of 0.05 M citrate and 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 8.0)-acetonitrile-methanol (75:20:5, v/v/v) is utilized with UV detection at 266 nm. Application of the method to the analysis of AHBuDP in I.V. solution, tablet and capsule formulations is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D De Marco
- Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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31
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Tørnes J, Johnsen B. Gas chromatographic determination of methylphosphonic acids by methylation with trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. J Chromatogr A 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Kataoka H, Sakiyama N, Makita M. Gas chromatographic analysis of aminoalkylphosphonic acids and aminoalkyl phosphates. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Ismail Z, Aldous S, Triggs EJ, Smithurst BA, Barry HD. Gas chromatographic analysis of Didronel tablets. J Chromatogr A 1987; 404:372-7. [PMID: 3117820 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)86879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Ismail
- Pharmacy Department, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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34
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Constantin E, Neuzil E, Traldi P. Mass spectrometry of some CP bond-containing substances (I). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210210710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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36
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Huber JW. Derivatization method for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric charaterization of aminophosphonic acids. J Chromatogr A 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Branfman AR, Valia KH, Bruni RJ. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid. J Chromatogr A 1978; 151:71-4. [PMID: 641126 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)91988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Rueppel ML, Suba LA, Marvel JT. Derivatization of aminoalkylphosphonic acids for characterization by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1976; 3:28-31. [PMID: 1260113 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A general derivatization method has been developed for both primary and secondary aminoalkyl-phosphonic acids. Derivatization is effected by reaction with trifluoroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid anhydride followed by esterification using ethereal diazo-n-butane. This method can be used for microgram quantities and permits ready characterization by both gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The structure of this derivative has been verified by mass spectrometry and proton magnetic resonance. Fragmentation patterns were confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry, isotope labeling and the formation of derivative analogs.
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40
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Zerba EN, Rúveda MA, Libertella R. Organophosphorus liquid phases: Characterization and application to the gas chromatographic analysis of organophosphorus compounds. J Chromatogr A 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)84685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Harvey DJ, Horning MG. The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl esters of acetyl, schiff base and isothiocyanate derivatives of some aminoalkylphosphonic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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43
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Harvey DJ, Horning MG. The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of some alkyl and aminoalkyl phosphonates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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